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130-477: Goiânia has its origins as a planned city , founded on October 24, 1933, by then Governor Pedro Ludovico to serve as the new state capital and administrative center. Before this, the state capital was the town of Goiás . It is the second most populous city in the Central-West Region, only surpassed by the country's capital Brasília , located about 200 kilometers (120 miles) from Goiânia. The city

260-551: A linear particle accelerator . Radiation therapy may be curative in a number of types of cancer if they are localized to one area of the body, and have not spread to other parts . It may also be used as part of adjuvant therapy , to prevent tumor recurrence after surgery to remove a primary malignant tumor (for example, early stages of breast cancer). Radiation therapy is synergistic with chemotherapy , and has been used before, during, and after chemotherapy in susceptible cancers. The subspecialty of oncology concerned with radiotherapy

390-407: A port and developed infrastructure. Other cities that were developed following Israel's lineation plan are Shoham , Karmiel and Arad . Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut has been another of the country's most successful planned cities. Construction began in 1994 and it now has a population of over 80,000. Modi'in also rates higher in terms of average salary and graduation rates than the national average. It

520-614: A radioactive source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment, is another form of radiation therapy that minimizes exposure to healthy tissue during procedures to treat cancers of the breast, prostate, and other organs. Radiation therapy has several applications in non-malignant conditions, such as the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia , acoustic neuromas , severe thyroid eye disease , pterygium , pigmented villonodular synovitis , and prevention of keloid scar growth, vascular restenosis , and heterotopic ossification . The use of radiation therapy in non-malignant conditions

650-525: A break of three months followed by another phase of three gray of radiation for five days. Radiation therapy works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells and can cause them to undergo mitotic catastrophe . This DNA damage is caused by one of two types of energy, photon or charged particle . This damage is either direct or indirect ionization of the atoms which make up the DNA chain. Indirect ionization happens as

780-432: A dose, including whether the patient is receiving chemotherapy, patient comorbidities, whether radiation therapy is being administered before or after surgery, and the degree of success of surgery. Delivery parameters of a prescribed dose are determined during treatment planning (part of dosimetry ). Treatment planning is generally performed on dedicated computers using specialized treatment planning software. Depending on

910-482: A lake. The municipality contains part of the 2,132 hectares (5,270 acres) Altamiro de Moura Pacheco State Park , created in 1992. Planned community A planned community , planned city , planned town , or planned settlement is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve organically. The term new town refers to planned communities of

1040-582: A large portion of the economic activity. Second to agriculture are vehicle sales and service industry. Repairs, sales and reconditioning of vehicles are widespread and visible in all areas of the city. The third largest contributor to the economy is the government sector. As Goiânia is the state capital of Goiás, it is home to many federal and state government agencies that provide a large number of jobs. In recent years, modern telecommunications, with its supporting industry, has begun to expand into Goiânia. Many large Brazilian companies have established offices in

1170-409: A linear accelerator in appearance, but used a sealed radioactive source like the one shown above. 2DXRT mainly consists of a single beam of radiation delivered to the patient from several directions: often front or back, and both sides. Conventional refers to the way the treatment is planned or simulated on a specially calibrated diagnostic X-ray machine known as a simulator because it recreates

1300-428: A list of Iran's modern planned cities see: List of Iran's planned cities . According to politics of country settlement a number of planned cities were created in peripheral regions. De facto all the cities which have Jewish population its new Jewish side have been planned like New Acre and Nazareth Illit. Those cities also known as Development Towns . The most successful is Ashdod with more than 200,000 inhabitants,

1430-726: A mild to moderate sun burn. The fatigue often sets in during the middle of a course of treatment and can last for weeks after treatment ends. The irritated skin will heal, but may not be as elastic as it was before. Late side effects occur months to years after treatment and are generally limited to the area that has been treated. They are often due to damage of blood vessels and connective tissue cells. Many late effects are reduced by fractionating treatment into smaller parts. Cumulative effects from this process should not be confused with long-term effects – when short-term effects have disappeared and long-term effects are subclinical, reirradiation can still be problematic. These doses are calculated by

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1560-426: A neurosurgeon for tumors in the brain or spine. There are two types of stereotactic radiation. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is when doctors use a single or several stereotactic radiation treatments of the brain or spine. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) refers to one or several stereotactic radiation treatments with the body, such as the lungs. Some doctors say an advantage to stereotactic treatments

1690-520: A normal oxygen environment. Much research has been devoted to overcoming hypoxia including the use of high pressure oxygen tanks, hyperthermia therapy (heat therapy which dilates blood vessels to the tumor site), blood substitutes that carry increased oxygen, hypoxic cell radiosensitizer drugs such as misonidazole and metronidazole , and hypoxic cytotoxins (tissue poisons), such as tirapazamine . Newer research approaches are currently being studied, including preclinical and clinical investigations into

1820-471: A plan to move the capital to the edge of the Araguaia river. The impetus behind the efforts to move the state capital was the need to locate it in accordance with the economic interests of the state. The first state capital , Vila Boa (today City of Goiás ), had been chosen when the economy was based on gold extraction. Later, when cattle-raising and agriculture came to dominate the state's development,

1950-517: A population density of 782.5 inhabitants per 1 square kilometre (0.4 sq mi), the largest of its state. The Human Development Index Municipal (HDI) of Goiânia is considered high by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), at 0.832, the second largest of any state of Goiás (in 242 municipalities); third of all Midwest Region of Brazil (in 446) and 111 from all over Brazil (in 5507). Considering only

2080-533: A primary function, but also aspire to create an all-inclusive urban environment. Japan's New Town program is heavily informed by the Anglo-American Garden City tradition, American neighborhood design, as well as Soviet strategies of industrial development. In 2002 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi announced the end of new town construction, although the new towns continue to receive government funding and redevelopment. Sources: Naypyidaw

