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62-712: See text . Gobiidae or gobies is a family of bony fish in the order Gobiiformes , one of the largest fish families comprising more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera . Most of gobiid fish are relatively small, typically less than 10 cm (3.9 in) in length, and the family includes some of the smallest vertebrates in the world, such as Trimmatom nanus and Pandaka pygmaea , Trimmatom nanus are under 1 cm ( 3 ⁄ 8  in) long when fully grown, then Pandaka pygmaea standard length are 9 mm (0.35 in), maximum known standard length are 11 mm (0.43 in). Some large gobies can reach over 30 cm (0.98 ft) in length, but that

124-548: A propulsive efficiency greater than 90%. Fish can accelerate and maneuver much more effectively than boats or submarine , and produce less water disturbance and noise. This has led to biomimetic studies of underwater robots which attempt to emulate the locomotion of aquatic animals. An example is the Robot Tuna built by the Institute of Field Robotics , to analyze and mathematically model thunniform motion . In 2005,

186-444: A substrate , such as vegetation, coral, or a rock surface. They lay from five to a few thousand eggs, depending on the species. After fertilizing the eggs, the male guards the eggs from predators and keep them free from detritus . The male fans the eggs, thereby providing them with oxygen. The female maintains the burrow. The eggs hatch after a few days. The larvae are born transparent, and they develop coloration after spreading to find

248-399: A swimmer or underwater diver Surfboard fins provide surfers with means to maneuver and control their boards. Contemporary surfboards often have a centre fin and two cambered side fins. The bodies of reef fishes are often shaped differently from open water fishes . Open water fishes are usually built for speed, streamlined like torpedoes to minimise friction as they move through

310-448: A 6–13 cm high mound over the entrance of their spawning burrow. The mound lets the water flow fast over the mound. The water flow created by the mound helps to provide oxygen to the eggs. While burrow building is a cooperative behavior done by both sexes, males usually put more effort in burrow maintenance than females. Females feed more instead, because the reproductive success is optimal when females put more energy in preparing for

372-464: A burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the fish live. The shrimp has poor eyesight compared to the gobiid, but if it sees or feels the fish suddenly swim into the burrow, it will follow. The fish and shrimp keep in contact with each other, the shrimp using its antennae, and the fish flicking the shrimp with its tail when alarmed. These gobiids are thus sometimes known as " watchmen gobies " or "prawn gobies". Each party gains from this relationship:

434-430: A different reason. Unlike dolphins, these fish do not feel the bubbles, because they have bony fins without nerve endings. Nevertheless, they cannot swim faster because the cavitation bubbles create a vapor film around their fins that limits their speed. Lesions have been found on tuna that are consistent with cavitation damage. Scombrid fishes (tuna, mackerel and bonito) are particularly high-performance swimmers. Along

496-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called

558-520: A liquid, which then promptly and violently collapse. It can cause significant damage and wear. Cavitation damage can also occur to the tail fins of powerful swimming marine animals, such as dolphins and tuna. Cavitation is more likely to occur near the surface of the ocean, where the ambient water pressure is relatively low. Even if they have the power to swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed because collapsing cavitation bubbles on their tail are too painful. Cavitation also slows tuna, but for

620-429: A male that does not own his own territory. Secondly, the sneakers do not provide parental care to their eggs. The paired males provide parental care instead of the sneakers. Therefore, the sneakers can save energy, and they can put more effort into finding new targets for cheating. The cost of kleptogamy is that the sneakers can receive aggressive attacks from the paired males that are usually much larger and stronger than

682-515: A number of rotating fins, also called foils, wings, arms or blades. Propellers use the fins to translate torquing force to lateral thrust, thus propelling an aircraft or ship. Turbines work in reverse, using the lift of the blades to generate torque and power from moving gases or water. Cavitation can be a problem with high power applications, resulting in damage to propellers or turbines, as well as noise and loss of power. Cavitation occurs when negative pressure causes bubbles (cavities) to form in

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744-409: A pancake, and will fit into fissures in rocks. Their pelvic and pectoral fins are designed differently, so they act together with the flattened body to optimise maneuverability. Some fishes, such as puffer fish , filefish and trunkfish , rely on pectoral fins for swimming and hardly use tail fins at all. Aristotle recognised the distinction between analogous and homologous structures , and made

