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35-458: The House of Ko was founded and descended from one common ancestor , who was Chumong, also the first ruler of Goguryeo. Chumong was the son of Hae Mo-su of Buyeo and Lady Yuhwa . Lady Yuhwa was the daughter of Habaek , the god of the Amnok River or, according to an alternative interpretation, the sun god Haebak ( Korean :  해밝 ). As a descendant of Hae Mo-su, Chumong was driven by

70-545: A Silla vassal state, in 674. By 683, Ansŭng was made to live in the Silla capital in Gyeongju. In 684, after a failed rebellion against Silla, Bodeok was annexed by the kingdom of Silla. Common ancestor Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. According to modern evolutionary biology, all living beings could be descendants of

105-494: A common genetic heritage, though the suggestion of substantial horizontal gene transfer during early evolution has led to questions about the monophyly (single ancestry) of life. 6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian . Universal common descent through an evolutionary process

140-401: A common original type, and thus a common parent. In 1794, Charles Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin asked: [W]ould it be too bold to imagine, that in the great length of time, since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind, would it be too bold to imagine, that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which

175-486: A deceitful guide." And in the subsequent edition, he asserts rather, "We do not know all the possible transitional gradations between the simplest and the most perfect organs; it cannot be pretended that we know all the varied means of Distribution during the long lapse of years, or that we know how imperfect the Geological Record is. Grave as these several difficulties are, in my judgment they do not overthrow

210-528: A formal test, for the unity of life." Traditionally, these trees have been built using morphological methods, such as appearance, embryology , etc. Recently, it has been possible to construct these trees using molecular data, based on similarities and differences between genetic and protein sequences. All these methods produce essentially similar results, even though most genetic variation has no influence over external morphology. That phylogenetic trees based on different types of information agree with each other

245-401: A unique ancestor commonly referred to as the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all life on Earth . Common descent is an effect of speciation , in which multiple species derive from a single ancestral population. The more recent the ancestral population two species have in common, the more closely are they related. The most recent common ancestor of all currently living organisms

280-533: Is a recurring theme in many indigenous worldviews across the world. Later on, in the 1740s, the French mathematician Pierre Louis Maupertuis arrived at the idea that all organisms had a common ancestor, and had diverged through random variation and natural selection . In 1790, the philosopher Immanuel Kant wrote in Kritik der Urteilskraft ( Critique of Judgment ) that the similarity of animal forms implies

315-491: Is convincing evidence of a single ancestry. 6,331 genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian . The genetic code (the "translation table" according to which DNA information is translated into amino acids , and hence proteins) is nearly identical for all known lifeforms, from bacteria and archaea to animals and plants . The universality of this code

350-416: Is generally regarded by biologists as definitive evidence in favor of universal common descent. The way that codons (DNA triplets) are mapped to amino acids seems to be strongly optimised. Richard Egel argues that in particular the hydrophobic (non-polar) side-chains are well organised, suggesting that these enabled the earliest organisms to create peptides with water-repelling regions able to support

385-414: Is mentioned, above, that all living organisms may be descended from an original single-celled organism with a DNA genome , and that this implies a single origin for life. Although such a universal common ancestor may have existed, such a complex entity is unlikely to have arisen spontaneously from non-life and thus a cell with a DNA genome cannot reasonably be regarded as the origin of life. To understand

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420-526: Is strong evidence of a real underlying common descent. Theobald noted that substantial horizontal gene transfer could have occurred during early evolution. Bacteria today remain capable of gene exchange between distantly-related lineages. This weakens the basic assumption of phylogenetic analysis, that similarity of genomes implies common ancestry, because sufficient gene exchange would allow lineages to share much of their genome whether or not they shared an ancestor (monophyly) . This has led to questions about

455-475: Is the last universal ancestor, which lived about 3.9 billion years ago . The two earliest pieces of evidence for life on Earth are graphite found to be biogenic in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia . All currently living organisms on Earth share