2210-476: A result of the ionization of water, forming free radicals , notably hydroxyl radicals, which then damage the DNA. In photon therapy, most of the radiation effect is through free radicals. Cells have mechanisms for repairing single-strand DNA damage and double-stranded DNA damage. However, double-stranded DNA breaks are much more difficult to repair, and can lead to dramatic chromosomal abnormalities and genetic deletions. Targeting double-stranded breaks increases

2340-726: A result, Nationalist forces constructed several military dependents' villages that were intended to be temporary housing for party members and their families to regain Mainland China from the Communists . Many of these neighborhoods became permanent and still exist today. Beginning in the 1950s, the Taiwan Provincial Government was moved out of Taipei to central Taiwan for security reasons. Several new planned communities were created to house these government employees. The first planned community under

2470-461: A significantly higher dose of radiation (60–70 Gy) to achieve a radical cure. Some types of cancer are notably radioresistant, that is, much higher doses are required to produce a radical cure than may be safe in clinical practice. Renal cell cancer and melanoma are generally considered to be radioresistant but radiation therapy is still a palliative option for many patients with metastatic melanoma. Combining radiation therapy with immunotherapy

2600-640: A single treatment is best to improve patient comfort. One fractionation schedule that is increasingly being used and continues to be studied is hypofractionation. This is a radiation treatment in which the total dose of radiation is divided into large doses. Typical doses vary significantly by cancer type, from 2.2 Gy/fraction to 20 Gy/fraction, the latter being typical of stereotactic treatments (stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy, or SABR – also known as SBRT, or stereotactic body radiotherapy) for subcranial lesions, or SRS (stereotactic radiosurgery) for intracranial lesions. The rationale of hypofractionation

2730-744: A total of nine new towns: In the period of the Persian Safavid Empire, Isfahan , the Persian capital, was built according to a planned scheme, consisting of a long boulevard and planned housing and green areas around it. In modern-day Iran more than 20 planned cities have been developed or are under construction, mostly around Iran's main metropolitan areas such as Tehran , Isfahan , Shiraz and Tabriz . Some of these new cities are built for special purposes such as: 576,000 people were planned to be settled in Iran's new towns by 2005. For

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2860-405: A very high failure rate, e.g. women who have received radiation for breast cancer develop late effect chest wall tissue fibrosis and hypovascularity, making successful reconstruction and healing difficult, if not impossible. There are rigorous procedures in place to minimise the risk of accidental overexposure of radiation therapy to patients. However, mistakes do occasionally occur; for example,

2990-478: A yellow fruit. Parque Areião is home to monkeys native to the area. Almost all of the parks are surrounded by walking paths. Goiânia is known for being the ‘spring capital’ and was planned as a modern city, growing outside from the center. In the starting years this building plan worked well, but through the quick growth the plan was not followed to the letter, with the exception of the green areas, causing severe infrastructure problems in some areas, in particular with

3120-615: Is 2.92%; the top is 4.35%; and subjective poverty incidence is 4.35%. Among Brazil's metropolises , Goiânia has the lowest number of " favelas " (Portuguese for slums) according to data extracted from the 2010 census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, the IBGE . The IBGE named seven areas in Goiânia as being "subnormal agglomerations", a government term for irregular housing. In these locales, however, most of

3250-997: Is a city specially planned, designed and built to be a capital. Several of the world's national capitals are planned capitals, including Canberra in Australia, Brasília in Brazil, Belmopan in Belize, New Delhi in India, Abuja in Nigeria, Islamabad in Pakistan, Naypyidaw in Myanmar (Burma), Washington, D.C. in the United States, the modern parts of Astana in Kazakhstan, and Ankara in Turkey. In Indonesia, Nusantara

3380-503: Is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s. Several other cities are under development to accommodate the rapidly growing population, some of which include: Eko Atlantic City , a planned city of Lagos State being constructed on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. Upon completion, the new city which is still under development, is anticipating 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 150,000 commuters. Centenary City , in

3510-449: Is also related to its size. Due to complex radiobiology , very large tumors are affected less by radiation compared to smaller tumors or microscopic disease. Various strategies are used to overcome this effect. The most common technique is surgical resection prior to radiation therapy. This is most commonly seen in the treatment of breast cancer with wide local excision or mastectomy followed by adjuvant radiation therapy . Another method

3640-401: Is an active area of investigation and has shown some promise for melanoma and other cancers. It is important to distinguish the radiosensitivity of a particular tumor, which to some extent is a laboratory measure, from the radiation "curability" of a cancer in actual clinical practice. For example, leukemias are not generally curable with radiation therapy, because they are disseminated through

3770-577: Is an ancient town in Tekes County , Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture , Xinjiang, with a shape of a ba gua . In modern China, many special economic zones are developed from the sketch, for example, Pudong , a new district of Shanghai. Quezon City was the planned city of President Manuel L. Quezon , who had earlier proposed a new city to be built on land northeast of the City of Manila . Carefully planned districts include Santa Mesa Heights (part of

3900-412: Is an important economic hub of the region and is considered a strategic center for such areas as industry, medicine, fashion and agriculture. Goiânia has previously been described as having the largest green area per inhabitant in Brazil and the second-most in the world, after Edmonton , Alberta, Canada. With rapid population growth and urban expansion, satellite imagery shows the majority of the green area

4030-517: Is as safe as possible. Radiation therapy is used to treat early stage Dupuytren's disease and Ledderhose disease . When Dupuytren's disease is at the nodules and cords stage or fingers are at a minimal deformation stage of less than 10 degrees, then radiation therapy is used to prevent further progress of the disease. Radiation therapy is also used post surgery in some cases to prevent the disease continuing to progress. Low doses of radiation are used typically three gray of radiation for five days, with

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4160-402: Is called radiation oncology. A physician who practices in this subspecialty is a radiation oncologist . Radiation therapy is commonly applied to the cancerous tumor because of its ability to control cell growth. Ionizing radiation works by damaging the DNA of cancerous tissue leading to cellular death . To spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs which radiation must pass through to treat

