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76-651: Krishnadas Shama Goa State Central Library is the main library in the State of Goa, India. It is located in Panjim (Panaji) and its website claims that it is the first public library to be set up across India, in the early 1830s. According to its official site, it is "the oldest Public Library in India," having been inaugurated on 15 September 1832 by the Portuguese Viceroy of Goa, Dom Manuel de Portugal e Castro. It

152-562: A personal representative , a de facto viceroy to rule on their behalf (as does their co-ruler, the Bishop of Urgell ). The French position of "adjunct département director, delegate for the sea and coast of the Atlantic Pyrenees and Landes " carries the title of "viceroy of Pheasant Island ". Pheasant Island is a French-Spanish condominium on the river Bidasoa . In Italian viceré : The highest colonial representatives in

228-510: A depository library under Press and Registration Books Act, 1867 and Delivery of Books Act, 1954 wherein the entire published book in the State should be deposited in the library for national posterity. Reference sources like general and subject dictionaries, encyclopedias, Who's Who directories, biographical dictionaries, gazetteers, atlases, travel guides and various other reference sources are available for users. Books for competitive examinations and valuable books on different subjects also form

304-422: A driving licence, passport, Aadhaar card, etc.). The requirements for membership (adult) are as follows: For children (below 10 years) the membership requirement is as follows: Following are the fees of the library, according to information displayed at the library: The State Central Library Goa is currently under the administrative control of Government of Goa's Directorate of Art & Culture. The Curator

380-645: A few books in local languages like Konkani and Marathi. Some 40,000 volumes date back to the pre-1961 era. Among other valuable texts, the Library holds incomplete collections of nineteenth and early twentieth century newspapers in Marathi, Konkani, English and Portuguese, published from Goa and from Bombay. Many of these are in a state of advanced disrepair. The library used to be the repository institution for Mozambique, and for other Portuguese colonies in Africa until

456-493: A few. Da Cunha's projects mostly portray the use of natural material. One of the most impressive and unusual works of da Cunha's has been the township which he has built for the JSW Steel Plant, about 30 km from Hampi called Vidyanagar. The entire project was built at a cost of Rs 150 crore. This township is spread across 300 acres and the project involved creating housing to settle 10,000 people. With not even

532-533: A gender-neutral term. Vicereine is more commonly used to indicate a viceroy's wife, known as the viceregal consort . The term has occasionally been applied to the governors-general of the Commonwealth realms , who are viceregal representatives of the monarch. The position of a viceroy is by royal appointment rather than a noble rank. An individual viceroy often also held a separate noble title, such as Bernardo de Gálvez, 1st Viscount of Galveston , who

608-693: A little earlier on the weekends. Saturdays and Sundays the library remains open from 9:30 am to 5:45 pm. Maria Pia de Menezes Rodrigues says the Central Library offers lending, reading and reference facilities, the first being available only to registered members. Students from Goa and the rest of India make "extensive use of the collection", according to Rodrigues. Research facilities are available to scholars from India and abroad, specially those working on topics related to Goa and Indo-Portuguese history . The library has taken part in organising World Book Day , Librarian's Day , National Book Week and

684-513: A risk of foreign or Indian attack, but the captains general were usually given political powers over the provinces under their command. Because the long distances to the viceregal capital would hamper effective communication, both audiencias and captains general were authorized to communicate directly with the crown through the Council of the Indies . The Bourbon Reforms introduced the new office of

760-521: A second one ruling the possessions in India (Hindustan) and Ceylon ; and a third one from Malacca to the Far East. However, Governor Afonso de Albuquerque (1509–1515) centralized the post into a plenipotentiary office, which it remained after his tenure. The typical duration in office was usually three years, although powerful viceroys might extend their tenure; of the thirty-four governors of India in

836-458: A single governor: Thereafter it had lieutenants-general and viceroys: Next were a series of viceroys (resident in France) from 8 October 1611 to 1672. Later there were governors and governors-general. The president of France retains, ex officio , the title of Co-Prince in the neighboring microstate of Andorra (a post previously occupied by the king of France) and continues to send