806-460: A safe habitat with less food and a dangerous habitat with more food. Results from both the full and hungry fish revealed that gobiids, when confronted with the trade-off between foraging and avoiding predation , made choices that would better their foraging. Species in the Gobiidae sometimes form symbiotic relationships with other species, such as with burrowing shrimps . The shrimp maintains

868-455: A suitable habitat. The larvae of many freshwater gobiid species are carried downstream to the brackish waters, or even to the sea. They return to fresh water weeks or months later. Gobiids in warmer waters reach adulthood in a few months, while gobies in cooler environments reach adulthood in two years. The total lifespan of gobiid varies from one to ten years, again with the species in warmer waters generally living longer. Many species in

930-587: Is also a commercial fish in Italy . Several species of gobiids are kept in aquaria. Most captive gobies are marine. Perhaps the most popular is the small but colorful neon goby . Most gobies stay toward the lower portion of the aquarium, hiding in the rockwork, but some species (most notably the shrimp gobies) prefer to dig themselves little burrows. Aquarists typically provide them with a fine-grained substrate to prevent damage to their delicate undersides. Commonly kept saltwater species include Randall's shrimp goby and

992-508: Is exceptional. Generally, they are benthic or bottom-dwellers. Although few are important as food fish for humans, they are of great significance as prey species for other commercially important fish such as cod , haddock , sea bass and flatfish . Several gobiids are also of interest as aquarium fish , such as the dartfish of the genus Ptereleotris . Phylogenetic relationships of gobiids have been studied using molecular data. The most distinctive aspects of gobiid morphology are

1054-407: Is possible in these gobies, since the external genitalia for males and females do not differ much. Sex changes can take from days to weeks. Most sex changes in gobies are from female to male ( protogyny ) rather than male to female ( protandry ). Female-to-male changes are observed not only in gobiids but also in wrasses , damselfishes , and sea basses . Female-to-male change usually occurs because

1116-578: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Fin Fins first evolved on fish as a means of locomotion. Fish fins are used to generate thrust and control

1178-699: The Great Barrier Reef exhibits bidirectional sex changes. G. histrio is one of the very few species that can change sex in both ways. When two G. historio females, which used to be males, are on the same coral reef, one of them transforms back into a male goby. Sex determination in coral goby Gobiodon erythrospilus does not occur until the juveniles meet potential mates. Confronting a potential mate can be difficult for Gobiodon erythrospilus juveniles, since most coral resources, crucial for attracting mates, are occupied by pre-existing paired gobies. Juveniles can only meet potential mates when one member of

1240-496: The Marmara , Black , Azov , Caspian , and Aral Seas ). The representatives of the subfamily have fused pelvic fins and elongated dorsal and anal fins. They are distinguished from the closely related subfamily Gobiinae by the absence of a swimbladder in adults and location of the uppermost rays of the pectoral fins within the fin membrane. Its members include tadpole gobies , monkey gobies , and bighead gobies . Members of

1302-608: The Oxudercidae . In addition, species formerly placed in the families Kraemeriidae , Microdesmidae , Ptereleotridae and Schindleriidae were added to the revised Gobiidae, although no subfamilies were described. The two formerly recognised subfamilies where the species have been retained in Gobiidae in the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World : Members of Benthophilinae are endemic to the Ponto-Caspian region (including

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1364-560: The Sea Life London Aquarium displayed three robotic fish created by the computer science department at the University of Essex . The fish were designed to be autonomous, swimming around and avoiding obstacles like real fish. Their creator claimed that he was trying to combine "the speed of tuna, acceleration of a pike, and the navigating skills of an eel". The AquaPenguin , developed by Festo of Germany, copies

1426-550: The watchman goby . Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to

1488-558: The Gobiidae live in male-female pairs that construct and share burrows, similar to many other fish such as Mozambique tilapia . The burrows are used for shelters and spawning places. Gobiids use their mouths to dig into the sea bottom, removing dead coral-fragments, rubble, and benthic algae in order to build their burrows. Gobiids maintain their burrows by fanning away sand inside the burrows. Furthermore, gobies use coral rubble to block burrow entrance. A single goby carry as many as nine pieces of coral rubble per minute. Gobiids also build

1550-563: The Gobiinae are known as true gobies . It is the most widespread and most diverse of the subfamilies formerly recognised under the Gobiidae, containing around 2000 species and 150 genera. Gobiids are primarily fish of shallow marine habitats, including tide pools , coral reefs , and seagrass meadows ; they are also very numerous in brackish water and estuarine habitats, including the lower reaches of rivers, mangrove swamps , and salt marshes . A few gobiid species (unknown exactly, but in