4290-728: Is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects. Rail transport is usually available at a later stage. The first towns are Sha Tin , Tsuen Wan , Tuen Mun and Tseung Kwan O . Tuen Mun was intended to be self-reliant, but was not successful at the beginning and maintained as a dormitory town up until the recent decades like the other new towns. More recent developments are Tin Shui Wai and North Lantau . The government also plans to build such towns in Hung Shui Kiu , Ping Che - Ta Kwu Ling , Fanling North and Kwu Tung North. At present, there are

4420-431: Is connected to the federal capital, Brasília , via a four-lane tolled highway ( BR-060 ) and to São Paulo via another four-lane tolled highway ( BR-153 ). The state of Goiás maintains the main artery roads (marked GO-xxx) in and out of the capital: four-lane roads GO-403, GO–020, GO–080, GO–070, and GO–060. As Goiânia was a planned city, the downtown cores (Setores Central/Oeste/Sul) are relatively easy to navigate. Along

4550-418: Is crucial at this stage as the patient will have to be placed in an identical position during each treatment. Many patient positioning devices have been developed for this purpose, including masks and cushions which can be molded to the patient. Image-guided radiation therapy is a method that uses imaging to correct for positional errors of each treatment session. The response of a tumor to radiation therapy

4680-546: Is fractionated (spread out over time) for several important reasons. Fractionation allows normal cells time to recover, while tumor cells are generally less efficient in repair between fractions. Fractionation also allows tumor cells that were in a relatively radio-resistant phase of the cell cycle during one treatment to cycle into a sensitive phase of the cycle before the next fraction is given. Similarly, tumor cells that were chronically or acutely hypoxic (and therefore more radioresistant) may reoxygenate between fractions, improving

4810-647: Is limited partly by worries about the risk of radiation-induced cancers. It is estimated that half of the US' 1.2M invasive cancer cases diagnosed in 2022 received radiation therapy in their treatment program. Different cancers respond to radiation therapy in different ways. The response of a cancer to radiation is described by its radiosensitivity. Highly radiosensitive cancer cells are rapidly killed by modest doses of radiation. These include leukemias , most lymphomas , and germ cell tumors . The majority of epithelial cancers are only moderately radiosensitive, and require

4940-449: Is measured in grays (Gy), and varies depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated. For curative cases, the typical dose for a solid epithelial tumor ranges from 60 to 80 Gy, while lymphomas are treated with 20 to 40 Gy. Preventive (adjuvant) doses are typically around 45–60 Gy in 1.8–2 Gy fractions (for breast, head, and neck cancers.) Many other factors are considered by radiation oncologists when selecting

5070-426: Is necessary to include a margin of normal tissue around the tumor to allow for uncertainties in daily set-up and internal tumor motion. These uncertainties can be caused by internal movement (for example, respiration and bladder filling) and movement of external skin marks relative to the tumor position. Radiation oncology is the medical specialty concerned with prescribing radiation, and is distinct from radiology ,

5200-411: Is now at the periphery of its sprawling city limits, and the per-capita green area claim may need to be reviewed. The idea of creating a new state capital had been bounced around from early on in the state of Goiás. The first plan came from D. Marcos de Noronha who in 1753 wanted to establish the state capital in the municipality of Pirenópolis; again in 1863 José Vieira Couto de Magalhães put forward

5330-499: Is one of the largest/longest avenues in the city. It underwent major work in the late 1990s that created a dedicated bus lane for its entire length, with stations every 0.5 kilometer. The bus lanes are in the center of the avenue, giving it a distinct look. The fare to travel on the Anhanguera bus route is half of normal fare, and all buses on this route are articulated buses . Under the new contract, firmed in 2009, many aspects of

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5460-558: Is planned to be inaugurated on 17 August 2024, and in Egypt a new capital city (to the east of Cairo) is under construction. Putrajaya , the federal administrative and judicial centre of Malaysia , is also a planned city. Abu Dhabi (UAE) and some of the recently built cities in the Persian Gulf region are also planned cities. Sejong was constructed to be a planned-administrative capital of South Korea. The city of Gaborone

5590-414: Is preferably completed within a certain amount of time. For children, a typical fraction size may be 1.5 to 1.8 Gy per day, as smaller fraction sizes are associated with reduced incidence and severity of late-onset side effects in normal tissues. In some cases, two fractions per day are used near the end of a course of treatment. This schedule, known as a concomitant boost regimen or hyperfractionation,

5720-442: Is that they deliver the right amount of radiation to the cancer in a shorter amount of time than traditional treatments, which can often take 6 to 11 weeks. Plus treatments are given with extreme accuracy, which should limit the effect of the radiation on healthy tissues. One problem with stereotactic treatments is that they are only suitable for certain small tumors. Stereotactic treatments can be confusing because many hospitals call

5850-517: Is the capital of Myanmar. It is administered by the Naypyidaw Union Territory , as per the 2008 Constitution . On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of Myanmar was officially moved to a greenfield 3.2 km west of Pyinmana , and approximately 300 km north of Yangon (Rangoon), the previous capital. The capital's official name was announced on 27 March 2006, coinciding with Myanmar's Armed Forces Day . Much of

5980-450: Is the only city of South America that has the ITS technology of bus transport, but the buses are usually full. Unlike most Brazilian cities, there are no ticket collectors on the buses in Goiânia; all the fares are collected using magnetic paper cards and turnstiles. Passes are provided by SitPASS and can be purchased from street vendors or in small shops throughout the city. Anhanguera Avenue

6110-548: Is to reduce the probability of local recurrence by denying clonogenic cells the time they require to reproduce and also to exploit the radiosensitivity of some tumors. In particular, stereotactic treatments are intended to destroy clonogenic cells by a process of ablation, i.e., the delivery of a dose intended to destroy clonogenic cells directly, rather than to interrupt the process of clonogenic cell division repeatedly (apoptosis), as in routine radiotherapy. Different cancer types have different radiation sensitivity. While predicting

6240-503: Is to shrink the tumor with neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical radiation therapy. A third technique is to enhance the radiosensitivity of the cancer by giving certain drugs during a course of radiation therapy. Examples of radiosensitizing drugs include cisplatin , nimorazole , and cetuximab . The impact of radiotherapy varies between different types of cancer and different groups. For example, for breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery , radiotherapy has been found to halve