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912-560: A single tree on the site, creating an entire township seemed to be an arduous task. The township also has a movie theatre, school, airstrip, parks, and botanical garden. It also houses a club, temples, shopping centre and restaurants, thus making it a complete city town. This unusual project of creating an entire township from scratch got da Cunha the Prime Minister's Award for Excellence in Urban Planning and Design offered by

988-669: Is open for all readers irrespective of class, creed or nationality. The collection is available for reference in [the] Rare and Goan History Section and Reference Section ... the Lending Section... the Newspaper and Magazine Section..." The State Central Library has a more than 180,000 book collection, in different languages like English, Hindi, Marathi, Konkani, Portuguese, since 1832. About 15,00,000 pages of rare books, official gazettes and newspapers are available in electronic format (microfilm Form). State Central Library acts

1064-447: Is sometimes translated to English as viceroy. In 1830, emperor Minh Mạng abolished the post in order to increase the imperial direct ruling power in all over Vietnam. During the Han , Ming and Qing dynasties, there existed positions of viceroys having control over various provinces (e.g., Liangguang = Guangdong and Guangxi , Huguang = Hubei and Hunan ). In Siam before 1885,

1140-503: Is the Head of State Central Library, and its current Curator is Carlos Fernandes. The table below depicts the location of various resources in the library: Viceroy A viceroy ( / ˈ v aɪ s r ɔɪ / ) is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice- , meaning "in

1216-504: Is the walls made from recycled beer bottles arranged in artistic patterns. Just next to the school, da Cunha built a triangular ship-like building made of laterite stones, which is an architectural oddity in itself. It is called the 'Houses of Goa' museum, designed and curated by da Cunha himself. The museum traces Goan architectural traditions, building materials, and styles in an in-depth manner. Some other selected works by da Cunha include Town Plaza at Aamby Valley City . Da Cunha won

1292-716: The Albanian Kingdom (today Albania ). As viceré of Albania of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy were the Marchese Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino and after his departure General Alberto Pariani . Ban Borić was the first ruler and viceroy of Bosnia, appointed by Géza II of Hungary by 1154. His war affairs are documented as he fought several notable battles. He also maintained ties with knights Templar and donated lands in Bosnia and Slavonia to their order. His own biological brother Dominic

1368-660: The Australian House of Representatives : "The Governor-General is the viceroy of the Queen of Australia". The Australia Act 1986 also provide that all royal powers in Australia, except the actual appointment of the governor-general and the governors, are exercisable by the viceregal representatives. The noun viceroy is rarely used, but the adjective viceregal is standard usage. Namestnik (Russian: наме́стник , Russian pronunciation: [nɐˈmʲesʲnʲɪk] )

1444-584: The Central Legislative Assembly , one of the first steps in the establishment of Indian home rule . This process was accelerated by the Government of India Act 1935 and ultimately led to the independence of India and Pakistan as dominions in 1947. Both countries finally severed complete ties with Britain when they became republics – India as a secular republic in 1950 and Pakistan as an Islamic republic in 1956. Alongside

1520-603: The Commander-in-Chief, India , the viceroy was the public face of the British presence in India, attending to many ceremonial functions as well as political affairs. As the representative of the emperors and empress of India , who were also the kings and queens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , the viceroy served as the grand master of the two principal orders of chivalry of British India:

1596-615: The Deposito Legal (Delivery Act) was made applicable to this library, according to its official website. Resultantly, the library received all publications from Portugal and her overseas Provinces. From September 1959, the Bibliotheca was separated from the Institute and placed under the administrative control of Servicos de Instruccao e Saude (Education and Health Services) and renamed as Biblioteca Nacional de Goa . On