1612-480: The University of Chicago found bottom-walking lungfishes had already evolved characteristics of the walking gaits of terrestrial tetrapods. In a classic example of convergent evolution , the pectoral limbs of pterosaurs , birds and bats further evolved along independent paths into flying wings. Even with flying wings there are many similarities with walking legs, and core aspects of the genetic blueprint of

1674-660: The bigger fish leave the cleaning stations healthier than they were when they arrived. Another form of symbiosis exists between gobiids and the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis ( Fungiidae ), in which representatives of the genus Eviota roam among the tentacles possibly hiding from predators. Gobiids have commercial importance in Russia and Ukraine . They are fished in the Sea of Azov , northwestern Black Sea and Caspian Sea . Most important species are round goby , monkey goby , toad goby , and grass goby . The grass goby

1736-487: The case of humans) and the pelvic fins developed into hind legs. Much of the genetic machinery that builds a walking limb in a tetrapod is already present in the swimming fin of a fish. In 2011, researchers at Monash University in Australia used primitive but still living lungfish "to trace the evolution of pelvic fin muscles to find out how the load-bearing hind limbs of the tetrapods evolved." Further research at

1798-542: The family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to

1860-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and

1922-408: The female cichlid , Pelvicachromis taeniatus , displays a large and visually arresting purple pelvic fin . "The researchers found that males clearly preferred females with a larger pelvic fin and that pelvic fins grew in a more disproportionate way than other fins on female fish." Reshaping human feet with swim fins , rather like the tail fin of a fish, add thrust and efficiency to the kicks of

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1984-526: The following prophetic comparison: "Birds in a way resemble fishes. For birds have their wings in the upper part of their bodies and fishes have two fins in the front part of their bodies. Birds have feet on their underpart and most fishes have a second pair of fins in their under-part and near their front fins." – Aristotle, De incessu animalium There is an old theory, proposed by anatomist Carl Gegenbaur , which has been often disregarded in science textbooks, "that fins and (later) limbs evolved from

2046-469: The formation of a linked chain of vortex rings" and that "the dorsal and anal fin wakes are rapidly entrained by the caudal fin wake, approximately within the timeframe of a subsequent tail beat". Once motion has been established, the motion itself can be controlled with the use of other fins. Boats control direction (yaw) with fin-like rudders, and roll with stabilizer and keel fins. Airplanes achieve similar results with small specialised fins that change

2108-434: The fused pelvic fins that form a disc-shaped sucker. This sucker is functionally analogous to the dorsal fin sucker possessed by the remoras or the pelvic fin sucker of the lumpsuckers , but is anatomically distinct; these similarities are the product of convergent evolution . The species in this family can often be seen using the sucker to adhere to rocks and corals , and in aquariums they will stick to glass walls of

2170-450: The gills of an extinct vertebrate". Gaps in the fossil record had not allowed a definitive conclusion. In 2009, researchers from the University of Chicago found evidence that the "genetic architecture of gills, fins and limbs is the same", and that "the skeleton of any appendage off the body of an animal is probably patterned by the developmental genetic program that we have traced back to formation of gills in sharks". Recent studies support

2232-444: The idea that gill arches and paired fins are serially homologous and thus that fins may have evolved from gill tissues. Fish are the ancestors of all mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians. In particular, terrestrial tetrapods (four-legged animals) evolved from fish and made their first forays onto land 400 million years ago. They used paired pectoral and pelvic fins for locomotion. The pectoral fins developed into forelegs (arms in

2294-402: The lift of the fin sets water or air in motion and pushes the fin in the opposite direction. Aquatic animals get significant thrust by moving fins back and forth in water. Often the tail fin is used, but some aquatic animals generate thrust from pectoral fins . Fins can also generate thrust if they are rotated in air or water. Turbines and propellers (and sometimes fans and pumps ) use

2356-476: The low hundreds) are also fully adapted to freshwater environments. These include the round goby ( Neogobius melanostomus ), Australian desert goby ( Chlamydogobius eremius ), and the European freshwater goby Padogobius bonelli . Most gobies feed on small invertebrates, although some of the larger species eat other fish, and a few eat planktonic algae . Most species in the Gobiidae attach their eggs to

2418-458: The margin at the rear of their bodies is a line of small rayless, non-retractable fins, known as finlets . There has been much speculation about the function of these finlets. Research done in 2000 and 2001 by Nauen and Lauder indicated that "the finlets have a hydrodynamic effect on local flow during steady swimming" and that "the most posterior finlet is oriented to redirect flow into the developing tail vortex, which may increase thrust produced by