6370-439: Is under treatment. Side effects are dose-dependent; for example, higher doses of head and neck radiation can be associated with cardiovascular complications, thyroid dysfunction, and pituitary axis dysfunction. Modern radiation therapy aims to reduce side effects to a minimum and to help the patient understand and deal with side effects that are unavoidable. The main side effects reported are fatigue and skin irritation, like

6500-443: Is used on tumors that regenerate more quickly when they are smaller. In particular, tumors in the head-and-neck demonstrate this behavior. Patients receiving palliative radiation to treat uncomplicated painful bone metastasis should not receive more than a single fraction of radiation. A single treatment gives comparable pain relief and morbidity outcomes to multiple-fraction treatments, and for patients with limited life expectancy,

6630-532: The Federal Capital Territory , is another planned smart city under development. The city is designed to become a major tourist attraction to the country. A list of Nigerian cities and neighbourhoods that went through a form of planning are as follows: A number of cities were set up during the apartheid-era for a variety of ethnic groups. Planned settlements set up for white inhabitants included Welkom , Sasolburg and Secunda . Additionally

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6760-595: The new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom . It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American villages. A model city is a type of planned city designed to a high standard and intended as a model for others to imitate. The term was first used in 1854. A planned capital

6890-414: The water table is near the surface. Alpine pastures occur at higher altitudes and mesophytic forests on more fertile soils . More than 1600 species of mammals, birds and reptiles have been identified in the cerrado, including 180 reptile species, 113 amphibians , 837 birds and 195 mammals (WWF). Among the invertebrates , the most notable are the termites and the leaf-cutter ants ("saúvas"). They are

7020-486: The "AMT", whose members are traffic wardens with some minor police powers. This unit falls under the ownership of the city. Their responsibilities are to ensure road rules are enforced and attend to all accidents on the city streets. Goiânia is home to a large number of skyscrapers dominating the center and one-floor family homes spreading out across the verdant tree-covered plain. Many of the streets are lined with tropical fruit trees, and there are many parks with remnants of

7150-423: The 1950s, to accommodate rapidly growing populations. In the early days the term "satellite towns" was used. The very first new towns included Tsuen Wan and Kwun Tong . Wah Fu Estate was built in a remote corner on Hong Kong Island , with similar concepts in a smaller scale. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new town developments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed to date. Land use

7280-606: The 1980s has precedents in the New Industrial Cities Act of the 1960s. These cities are largely modeled after Tsukuba Academic New Town (Tsukuba Science City) in that they attempt to agglomerate high-tech resources together in a campus-like environment. In the past, the Japanese government had proposed relocating the capital to a planned city, but this plan was cancelled. Overall, Japan's New Town program consists of many diverse projects, most of which focus on

7410-600: The 40th most dangerous city in the world. The city is patrolled and under the watch of the Goias Military Police, which is responsible for responding to crime and maintaining check points in the city and state. The Military Police are normally dressed in light tan military uniforms while patrolling. The prosecution and investigations of crime and all administration issues are handled by the Civil police ( Policia Civil ). Within Goiânia traffic rules are enforced by

7540-520: The South Korea's government facilities. New Songdo City is a planned international business centre to be developed on 6 square kilometres of reclaimed land along Incheon's waterfront, 65 kilometres west of Seoul and connected to Incheon International Airport by a 10-kilometre highway bridge. This 10-year development project is estimated to cost in excess of $ 40 billion, making it the largest private development project ever undertaken anywhere in

7670-464: The background was Guangfu New Village , located in Wufeng, Taichung . After Guangfu New Village, other communities were created as well: Radiation therapy Radiation therapy or radiotherapy ( RT , RTx , or XRT ) is a treatment using ionizing radiation , generally provided as part of cancer therapy to either kill or control the growth of malignant cells . It is normally delivered by

7800-422: The body, brachytherapy uses sealed radioactive sources placed precisely in the area under treatment, and systemic radioisotopes are given by infusion or oral ingestion. Brachytherapy can use temporary or permanent placement of radioactive sources. The temporary sources are usually placed by a technique called afterloading. In afterloading a hollow tube or applicator is placed surgically in the organ to be treated, and

7930-420: The body. Lymphoma may be radically curable if it is localized to one area of the body. Similarly, many of the common, moderately radioresponsive tumors are routinely treated with curative doses of radiation therapy if they are at an early stage. For example, non-melanoma skin cancer , head and neck cancer , breast cancer , non-small cell lung cancer , cervical cancer , anal cancer , and prostate cancer . With

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8060-638: The capital on 24 June 1976. He then created a metropolitan area called Metro Manila , which remains congested today due to failed execution of the Quezon City plan as well as the Burnham Plan. Other planned cities (in order of foundation): King Abdullah Economic City , a future planned city along the Red Sea located in Saudi Arabia. In 1975, Jubail Industrial City, also known as Jubail ,

8190-428: The charged particle radiation source and the tumor and sets a finite range for tissue damage after the tumor has been reached. In contrast, IMRT's use of uncharged particles causes its energy to damage healthy cells when it exits the body. This exiting damage is not therapeutic, can increase treatment side effects, and increases the probability of secondary cancer induction. This difference is very important in cases where

8320-658: The city was still under construction as late as 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Myanmar's third largest city, after Yangon and Mandalay . Many ancient cities in China , especially those on the North China Plain , were carefully designed according to the fengshui theory, featuring square or rectangular city walls, rectilinear road grid, and symmetrical layout. Famous examples are Chang'an in Tang dynasty and Beijing. An exception to that

8450-499: The city. In addition, due to Goiânia being the state capital, it is home to countless private medical centers/clinics of all kinds. In 2005, the GDP of the city was R$ 13,354,065.00. In the same year, the per capita income for the city was R$ 11,119. The population of the municipality in 2011, according to the IBGE , was 1,302,001 inhabitants, being the most populous municipality in the state and 12th in Brazil . The main reason for