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1672-791: The Order of the Star of India and the Order of the Indian Empire . During the office's history, the governors-general of India were based in two cities: Calcutta until 1911 and New Delhi afterwards. Additionally, whilst Calcutta was the capital of India, the viceroys spent the summer months at Simla . The two historic residences of the viceroys still stand: the Viceroy's House in New Delhi and Government House in Kolkata. They are used today as

1748-748: The Sublime Porte rather than hereditary privilege. Pashas and beylerbeys were appointed to govern provinces called eyalets , until the promulgation of the Vilayet Law in 1867 ended the eyalet system, replacing it with more centrally-controlled vilayets . the beylerbey of the Rumelia Eyalet was the only provincial governor entitled to a seat in the Imperial Council , but only when a matter fell within his jurisdiction. The post of Tổng Trấn ( governor of all military provinces )

1824-506: The intendant , which was appointed directly by the crown and had broad fiscal and administrative powers in political and military issues. See also: From 1505 to 1896 Portuguese India  – including, until 1752, all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to Southeast Asia and Australasia – was governed alternatively by either a viceroy (Portuguese vice-rei ) or governor and commission located in

1900-643: The secretary of state for India in London and were advised by the Council of India . They were largely unencumbered in the exercise of their authority and were among the most powerful men on earth in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, ruling over an entire subcontinent with a large military force at their disposal in the form of the Indian Army . Under the terms of the Government of India Act 1919 , viceroys shared some limited aspects of their authority with

1976-536: The "federation" of Italian East Africa (six provinces, each under a governor; together Ethiopia , Eritrea and Somaliland ) were no longer styled high commissioner , but viceroy and governor-general from 5 May 1936, when Italian forces occupied the Ethiopian Empire (today Ethiopia ), until 27 November 1941, when the last Italian administrator surrendered to the Allies. On 7 April 1939, Italy invaded

2052-604: The 16th and 17th centuries, manuscripts and imprints, books on the history and culture of Goa, including Indo-Portuguese history, bound volumes of local journals and newspapers and books received under the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867 . Under the Government of India's Registration of Books Act, 1956, the Central Library is the copyright library of Goa and the publisher of every book published in Goa must send three copies of

2128-472: The 16th century, only six had longer mandates. During some periods of the Iberian Union , between 1580 and 1640, the king of Spain , who was also king of Portugal , appointed viceroys to govern Portugal itself , as the king had multiple realms throughout Europe and delegated his powers to various viceroys. After the end of the Iberian Union in 1640, the governors of Brazil that were members of

2204-678: The 18th century, Croatian bans eventually become chief government officials in Croatia. They were at the head of Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The last ban held his position until 1941 and the collapse of Yugoslavia in World War II. An equivalent office, called the Exarch , was created in the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire towards the end of the sixth century for governors of important areas too far from

2280-693: The 18th century, the Habsburg crown appointed viceroys of Aragon , Valencia , Catalonia , Navarre , Portugal during the brief period known as the Iberian Union, Sardinia , Sicily , and Naples . With the ascension of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish throne, the historic Aragonese viceroyalties were replaced by new captaincies general . At the end of War of the Spanish Succession ,

2356-588: The 18th century. There are educational reports and other official publications regarding Africa in the library. A professional catalogue for these collections can be accessed from the website of the University of Aveiro, Portugal under the collection Memorias de Africa. According to the Citizen's Charter of the Directorate of Arts and Culture , "The State Central library is one of the oldest library in India

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2432-611: The Crown became known as the Viceroy. The designation Viceroy , although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament . Although the Proclamation of 1858 announcing the assumption of the government of India by the Crown referred to Lord Canning as "first viceroy and governor-general", none of the warrants appointing his successors referred to them as viceroys , and

2508-592: The Goa State Infrastructure Development Corporation (GSIDC) as saying that the Rs 32 crore (Rs 320 million) project comprises six floors and covers an area of 13,369 square metres. Media reports have projected that the library "will have" over half a million books—over twice the previous number of the smaller library which was located in the heart of town—besides access to 200 magazines and 20 newspapers. Also promised (prior to