2480-407: The more remarkable because they evolved from nothing — the ancestral terrestrial reptile had no hump on its back or blade on its tail to serve as a precursor." The biologist Stephen Jay Gould said the ichthyosaur was his favorite example of convergent evolution . The use of fins for the propulsion of aquatic animals can be remarkably effective. It has been calculated that some fish can achieve

2542-416: The muscle fibers with electricity. Robotic fish offer some research advantages, such as the ability to examine part of a fish design in isolation from the rest, and variance of a single parameter, such as flexibility or direction. Researchers can directly measure forces more easily than in live fish. "Robotic devices also facilitate three-dimensional kinematic studies and correlated hydrodynamic analyses, as

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2604-508: The pectoral fin have been retained. About 200 million years ago the first mammals appeared. A group of these mammals started returning to the sea about 52 million years ago, thus completing a circle. These are the cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises). Recent DNA analysis suggests that cetaceans evolved from within the even-toed ungulates , and that they share a common ancestor with the hippopotamus . About 23 million years ago another group of bearlike land mammals started returning to

2666-457: The pools during high tides and memorize how each pool connects to the others. Then, during low tides , they can exhibit accurate jumping behaviors, as they have memorized the paths. In a new environment, these fish do not show jumping behaviors or jump into wrong pools. Nevertheless, after one night, they show the same accurate jumping behaviors. A study was done to understand how gobiids react to changing habitat. The fish were given two choices:

2728-464: The pre-existing pairs dies. Juveniles’ sexes are determined according to the sexes of their potential mates. When a juvenile meets a female, it becomes a male, and vice versa . This type of sex determination is referred to as socially influenced sex determination. Some gobiids remember landmarks that are within short distances, and use them to find their ways. Small frillfin gobies ( Bathygobius soporator ) live in intertidal zones . They swim through

2790-409: The reproduction. After spawning eggs, the roles of male and female changes. Females primarily maintain the burrow, and males mainly care for the eggs by fanning them, thereby providing oxygen. When females leave the burrow, however, the mounds lose their heights. The males then give up on the eggs and eat them, preparing for future mating opportunities. Gobiid burrows vary in size depending on the size of

2852-736: The resident male of the group is dead. If no male is in the group, reproduction will be impossible. Therefore, the dominant female turns into male, allowing mating to happen. Male-to-female change occurs when the females have preference for specific features in males. For example, females prefer large males, and a few large males mate with multiple females, whereas small males lose their chance to mate. Small males either choose to become sneakers (kleptogamy) or choose to transform into females because all females technically have high mating opportunities. By turning into females, males can ensure that they produce many offspring . Some gobies have extraordinarily developed sex change ability. Gobiodon histrio from

2914-419: The same way as in other mammals. Ichthyosaurs are ancient reptiles that resembled dolphins. They first appeared about 245 million years ago and disappeared about 90 million years ago. "This sea-going reptile with terrestrial ancestors converged so strongly on fishes that it actually evolved a dorsal fin and tail in just the right place and with just the right hydrological design. These structures are all

2976-518: The sea. These were the pinnipeds (seals). What had become walking limbs in cetaceans and seals evolved further, independently in a reverse form of convergent evolution, back to new forms of swimming fins. The forelimbs became flippers and, in pinnipeds, the hind limbs became a tail terminating in two fins (the cetacean fluke , conversely, is an entirely new organ). Fish tails are usually vertical and move from side to side. Cetacean flukes are horizontal and move up and down, because cetacean spines bend

3038-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted

3100-574: The shape of their wings and tail fins. Stabilising fins are used as fletching on arrows and some darts , and at the rear of some bombs , missiles , rockets and self-propelled torpedoes . These are typically planar and shaped like small wings, although grid fins are sometimes used. Static fins have also been used for one satellite, GOCE . Engineering fins are also used as heat transfer fins to regulate temperature in heat sinks or fin radiators . In biology, fins can have an adaptive significance as sexual ornaments. During courtship,

3162-462: The shrimp gets a warning of approaching danger, and the fish gets a safe home and a place to lay its eggs . Only the alpha male and female reproduce, other fish in the colony eat sparingly to resist being eaten by the alpha male or female. This way, only the largest and fittest are able to reproduce. Another example of symbiosis is demonstrated by the neon gobies ( Elacatinus spp.). These gobiids, known as "cleaner gobies", remove parasites from