8580-419: The close proximity of other organs makes any stray ionization very damaging (example: head and neck cancers ). This X-ray exposure is especially bad for children, due to their growing bodies, and while depending on a multitude of factors, they are around 10 times more sensitive to developing secondary malignancies after radiotherapy as compared to adults. The amount of radiation used in photon radiation therapy

8710-517: The contamination. The International Atomic Energy Agency report noted that city and state officials acted with remarkable speed to prevent further injury to the population. The former owner of the health clinic where the container was taken from was barred from retrieving some equipment from the building by court appointed guards. The owner then ominously warned that the guards would be responsible for what happened with "the Caesium bomb", referring to

8840-457: The cultural variety verifiable in Goiânia, there are religious manifestations present in the city. According to the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), the population of Goiânia is composed mostly of Catholics (50.8%), evangelicals (32.4%), and spiritists (4.2%). Approximately 10% of the population has no religion. It is also home to a number of practitioners of other religions (2.3%). Notable institutes include: Goiânia

8970-467: The education, the index value is 0.933 (classified as very high), while Brazil's is 0.849. The longevity index is 0.751 (0.638 is Brazilian) and income is 0.813 (that of Brazil is 0.723). The city has most of the indicators high and similar to the national average according to UNDP. The literacy rate is 96.78% of adults. The incidence of poverty, measured by the IBGE, is 3.64%; the lower the incidence of poverty

9100-447: The exception of oligometastatic disease, metastatic cancers are incurable with radiation therapy because it is not possible to treat the whole body. Modern radiation therapy relies on a CT scan to identify the tumor and surrounding normal structures and to perform dose calculations for the creation of a complex radiation treatment plan. The patient receives small skin marks to guide the placement of treatment fields. Patient positioning

9230-433: The four. Most common cancer types can be treated with radiation therapy in some way. The precise treatment intent (curative, adjuvant, neoadjuvant therapeutic , or palliative) will depend on the tumor type, location, and stage , as well as the general health of the patient. Total body irradiation (TBI) is a radiation therapy technique used to prepare the body to receive a bone marrow transplant . Brachytherapy , in which

9360-474: The households do have electricity, water, and trash collection. While perhaps not fitting the criteria of favelas , Goiânia has several sectors, particularly on the outskirts, that are low income. Goiânia is a multiracial city as the result of intense migration. The populace has intimate connection with the settlement of the interior of the Brazilian center-west, gradually attracted mainly by migrants from

9490-425: The interior of Goiás and other regions in other states of Brazil. According to a survey in 2010, most migrants are from Minas Gerais , Bahia , Tocantins , Maranhão , São Paulo and Pará . According to the census of the IBGE 2022, in search of self-declaration, the population of Goiânia is composed of Multiracial (48.0%), White (43.6%), Black (7.9%), Asian (0.3%) and Amerindian (0.1%). Initially, Goiânia

9620-400: The large population in the vicinity of Goiânia and Brasília — that spurred the growth of the city and the region between it and the federal capital — making the axis Brasília-Goiânia's third largest agglomeration in the country, bringing together about nine million people. The metropolitan area of Goiânia is the tenth largest agglomeration urban Brazil, with a population of 2,173,141, presents

9750-597: The late 1970s, it became national policy to construct new desert towns in Egypt, managed by the New Urban Communities Authority . In 2012, President Teodoro Obiang decided to move the capital to a new jungle site at Oyala . Konza Technology City is a planned city that is hoped to become a hub of African science and technology upon its completion in 2030. Tatu City is also another planned city located in Kiambu county. The capital, Abuja ,

9880-433: The least common among people with radiation-induced hypopituitarism. Changes in prolactin -secretion is usually mild, and vasopressin deficiency appears to be very rare as a consequence of radiation. Delayed tissue injury with impaired wound healing capability often develops after receiving doses in excess of 65 Gy. A diffuse injury pattern due to the external beam radiotherapy 's holographic isodosing occurs. While

10010-451: The linear accelerator actions (or sometimes by eye), and to the usually well-established arrangements of the radiation beams to achieve a desired plan . The aim of simulation is to accurately target or localize the volume which is to be treated. This technique is well established and is generally quick and reliable. The worry is that some high-dose treatments may be limited by the radiation toxicity capacity of healthy tissues which lie close to

10140-432: The main herbivores of the cerrado, important to consuming and decomposing of organic matter , as well as constituting an important food source to many other animal species. While Goiânia's economy today is based on a variety of industries, the local economy's roots are found in the agricultural industry thriving in and around the city. The supply of agricultural equipment, tools, fertilizer and other products make up

10270-457: The major limitations of photon radiation therapy is that the cells of solid tumors become deficient in oxygen . Solid tumors can outgrow their blood supply, causing a low-oxygen state known as hypoxia . Oxygen is a potent radiosensitizer , increasing the effectiveness of a given dose of radiation by forming DNA-damaging free radicals. Tumor cells in a hypoxic environment may be as much as 2 to 3 times more resistant to radiation damage than those in

10400-531: The majority of settlements in South Africa were planned in their early stages and the original town centres still lie in a grid street fashion. Some settlements were also set up for non-whites such as the former homeland capital of Bisho . The terrains of Hong Kong are mostly mountainous and many places in the New Territories have limited access to roads. Hong Kong started developing new towns in

10530-523: The name Goiânia for the first time, signing a decree creating the municipality. The first buildings in this planned city, designed by Attilio Correia Lima, were inspired by art deco . The collection of buildings is still representative, with 22 of them listed as National Heritage. Mostly built in the 1940s and 1950s, they have been recognized by the National Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage . The 22 buildings and monuments are in

10660-610: The new airport can receive up to 6,5 million passengers a year. Aeródromo Nacional de Aviação handles general aviation operations. Goiânia is considered a safe city compared to most state capitals within Brazil. The average murder rate per year is under 450 persons per year according to the Goiás State Police. It was, however, found in a study in 2011 performed by a Mexican think tank — the Citizens' Council for Public Security and Criminal Justice — that Goiânia ranks as