2584-527: The Ministry of Urban Development in 1998–99. Another project that gave da Cunha wide recognition is Nrityagram dance village at Bengaluru, designed for famous Odissi dancer Protima Bedi . This center for the study of dance was built using traditional building forms and techniques, with stone and thatch being the primary materials. The whole concept of the 'village' presents a mosaic of texture and colours, earth, bricks, tiles and thatch. Nrityagram received

2660-725: The Portuguese high nobility started to use the title of Viceroy. Brazil became a permanent Viceroyalty in 1763, when the capital of the State of Brazil ( Estado do Brasil ) was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro . Following adoption of the Government of India Act 1858 , which transferred control of India from the East India Company to the British Crown , the Governor-General as representing

2736-551: The Privilege of Deposited Legal was made applicable to this library, making it entitled to receive, free of cost, copies of all publications from Portugal and her overseas colonies. After functioning as an annex of the institute, it was open for about 35 years. Kakodkar says that from September 1959, the library was put under the direct administrative control of the Services de Instruccao e Saude (Education and Health Services). In

2812-593: The Río de la Plata in 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires ). The viceroyalties of the Spanish Americas and the Spanish East Indies were subdivided into smaller, autonomous units, the audiencias ( tribunal with the authority to judge), and the captaincies general (military districts), which in most cases became the bases for the independent countries of modern Hispanic America . These units gathered

2888-587: The Spanish monarchy was shorn of its Italian possessions. These Italian territories, however, continued to have viceroys under their new rulers for some time; Naples until 1734, Sicily until 1816 and Sardinia until 1848. The Americas were incorporated into the Crown of Castile . With the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the institution of viceroys was adapted to govern the highly populated and wealthy regions of

2964-515: The State Bank of India and had a transferable job. He did most of his schooling at St. Mary's in Mazgaon , Maharashtra . Later, he studied at the prestigious School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi , which is regarded as the best institution in the country for architecture. During his 3rd year at SPA, da Cunha took a one-year break from the school and travelled to Kerala to work closely with

3040-456: The State, it is open to all, and everyone is allowed to use its facilities. Home-lending however requires membership of the library, which currently costs between Rs 200 to 750 (lifetime deposit, no annual fee). To sign-up as a member, which is a speedy process normally done within half an hour, one requires to produce one or two passport sized photographs, and also a local proof of residence (which contains your name, address and photograph – such as

3116-584: The architect of several projects which find places all across India. These include Nrityagram of Bangalore, Hampi's Kannada University's main building and its library, Bangalore's Taj Kutiram Tourist Resort, the Central Library in Panjim, JVSL Township in Torangallu, a house for Mr. Sajjan Jindal at Torangallu, a tourist village in Kerala, and Jimi Gazhdhar's lavish mansion on the banks of the Goan river, to name

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3192-626: The award for best rural architecture from the Vice- President of India in 1991. Da Cunha was hired to restore the oldest fort in Goa, Reis Magos Fort, which lay in ruins for a long time. It has now become a successful tourist destination showcasing the history of Goa to the visitors. Da Cunha also designed the Goa State Central Library located at Panaji (Panjim), which has six floors and houses more than 1,800,000 books. Da Cunha has also won wide acclaims for

3268-514: The capital of Goa . The government started seven years after the discovery of sea route to India by Vasco da Gama , in 1505, under the first viceroy, Francisco de Almeida (b.1450–d.1510). Initially, King Manuel I of Portugal tried to distribute power with three governors in different areas of jurisdiction: a government covering the area and possessions in East Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf , overseeing up to Cambay (Gujarat);

3344-476: The central library in Panaji. You can log on to the library website from home and check whether it has a particular book and whether that book is present in the library shelf or out on circulation. The library is open on all seven days of the week, including weekends, but is closed on public holidays only. It is also kept open during the lunch break, and its working hours are from 9.30 am to 7:30 pm, though it closes