490-466: The laws of physics and chemistry - rather than through universal common descent - and therefore resulted in convergent evolution. In contrast, there is evidence for homology of the central subunits of transmembrane ATPases throughout all living organisms, especially how the rotating elements are bound to the membrane. This supports the assumption of a LUCA as a cellular organism, although primordial membranes may have been semipermeable and evolved later to

525-754: The Ko surname in 3 generations. According to the Samguk sagi , the Goguryeo royal family claimed descent from the mythical god Gao Yang , who was the grandson of the Yellow Emperor of Chinese mythology , and thus took the surname of "Ko" (高); however, this legend was discredited in the commentaries ( 논찬 ; 論贊 ) by Kim Pu-sik , the compiler of the Samguk sagi , who concluded that both Baekje and Goguryeo originated from Buyeo. Goguryeo's height of power came in

560-538: The Origin of Species , were that it was probable that there was only one progenitor for all life forms: Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed. But he precedes that remark by, "Analogy would lead me one step further, namely, to the belief that all animals and plants have descended from some one prototype. But analogy may be

595-456: The effect of protein - and RNA- enzymes , then translated into proteins by (highly similar) ribosomes , with ATP , NADPH and others as energy sources. Analysis of small sequence differences in widely shared substances such as cytochrome c further supports universal common descent. Some 23 proteins are found in all organisms, serving as enzymes carrying out core functions like DNA replication. The fact that only one such set of enzymes exists

630-456: The essential electron exchange ( redox ) reactions for energy transfer. Similarities which have no adaptive relevance cannot be explained by convergent evolution , and therefore they provide compelling support for universal common descent. Such evidence has come from two areas: amino acid sequences and DNA sequences. Proteins with the same three-dimensional structure need not have identical amino acid sequences; any irrelevant similarity between

665-506: The fall of Goguryeo, surviving remnants attempted to re-establish Goguryeo, under military commander Kŏm Mo-jam and Ansŭng, an illegitimate son of King Bojang, as their king. However by 670, strife between Kŏm Mo-jam and Ansŭng led to the former's assassination and Ansŭng's submission to Silla. Ansŭng settled down in Kŭmma-chŏ (modern-day Iksan , South Korea) and was enfeoffed as the King of Bodeok,

700-462: The full surrender of the ancient Korean state of Buyeo in 494. After the reign of King Munjamyeong, his son Heung-An became King Anjang . King Anjang continued to attack the southern kingdoms and weaken their power, further establishing the empire's power over both the Korean peninsula and Manchuria . After King Anjang, his son became King Anwon . Goguryeo's 27th ruler, King Yeongryu , submitted to

735-501: The general notion of common descent. It should come as no surprise, then, that the scientific community at large has accepted evolutionary descent as a historical reality since Darwin's time and considers it among the most reliably established and fundamentally important facts in all of science. All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organization: genetic information encoded in DNA , transcribed into RNA , through

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770-795: The goal of reuniting all of Gojoseon's ancient territory into one whole empire and one whole nation. With this goal in mind, he set off from Dongbuyeo and began building the foundations for his kingdom. After three years, he had already conquered several of the neighboring kingdoms and was ready to go into the final phase of constructing his kingdom. He completed this phase by holding hands with Jolbon and bringing it under his control. In 37 BC, Chumong finally established his kingdom and named it 'Goguryeo'. He also changed his last name from 'Hae' to 'Ko,' which means 'high.' Goguryeo progressed and continued to grow stronger under Ko Chumong's reign of 19 years. His first wife and their son, Yuri, soon to be Emperor King Yuri , fled from Dongbuyeo and came to Goguryeo during

805-477: The great First Cause endued with animality, with the power of acquiring new parts attended with new propensities, directed by irritations, sensations, volitions, and associations; and thus possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down those improvements by generation to its posterity, world without end? Charles Darwin 's views about common descent, as expressed in On

840-407: The last year of Chumong's reign. Chumong proclaimed Yuri his successor and Crown Prince before dying five months later. King Yuri rose to the throne in 19 BC and ruled until his death in 18 AD. During the reign of King Yuri to King Mobon , the kings of Goguryeo used the surname of Hae. In 53 AD, when the young prince Ko Kung took the throne as King Taejo of Goguryeo , he became the first king with