10790-432: The new urban fringe). Other New Towns act as industrial/academic agglomerations ( sangyo-shuseki ) ( Tsukuba Science City , Kashima Port Town). These areas attempt to create an all-inclusive environment for daily living, in accordance with Uzō Nishiyama 's "life-spheres" principle. Japan has also developed the concept of new towns to what Manuel Castells and Sir Peter Hall call technopolis . The technopolis program of

10920-806: The offspring. In males previously having undergone radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital malformations in their children conceived after therapy. However, the use of assisted reproductive technologies and micromanipulation techniques might increase this risk. Hypopituitarism commonly develops after radiation therapy for sellar and parasellar neoplasms, extrasellar brain tumors, head and neck tumors, and following whole body irradiation for systemic malignancies. 40–50% of children treated for childhood cancer develop some endocrine side effect. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism mainly affects growth hormone and gonadal hormones . In contrast, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiencies are

11050-402: The old capital was considered remote. Legislators kept the idea of change alive for a long time. In 1891, the constitutional delegates officially included the idea of transferring the capital in the constitution, which was ratified in 1898 and again in 1918. Vaguely remembered until 1930, the idea became a reality during the government of Pedro Ludovico , who was the new governor appointed for

11180-686: The original Burnham Plan for Manila), the Diliman Estate (includes the University of the Philippines ), New Manila, the Cubao Commercial District, South Triangle, Housing Projects 1 (Roxas District), 2 and 3 (Quirino District), 4, 5 (Kamias-Kamuning District), 6, 7, and 8. President Elpidio Quirino proclaimed Quezon City as the national capital on 17 July 1948, with President Ferdinand Marcos restoring Manila as

11310-419: The original center of Goiânia, as in the pioneering nucleus of Campinas , a town existing before Goiânia. Due to lack of maintenance, several of these buildings are in a state of disrepair. On September 13, 1987, a medical radiation source containing radioactive caesium-137 was stolen from an abandoned hospital in the city, causing four deaths and many non-fatal cases of radiation poisoning . The incident

11440-578: The original tropical vegetation. Thirty percent of the city area is planted in trees — 3.75 square kilometres (1.45 sq mi) of the 11 square kilometres (4.25 sq mi). The most important of these parks are the Parque Zoológico, Parque Vaca Brava, Parque Ecológico, Bosque dos Buritis and Parque Areião. One of the biggest parks is the Bosque dos Buritís with an area of 140,000 square m and containing many buriti palm trees, which have

11570-409: The patient. Serious radiation complications may occur in 5% of RT cases. Acute (near immediate) or sub-acute (2 to 3 months post RT) radiation side effects may develop after 50 Gy RT dosing. Late or delayed radiation injury (6 months to decades) may develop after 65 Gy. Most side effects are predictable and expected. Side effects from radiation are usually limited to the area of the patient's body that

11700-539: The period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, but construction continued into the 1980s. Most of them are located near Tokyo and the big cities in Kansai region. Some towns, ( Senri New Town , Tama New Town ) do not provide much employment, and many of the residents commute to the nearby cities. These towns fostered the infamous congestion of commuter trains (although as the metropolitan areas have grown, this commute has become relatively short in comparison to commutes from

11830-439: The presence of the president of the republic, governors, and ministers. The name, Goiânia, came about in 1933 after a contest was held by a local newspaper . Readers from all over the state contributed, with some of the most popular names being Petrônia, Americana, Petrolândia, Goianópolis, Goiânia, Bartolomeu Bueno, Campanha, Eldorado, Anhanguera , Liberdade, Goianésia , and Pátria Nova, among others. In 1935 Pedro Ludovico used

11960-414: The probability that cells will undergo cell death . Cancer cells are generally less differentiated and more stem cell -like; they reproduce more than most healthy differentiated cells, and have a diminished ability to repair sub-lethal damage. Single-strand DNA damage is then passed on through cell division; damage to the cancer cells' DNA accumulates, causing them to die or reproduce more slowly. One of

12090-588: The provision of schools, hospitals, parks, sports complexes, and so on. Singapore's expertise in successful new town design was internationally recognised when the Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded the World Habitat Award to Tampines New Town, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's new towns, on 5 October 1992. Since 2007 Sejong

12220-613: The public transport and healthcare systems. In the Bosque dos Buritis is the Monument for World Peace, designed by Siron Franco . This monument contains a 7-meter high ampoule with walls of glass and the soil of more than 50 countries from all over the world. Every year on World Environment Day there will be scattered soil of a new country added. Another attraction is the Chico Mendes Botanic Garden, housing trees and flowers like bromelias, orchids, fruit trees and

12350-513: The public transportation are being changed: Santa Genoveva Airport is on the northeast side Goiânia. Six airlines fly out of this airport to destinations in Brazil. The new Santa Genoveva International Airport started operating in May, 2016. In total, the new airport has 34,100 m, 4 gates, 23 check-in counters, 11 elevators, 4 escalators, 3 baggage carousels and 3 inspection lines with X-ray and metal detectors. According to Infraero, with this structure,

12480-402: The radiation delivery method, several angles or sources may be used to sum to the total necessary dose. The planner will try to design a plan that delivers a uniform prescription dose to the tumor and minimizes dose to surrounding healthy tissues. In radiation therapy, three-dimensional dose distributions may be evaluated using the dosimetry technique known as gel dosimetry . The total dose

12610-402: The radiation oncologist and many factors are taken into account before the subsequent radiation takes place. During the first two weeks after fertilization , radiation therapy is lethal but not teratogenic . High doses of radiation during pregnancy induce anomalies , impaired growth and intellectual disability , and there may be an increased risk of childhood leukemia and other tumors in

12740-585: The radiation therapy machine Therac-25 was responsible for at least six accidents between 1985 and 1987, where patients were given up to one hundred times the intended dose; two people were killed directly by the radiation overdoses. From 2005 to 2010, a hospital in Missouri overexposed 76 patients (most with brain cancer) during a five-year period because new radiation equipment had been set up incorrectly. Although medical errors are exceptionally rare, radiation oncologists, medical physicists and other members of