3420-534: The completion of its 175th year, a first-day postal cover was released by the Government of India's Department of Posts. After the end of Portuguese rule in Goa in 1961, the library was renamed as the Central Library, and its activities expanded with lending, reference and special services for children. It build up its collection in English, Marathi, Hindi, Konkani and languages like Bengali and Urdu. Its local history and rare book collection today includes titles from

3496-499: The contemporary countries of South Africa and Nigeria as the customary representatives of their respective principals in the various areas that are under their immediate control. The viceroy in the Magadha Empire was called Uparaja (lit. vice king). The Mughal Empire had a system of administration which involved both official governors appointed from the capital, and local feudal lords ( zamindars ). Subahdars were

3572-457: The former, and can be seen as equivalents of viceroys, governing the provinces ( subahs ) by appointment from the capital. Mansabdars were military governors who were also appointed to provincial government, but they were appointed for military rather than civilian government. The Khedive of Egypt, especially during the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1848). This officer established an almost autonomous regime in Egypt, which officially still

3648-410: The imperial capital of Constantinople to receive regular instruction or reinforcement. The chosen governors of these provinces were empowered to act in place of the monarch (hence ex- "outside", arch "ruler") with more discretion and autonomy than was granted other categories of governor. This was an extraordinary break from the centralized traditions of the Roman Empire and was an early example of

3724-453: The last Viceroy of India, but continued on as the first governor-general of the Dominion of India . The lords lieutenant of Ireland were often referred to as viceroy after 1700 until 1922, even though the Kingdom of Ireland had been merged in 1801 into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The term has occasionally been applied to the governors-general of the Commonwealth realms , for example Gough Whitlam in 1973 told

3800-473: The launch of the library) were full-automation in lending and receiving books using the LIBSYS software for library automation (LIBSYS allows for acquisitions or purchase of books; cataloguing and organising documents; serial control for periodicals; circulation including membership records and books issue and return; and article indexing to create a database of articles published in journals). A special, user-friendly section has also been set up for children (on

3876-414: The like. Inter-library loan services have been extended to prisons, government and non-government organisations, she says. According to Dr. Archana A. Kakodkar the Carreira da India , or round-voyage between Portugal and India, brought books from Lisbon, Africa and Brazil and other Portuguese colonies – in a two-way traffic – in bundles and boxes as cargoes on the ships. Being a public library, funded by

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3952-421: The local provinces which could be governed by either a crown official, a corregidor (sometimes alcalde mayor ) or by a cabildo or town council. Audiencias primarily functioned as superior judicial tribunals, but unlike their European counterparts, the New World audiencias were granted by law both administrative and legislative powers. Captaincies general were primarily military districts set up in areas with

4028-420: The north overseas: New Spain (Mexico and Philippines) and the south overseas: Peru and South America. The viceroys of these two areas had oversight over the other provinces, with most of the North American, Central American, Caribbean and East Indian areas supervised by the viceroy in Mexico City and the South American ones by the viceroy in Lima , (with the exception of most of today's Venezuela , which

4104-465: The official residences of the president of India and the governor of West Bengal , respectively. The portraits of the governors-general still hang in a room on the ground floor of the Presidential Palace, one of the last vestiges of both the viceroys and the British Raj. Notable governors-general of India include Warren Hastings , Lord Cornwallis , Lord Curzon , The Earl of Minto , Lord Chelmsford , and Lord Mountbatten . Lord Mountbatten served as

4180-437: The old Portuguese colony of Goa, which he considers has a novel history in that it was the site of the 'first sustained encounter between the East and the West'. This encounter has engendered a unique culture and architecture that is evident in da Cunha's lively and rather Gaudíesque work. Born on 10 February 1955 in the city of Godhra , Gujarat , da Cunha travelled across the country since childhood as his father worked with