875-448: The membranes of modern bacteria, and on a second path to those of modern archaea also. Another important piece of evidence is from detailed phylogenetic trees (i.e., "genealogic trees" of species) mapping out the proposed divisions and common ancestors of all living species. In 2010, Douglas L. Theobald published a statistical analysis of available genetic data, mapping them to phylogenetic trees, that gave "strong quantitative support, by

910-514: The newly-risen Tang dynasty , despite the overwhelming victories that Goguryeo had achieved over the Sui . King Yeongryu was assassinated by Yeon Gaesomun , who was Dae Magniji (대막리지/Grand Prime Minister) of Goguryeo until 666 CE. King Bojang , the nephew of King Yeongryu, rose to the throne and ruled until 668 CE, when Goguryeo was destroyed by the coalition armies of the Tang dynasty and Silla . With

945-495: The origin of life, it has been proposed that DNA based cellular life descended from relatively simple pre-cellular self-replicating RNA molecules able to undergo natural selection . During the course of evolution, this RNA world was replaced by the evolutionary emergence of the DNA world. A world of independently self-replicating RNA genomes apparently no longer exists (RNA viruses are dependent on host cells with DNA genomes). Because

980-458: The positioning of introns and pseudogenes , provide strong evidence of common ancestry. Biologists often point to the universality of many aspects of cellular life as supportive evidence to the more compelling evidence listed above. These similarities include the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the fact that all amino acids found in proteins are left-handed . It is, however, possible that these similarities resulted because of

1015-453: The redundant codons, and since the correct amino acids would already have been in place, natural selection would not have driven any change in the codons, however much time was available. Genetic drift could change the codons, but it would be extremely unlikely to make all the redundant codons in a whole sequence match exactly across multiple lineages. Similarly, shared nucleotide sequences, especially where these are apparently neutral such as

1050-597: The reign of King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo , who created and strengthened Goguryeo's cavalry and naval units to pacify the south and the north. Gwanggaeto the Great attacked and conquered Buyeo , Biryu-guk, the Later Yan , Malgal , and the Ainu tribes. Goguryeo's height of power finally came, but the bringer of glory died at the young age of 39. King Munjamyeong continued to expand Goguryeo's territories after receiving

1085-659: The same environmental conditions to evolve similar biochemistry convergently , they might independently have acquired similar genetic sequences. Theobald's "formal test" was accordingly criticised by Takahiro Yonezawa and colleagues for not including consideration of convergence. They argued that Theobald's test was insufficient to distinguish between the competing hypotheses. Theobald has defended his method against this claim, arguing that his tests distinguish between phylogenetic structure and mere sequence similarity. Therefore, Theobald argued, his results show that "real universally conserved proteins are homologous ." The possibility

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1120-443: The sequences is evidence for common descent. In certain cases, there are several codons (DNA triplets) that code redundantly for the same amino acid. Since many species use the same codon at the same place to specify an amino acid that can be represented by more than one codon, that is evidence for their sharing a recent common ancestor. Had the amino acid sequences come from different ancestors, they would have been coded for by any of

1155-453: The single ancestry of life. However, biologists consider it very unlikely that completely unrelated proto-organisms could have exchanged genes, as their different coding mechanisms would have resulted only in garble rather than functioning systems. Later, however, many organisms all derived from a single ancestor could readily have shared genes that all worked in the same way, and it appears that they have. If early organisms had been driven by

1190-427: The theory of descent from a few created forms with subsequent modification". Common descent was widely accepted amongst the scientific community after Darwin's publication. In 1907, Vernon Kellogg commented that "practically no naturalists of position and recognized attainment doubt the theory of descent." In 2008, biologist T. Ryan Gregory noted that: No reliable observation has ever been found to contradict

1225-617: Was first proposed by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in the concluding sentence of his 1859 book On the Origin of Species : There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. The idea that all living things (including things considered non-living by science) are related

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