12870-519: The radiation therapy treatment team are working to eliminate them. In 2010 the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) launched a safety initiative called Target Safely that, among other things, aimed to record errors nationwide so that doctors can learn from each and every mistake and prevent them from recurring. ASTRO also publishes a list of questions for patients to ask their doctors about radiation safety to ensure every treatment

13000-418: The radiotherapy machine that would be responsible for the incident. The city has a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw) with an average temperature of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). It has a wet season, from October to April, and a dry one, from May to September. Annual rainfall is around 1,300 mm (51 in). The lowest temperature ever recorded was 0.5 °C (32.9 °F) on July 18, 2000, in

13130-421: The rate at which the disease recurs. In pancreatic cancer, radiotherapy has increased survival times for inoperable tumors. Radiation therapy (RT) is in itself painless. Many low-dose palliative treatments (for example, radiation therapy to bony metastases ) cause minimal or no side effects, although short-term pain flare-up can be experienced in the days following treatment due to oedema compressing nerves in

13260-683: The sensitivity based on genomic or proteomic analyses of biopsy samples has proven challenging, the predictions of radiation effect on individual patients from genomic signatures of intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity have been shown to associate with clinical outcome. An alternative approach to genomics and proteomics was offered by the discovery that radiation protection in microbes is offered by non-enzymatic complexes of manganese and small organic metabolites. The content and variation of manganese (measurable by electron paramagnetic resonance) were found to be good predictors of radiosensitivity , and this finding extends also to human cells. An association

13390-451: The sources are loaded into the applicator after the applicator is implanted. This minimizes radiation exposure to health care personnel. Particle therapy is a special case of external beam radiation therapy where the particles are protons or heavier ions . A review of radiation therapy randomised clinical trials from 2018 to 2021 found many practice-changing data and new concepts that emerge from RCTs, identifying techniques that improve

13520-403: The standard treatment for almost all tumor sites. More recently other forms of imaging are used including MRI, PET, SPECT and Ultrasound. Stereotactic radiation is a specialized type of external beam radiation therapy. It uses focused radiation beams targeting a well-defined tumor using extremely detailed imaging scans. Radiation oncologists perform stereotactic treatments, often with the help of

13650-409: The state of Goiás after the military revolt of 1930. In 1932, a commission was created to choose where the new capital would be built. The choice was the municipality of Campinas. The mayor at the time, Andrelino Rodrigues de Moraes , accepted the plan and donated about 242 acres of his land to build the new state capital. In 1933 the commission decided on the present location and the foundation stone

13780-530: The suburbs. 1.2 °C (34.2 °F) was the lowest recorded downtown, on July 9, 1938. However, such lows are very rare. Temperatures may fall below 12 °C (54 °F) every winter, mainly in the suburbs. The highest temperature ever recorded was 41.2 °C (106.2 °F) on October 7, 2020. The " cerrado " landscape is characterized by extensive savanna formations crossed by gallery forests and stream valleys and includes various types of vegetation . Humid fields and "buriti" palm paths are found where

13910-560: The target tumor volume. An example of this problem is seen in radiation of the prostate gland, where the sensitivity of the adjacent rectum limited the dose which could be safely prescribed using 2DXRT planning to such an extent that tumor control may not be easily achievable. Prior to the invention of the CT, physicians and physicists had limited knowledge about the true radiation dosage delivered to both cancerous and healthy tissue. For this reason, 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy has become

14040-473: The targeted tumor receives the majority of radiation, healthy tissue at incremental distances from the center of the tumor are also irradiated in a diffuse pattern due to beam divergence. These wounds demonstrate progressive, proliferative endarteritis , inflamed arterial linings that disrupt the tissue's blood supply. Such tissue ends up chronically hypoxic , fibrotic , and without an adequate nutrient and oxygen supply. Surgery of previously irradiated tissue has

14170-485: The therapeutic ratio, techniques that lead to more tailored treatments, stressing the importance of patient satisfaction, and identifying areas that require further study. The following three sections refer to treatment using X-rays. Historically conventional external beam radiation therapy (2DXRT) was delivered via two-dimensional beams using kilovoltage therapy X-ray units, medical linear accelerators that generate high-energy X-rays, or with machines that were similar to

14300-463: The tissue – the beam does not broaden much, stays focused on the tumor shape, and delivers small dose side-effects to surrounding tissue. They also more precisely target the tumor using the Bragg peak effect. See proton therapy for a good example of the different effects of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) vs. charged particle therapy . This procedure reduces damage to healthy tissue between

14430-414: The treated area. Higher doses can cause varying side effects during treatment (acute side effects), in the months or years following treatment (long-term side effects), or after re-treatment (cumulative side effects). The nature, severity, and longevity of side effects depends on the organs that receive the radiation, the treatment itself (type of radiation, dose, fractionation , concurrent chemotherapy), and

14560-425: The treatments by the name of the manufacturer rather than calling it SRS or SBRT. Brand names for these treatments include Axesse, Cyberknife , Gamma Knife , Novalis, Primatom, Synergy, X-Knife , TomoTherapy , Trilogy and Truebeam . This list changes as equipment manufacturers continue to develop new, specialized technologies to treat cancers. The planning of radiation therapy treatment has been revolutionized by

14690-508: The tumor cell kill. Fractionation regimens are individualised between different radiation therapy centers and even between individual doctors. In North America, Australia, and Europe, the typical fractionation schedule for adults is 1.8 to 2 Gy per day, five days a week. In some cancer types, prolongation of the fraction schedule over too long can allow for the tumor to begin repopulating, and for these tumor types, including head-and-neck and cervical squamous cell cancers, radiation treatment

14820-416: The tumor), shaped radiation beams are aimed from several angles of exposure to intersect at the tumor, providing a much larger absorbed dose there than in the surrounding healthy tissue. Besides the tumor itself, the radiation fields may also include the draining lymph nodes if they are clinically or radiologically involved with the tumor, or if there is thought to be a risk of subclinical malignant spread. It