4256-464: The part of this collection. Students and research scholars also utilise the library. The library was first housed in the first floor of the Police Building in Panjim (Panaji), Goa's state capital. Since 2011, the library has shifted to its new premises in the Pato locality of Panjim, near the main bus stand. It is housed in a spacious, six-floor building designed by award-winning architect Gerard da Cunha . News reports in April 2011 quoted officials of

4332-441: The past, the library's collection consisted mainly of books in Portuguese , French , Spanish , Latin , English . A catalogue of the library was printed in 1907. Later, a card catalogue of the author, title and cross-reference were prepared. In March 1925 it became part of the Instituto Vasco da Gama, an academic-cultural institution, and was renamed as the Biblioteca Nacional Vasco da Gama . By Decree Law 38684 of 18 March 1952,

4408-441: The place of" and the Anglo-Norman roy ( Old French roi , roy ), meaning "king". This denotes the position as one who acts on behalf of a king or monarch. A viceroy's territory may be called a viceroyalty , though this term is not always applied. The adjective form is viceregal , less often viceroyal . The term vicereine is sometimes used to indicate a female viceroy suo jure , although viceroy can serve as

4484-473: The prestigious Prime Minister's National Award for Excellence in Urban Planning and Design in 1998–99 for the project Jindal Vijaynagar Steel Limited (JVSL - Now JSW Township as "Vidhya Nagar"), Toranagallu, Bellary (Karnataka, India). He is also credited with winning the 'Commendation Award-1990' for rural architecture for his project 'Nrityagram' at Bengaluru, Karnataka. The design of Nrityagram can be termed as 'Natural Architecture.' Da Cunha also made it into

4560-399: The principle of viceroyalty. As with many princely and administrative titles, viceroy is often used, generally unofficially, to render somewhat equivalent titles and offices in non-western cultures. In cultures all over the continent of Africa, the role of viceroy has been subsumed into a hereditary noble as opposed to strictly administrative position. In the Arabo-Berber north, for example,

4636-573: The same to this library. The Central Library compiles and publishes its annual bibliography of Goa-published books in the Official Gazette of Goa. Today, the Central Library is the State apex public library. It has under the control of its Directorate of Arts & Culture some seven taluka (sub-district) libraries, besides 121 government village libraries, panchayat and non-government organisation-run libraries currently functioning in Goa. Its pre-1961 (Portuguese Goa) collection consists mainly of books and journals in Portuguese, French, Latin, English and

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4712-462: The second floor), a braille section for visually-challenged readers, an internet section. Officials were quoted saying that plans include "a facility for microfilming and a book preservation laboratory ... (among) the 27 sections that comprise the new centrally air-conditioned state library." The curator of the central library Carlos Fernandes said that the LIBSYS system is a library-management software that will connect all government libraries in Goa to

4788-423: The title of Khalifa is often used by individuals who derive their authority to rule from someone else in much the same way as a viceroy would. Elsewhere, subordinate inkosis under the rule of a paramount chief like the King of the Zulu Nation of Southern Africa or subordinate baales in the realms of the reigning obas of West African Yorubaland continue to occupy statutorily recognized positions in

4864-458: The title of Khedive which was almost an equivalent to viceroy. Other titles, such as Sharif (as in the Sharifate of Mecca ), or Khan (as in the Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Kazan ), denoted hereditary rulers of Ottoman vassal states, under the Sultan's titles of Caliph and Great Khan , respectively. Titles such as pasha , beylerbey , bey , and agha denote officials who were, at least nominally, appointed to their positions by

4940-421: The title was used for the heir-apparent or heir presumptive (Thai: กรมพระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล) The title was abolished and replaced with that of the Crown Prince of Siam . Gerard da Cunha Da Cunha runs his architecture firm 'Architecture Autonomous' in Goa, India. His projects are spread across the country, including resorts, townships, institutions, and even private residences. He maintains his practice in