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3224-415: The skin, fins, mouth, and gills of a wide variety of large fish. The most remarkable aspect of this symbiosis is many of the fish that visit the cleaner gobies' cleaning stations would otherwise treat such small fish as food (for example, groupers and snapper ). Again, this is a relationship where both parties gain: the gobies get a continual supply of food as bigger fish visit their cleaning stations, and

3286-604: The sneakers. For small sneakers, the attacks by the paired males can be detrimental and often lead to death. The sneakers are also referred to as pseudo-females, since they are small and hardly distinguishable from females. This small body size makes cheating easier. Most of the time the paired males mistake the sneakers for females and thus do not chase the sneakers away. The paired males are called " bourgeois " males, because they are larger, stronger, and most importantly, paired. A few species of gobiid, such as blackeye goby and Lythrypnus dalli , can change their sexes. Sex change

3348-587: The spawning ground as soon as the paired female releases her eggs . Though sneakers’ sperm fertilizes some eggs, the paired male cannot distinguish the eggs fertilized by the sneakers from those fertilized by his own sperm. Therefore, the paired male gives parental care equally to all the eggs. Kleptogamy is a good strategy in many ways. First, the sneakers do not need their own territories, indicating that they do not need to spend energy in protecting territories, as most other males do. Most male gobies need their own territories, since females do not choose to mate with

3410-438: The species. Kleptogamy refers to a "sneaking behavior" during reproduction where an unpaired male fertilises the eggs of a paired female and the paired male cares for the eggs. Females prefer male gobies with large bodies. Since not all males have large bodies, the smaller ones may cheat instead of expending energy to find mates. The sneakers wait near the spawning ground of paired fish. The sneakers then release their sperm on

3472-416: The streamlined shape and propulsion by front flippers of penguins . Festo also developed AquaRay , AquaJelly and AiraCuda , respectively emulating the locomotion of manta rays, jellyfish and barracuda. In 2004, Hugh Herr at MIT prototyped a biomechatronic robotic fish with a living actuator by surgically transplanting muscles from frog legs to the robot and then making the robot swim by pulsing

3534-440: The subsequent motion. Fish and other aquatic animals, such as cetaceans , actively propel and steer themselves with pectoral and tail fins . As they swim, they use other fins, such as dorsal and anal fins , to achieve stability and refine their maneuvering. The fins on the tails of cetaceans, ichthyosaurs , metriorhynchids , mosasaurs and plesiosaurs are called flukes . Foil shaped fins generate thrust when moved,

3596-552: The tail of swimming mackerel". Fish use multiple fins, so it is possible that a given fin can have a hydrodynamic interaction with another fin. In particular, the fins immediately upstream of the caudal (tail) fin may be proximate fins that can directly affect the flow dynamics at the caudal fin. In 2011, researchers using volumetric imaging techniques were able to generate "the first instantaneous three-dimensional views of wake structures as they are produced by freely swimming fishes". They found that "continuous tail beats resulted in

3658-604: The tank, as well. Gobiidae are spread all over the world in tropical and temperate near shore-marine, brackish , and freshwater environments. Their range extends from the Old World coral reefs to the seas of the New World , and includes the rivers and near-shore habitats of Europe and Asia. Gobies are generally bottom-dwellers. Although many live in burrows, a few species (e.g. in the genus Glossogobius ) are true cavefish . On coral reefs, species of gobiids constitute 35% of

3720-409: The total number of fishes and 20% of the species diversity. The family Gobiidae underwent a major revision in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World . Before the revision the Gobiidae contained six subfamilies: Gobiinae , Benthophilinae , Amblyopinae , Gobionellinae , Oxudercinae , and Sicydiinae . The revision retained the first two subfamilies and removed the other four to a separate family,

3782-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,

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3844-698: The water. Reef fish operate in the relatively confined spaces and complex underwater landscapes of coral reefs . For this manoeuvrability is more important than straight line speed, so coral reef fish have developed bodies which optimize their ability to dart and change direction. They outwit predators by dodging into fissures in the reef or playing hide and seek around coral heads. The pectoral and pelvic fins of many reef fish, such as butterflyfish , damselfish and angelfish , have evolved so they can act as brakes and allow complex maneuvers. Many reef fish, such as butterflyfish , damselfish and angelfish , have evolved bodies which are deep and laterally compressed like

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