14950-551: The use of an oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound such as trans sodium crocetinate as a radiosensitizer. Charged particles such as protons and boron , carbon , and neon ions can cause direct damage to cancer cell DNA through high-LET ( linear energy transfer ) and have an antitumor effect independent of tumor oxygen supply because these particles act mostly via direct energy transfer usually causing double-stranded DNA breaks. Due to their relatively large mass, protons and other charged particles have little lateral side scatter in

15080-517: The use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis . Radiation may be prescribed by a radiation oncologist with intent to cure or for adjuvant therapy. It may also be used as palliative treatment (where cure is not possible and the aim is for local disease control or symptomatic relief) or as therapeutic treatment (where the therapy has survival benefit and can be curative). It is also common to combine radiation therapy with surgery , chemotherapy, hormone therapy , immunotherapy or some mixture of

15210-527: The vast majority of the approximately 11,000 public housing buildings are organised into 22 new towns across the country. Each new town is designed to be completely self-sustainable. Helmed by a hierarchy of commercial developments, ranging from a town centre to precinct-level outlets, there is no need to venture out of town to meet the most common needs of residences. Employment can be found in industrial estates located within several towns. Educational, health care, and recreational needs are also taken care of with

15340-677: The world. Gwanggyo newtown is located 25 km south away from Seoul in Suwon city and Youngin city, Gyeonggi province. Gwanggyo newtown area 11 square kilometers was designated in 2004 by Gyeonggi Province, Suwon city, Youngin city, and Gyeonggi Development Corporation (GICO). It will accommodate more than 31,000 households. Gwanggyo newtown was not only for the housing supply but also for several regional goals such as provincial office movement, convention center building, and creating economic growth core in Gyeonggi provincial area. Its infrastructure

15470-471: The years, the planned urban development was replaced by the typical Brazilian way of urban growth, i.e., pure laissez-faire. Social and urban demands were neglected. Due to this lack of planning and reliable public transportation, Goiânia is the metropolis with the highest number of cars per capita in the country; there are 1,000,000 registered motor vehicles in the city. The many vehicles on the roads cause major congestion during peak times. The Railway line

15600-507: Was built from 1868, following an American grid plan , and is today the fifth-largest city in Japan. Both these cities have regular addressing systems (following the grid) unlike the usual subdivision-based Japanese addressing system . Borrowing from the New Town movement in the United Kingdom, some 30 new towns have been built all over Japan. Most of these constructions were initiated during

15730-452: Was catalyzed by the Caesium salt giving off Cherenkov radiation once exposed to open air. The soft bluish glow attracted many curious citizens who would take grains of the salt for themselves and family members in the form of jewelry. Those who had not taken any of the salt but were in close contact with it also helped the spread of radiation sickness that set in within hours to days of exposure. Several city blocks had to be demolished due to

15860-464: Was closed in the 1970s, though the art deco station remains open to the public. Nowadays transportation of goods is carried out via the connecting highways . All public transportation is via bus. Bus service in Goiânia is provided by several transportation companies working under the municipality. There is a bus system map the can be founded in RMTC site. Buses run on a predictable time schedule. Goiânia

15990-402: Was confirmed between total cellular manganese contents and their variation, and clinically inferred radioresponsiveness in different tumor cells, a finding that may be useful for more precise radiodosages and improved treatment of cancer patients. Historically, the three main divisions of radiation therapy are: The differences relate to the position of the radiation source; external is outside

16120-507: Was designated as a new industrial city by the Saudi government . It provides 50% of the country's drinking water through desalination of the water from the Persian Gulf . The new town planning concept was introduced into Singapore with the building of the first New Town, Queenstown , from July 1952 to 1973 by the country's public housing authority, the Housing and Development Board . Today,

16250-546: Was designed and planned by Israeli architect Moshe Safdie . Many Israeli settlements follow this model, including towns like Modi'in Illit and Betar Illit . The city of Kyoto was developed as a planned city in 794 as a new imperial capital (then called Heian-kyō ), built on a grid layout and remained the capital for over a millennium. The grid layout remains, reflected in major east–west streets being numbered, such as 4th street ( 四条 , shi-jō ) . In modern times, Sapporo

16380-632: Was laid. The plan was for a city of 50,000 with the shape of a concentric radius — streets in the form of a spoke, with the Praça Cívica as the center, with the seats of the state and municipal government — the Palace of Emeralds and the Palace of Campinas. In 1937, a decree was signed transferring the state capital from the Cidade de Goiás to Goiânia. The official inauguration occurred in 1942 with

16510-491: Was planned and constructed in the 1960s. Company towns During the construction of the Suez Canal in the 1860s, and after, new towns were planned and built to serve the new international shipping canal. Other smaller company towns were built during the 20th Century to serve oil exploration sites and factories. The larger towns have since been incorporated into mainstream local government. New urban communities In

16640-550: Was planned as the new capital, but it is becoming the de facto administrative capital instead, with many national government agencies and research institutes moving there between 2013 and present. It has a planned population of 0.8 million, which is the largest of all the newtown development plans. The head of the domestic-administration, the Prime Minister of South Korea also resides in Sejong, along with more than 65% of

16770-479: Was populated by migrants from the interior of Goiás. Its creation was crucial to the population growth in the state, since Vila Boa , the ancient capital showed signs of declining population, is considered a setback for the state. The founding of Goiânia is now considered a successful settlement of the Brazilian interior. Today, the population coming from Goiânia is predominantly Minas Gerais , Bahia , Tocantins , Maranhão , São Paulo and Pará , respectively. Like

16900-633: Was scheduled to be constructed by 2012. Since the 1990s, several planned communities were built in the Seoul Metropolitan Area to alleviate housing demands in Seoul . They include: After losing the Chinese Civil War , the central government of China and its government forces retreated to the former Qing province and later Japanese colony of the island of Taiwan, which was still a Japanese territory under Allied occupation. As

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