5016-420: The title, which was frequently used in warrants dealing with precedence and in public notifications, was basically one of ceremony used in connection with the state and social functions of the sovereign's representative. The governor-general continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the government of India continued to be vested in the Governor-General-in-Council. The viceroys reported directly to

5092-412: The unusual and vernacular designs of two schools in Goa, Nisha's Play School and Shiksha Niketan. Set in a lush green valley with a steep slope, the architect has created different levels of spatial experiences connected vertically by a chute for children and stairs. Brick arches, sometimes set so low that adults have to stoop to enter, become the doorless entryways. The highlight of the outdoor amphitheater

5168-545: The world- renowned architect Laurie Baker , whom he greatly admired. After his course in architecture from School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), da Cunha joined DDA in 1979, but he found the experience of working there extremely monotonous. Bored with his job, he went to Goa (his home state) hoping for some exciting element in his life. Da Cunha was briefly married (1978-1982) to Indian writer and author Arundhati Roy while they lived together in Delhi. They subsequently separated and divorced in 1982. Da Cunha has been

5244-443: Was a political post in the early period of the Vietnamese Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1830). From 1802, under the reign of emperor Gia Long , there were two Tổng Trấn who administered Vietnam's northern part named Bắc thành with administrative center in Hanoi and the southern part Gia Định thành with administrative center in Gia Định , while Nguyen emperors ruled only the central region Kinh Kỳ from capital Phú Xuân . Tổng Trấn

5320-443: Was also Viceroy of New Spain . The title was originally used by the Crown of Aragon , where, beginning in the 14th century, it referred to the Spanish governors of Sardinia and Corsica . After the unification, at the end of the 15th century, later kings of Spain came to appoint numerous viceroys to rule over various parts of the increasingly vast Spanish Empire in Europe, the Americas, and overseas elsewhere. In Europe, until

5396-432: Was an official position in the history of the Russian Empire . It can be translated as "viceroy", "deputy", "lieutenant" (in the broadest sense of the word) or in place appointee . The term has two periods of usage, with different meanings. The Tsar Paul I 's 1799 formation of the Russian-American Company obviated viceroys in the colonization of the northwestern New World . New France , in present Canada, had

5472-538: Was known then as the Publica Livraria of the Academia Militar de Goa (Military Training Institute). In 1834, the Portuguese government ordered the "suppression" of certain religious orders. The book collections of various convents belonging to these religious orders were transferred to the library, augmenting the repository considerably. In 1836, the name was changed to Bibliotheca Pública and it

5548-560: Was on record as a Knight Templar . Due to his vast powers over Bosnian politics and essential veto powers, the modern-day position of the high representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina has been compared to that of a viceroy. From the earliest medieval period in the Kingdom of Croatia , the position of viceroy was held by Ban of Croatia who acted as king's representative in Croatian lands and supreme commander of Croatian army. In

5624-515: Was overseen by the high court, or Audiencia of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola for most of the colonial period). These large administrative territories became known as viceroyalties (Spanish term: virreinatos ). There were only two New World viceroyalties until the 18th century, when the new Bourbon dynasty established two additional viceroyalties to promote economic growth and new settlements on South America. New viceroyalties were created for New Granada in 1717 (capital, Bogotá ) and

5700-623: Was thrown open to the public. In 1836 itself, the library was shifted to premises where the Municipal proceedings were held. In 1870, it was named as the Biblotheca Publica da Nova Goa. In February 1897, the library was raised to the status of a National Library and renamed as Bibliotheca Nacional de Nova Goa. Later it was renamed as the Bibliotheca National Vasco da Gama . By a decree dated 18 March 1956,

5776-454: Was under Ottoman rule. Although Mehemet Ali/Muhammad Ali used different symbols to mark his independence from the Sublime Porte , he never openly declared himself independent. Adopting the title of viceroy was yet another way to walk the thin line between challenging the Sultan's power explicitly and respecting his jurisdiction. Muhammad Ali Pasha's grandson, Ismail Pasha , subsequently received

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