Anti-government protesters Opposition parties:
110-426: [REDACTED] Government of Romania Political support: Marian Munteanu Corneliu Coposu Radu Câmpeanu Sergiu Cunescu Miron Cozma Ion Iliescu Petre Roman The Golaniad ( Romanian : Golaniada pronounced [ɡolaniˈada] , from the word golan meaning "hoodlum") was a protest in Romania in the University Square , Bucharest . It was initiated by students and professors at
220-489: A hunger strike . President Ion Iliescu refused to negotiate with the protesters and called them "golani" ("golan" meaning a hooligan , a scamp, a ruffian, or a good-for-nothing – which later gave the protest its name) or legionnaires . The leadership of the National Salvation Front realized that the protests grew too big to be able to repress them with impunity, so it focused on demonizing them in
330-526: A Roma journalist "stinky Gypsy". Later in 2020, during a TV show, Băsescu expressed objections about the use of the term "Roma" instead of "Gypsy", which according to him was "artificially created during the 90s" and "produces confusion with Romanians living abroad". He added that the Roma people created a bad image of Romania, and that the "(criminal) Gypsy groups need to understand that they cannot be tolerated with their way of life". Following these affirmations,
440-634: A Romanian, Hungarian, Székely or Saxon ethnic identity. However, there is also evidence of Roma retaining their specific identity, even when they had abandoned the Romani language: the census records that 38.1% of Transylvanian Roma spoke Hungarian as their mother tongue, 29.97% spoke Romani, 24.39% spoke Romanian , with smaller numbers speaking Slavic languages or German . Though a largely rural population, Transylvanian Roma were rarely involved in agriculture, more commonly working as artisans or craftsmen, with nomadism almost eliminated by this date. After
550-533: A big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines. More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Gujarati , Hindi and Punjabi . It shares many phonetic features with Marwari , while its grammar is closest to Bengali . Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Roma originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group. According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as
660-449: A clear occupation or with criminal convictions, difficulty supporting themself, or any practiced nomadism. Immediately following the survey, any Romani person who fell into any of these categories would be forbidden from leaving their county of residence. The deportation of these individuals and their families was justified on the pretext of combatting criminality occurring during blackouts . The transportation of all nomadic Romanian Roma
770-710: A factor which makes exact calculations of mortality among the transportees very difficult. Romanian historian Viorel Achim puts the number of dead at around half of those transported, roughly 12,500 people, whereas the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania gives an estimate of 11,000. In August 1940, as part of the Second Vienna Award , control of Northern Transylvania , including of all of Maramureș and part of Crișana ,
880-590: A flowering of Romani cultural, social, and political organisations. In 1933, two competing national Roma representative bodies were founded, the General Association of Gypsies in Romania and the General Union of Roma in Romania. These two organisations were bitter rivals who vied for members and whose leaders launched bitter attacks on each other, with the latter, under the leadership of the self-declared Roma Voivode Gheorghe Niculescu, emerging as
990-475: A largely sedentary population. The exact slave population of Wallachia and Moldavia at this time is a matter of some debate, but historian Viorel Achim puts the figure at around 400,000, or 7% of the population. From the 1830s international and domestic criticism of Roma slavery became increasingly prominent, instigated by events such as the mass slave auctions held in Bucharest. Support for the emancipation of
1100-515: A new one, though this is not mandatory. Once the candidate has formed a list and a program, they can ask for the Parliament's vote of confidence . The Parliament debates upon the matter in joint sitting , and can only reject proposals twice in a span of 60 days. If Parliament fails to approve a candidate within this time period, the President gains the right to dissolve it then. Should
1210-464: A nomadic lifestyle tended to abandon their traditional crafts and adopt the role of pedlars , and their traditional lifestyle was made very difficult by police refusal to allow them to camp near villages. These economic and social changes reduced the strength of the traditional clan system and, despite the social and linguistic differences between Roma groups, fostered a common Roma identity. The period of Romanian democracy, between 1918 and 1938, led to
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#17327730583571320-529: A population of around 100,000 Roma in Hungary, around 50,000 were subjected to forced labour. While the total number of Roma killed in Hungary is still a matter of academic debate, the Columbia Guide to the Holocaust puts the figure at 28,000. Sometimes the authorities tried to cover up crimes related to racial hatred, so as not to raise the social tension. An example of this is the crime committed by
1430-410: A slave seem never to have been executed in practice and a Roma who killed another would usually simply be offered to the victim's master as compensation. Although contemporary records do show that Roma slaves were occasionally freed by their masters, this was very unusual. In the late 18th century, formal legal codes forbidding the separation of married couples were enacted. These codes also prohibited
1540-746: A truck driver named Eugen Grigore , from Iași who, in 1974, to avenge the death of his wife and his three children caused by a group of Roma, drove his truck into a Roma camp, killing 24 people. This fact was made public only in the 2000s. After the fall of communism in Romania, there were many inter-ethnic conflicts targeting the Roma community, the most famous being the 1993 Hădăreni riots . Other important clashes against Roma happened, from 1989 to 2011, in Turulung , Vârghiș , Cuza Vodă , Bolintin-Deal , Ogrezeni , Reghin , Cărpiniş , Găiseni , Plăieşii de Sus , Vălenii Lăpuşului , Racşa , Valea Largă , Apața , Sânmartin , Sâncrăieni and Racoş . During
1650-468: Is approved by Government Decision. There are eighteen ministries in the Romanian government: Prefectures The Government meetings are convened and are led by the prime minister . The Government meets weekly or whenever necessary to debate domestic and foreign policy issues or aspects of general leadership of public administration. The Government meeting's agenda includes: The government agenda
1760-504: Is divided into two parts and may also contain additional lists, with the approval of the Prime Minister. The Government adopts decisions and ordinances (simple or emergency ordinances). Decisions are issued to organize the laws enforcement and ordinances are issued under a special enabling law, within the limits and conditions specified therein. The decision-making circuit of draft public policy documents and draft legislative acts
1870-536: Is estimated to have grown to between 250,000 and 300,000, 4-5% of the population. In 1893, the Hungarian authorities carried out a census of Transylvanian Roma which provides a wealth of information on their social and economic situation in the late 19th century. There is evidence for a similar process of assimilation into the general population as was occurring in Moldavia and Wallachia, with Romani groups adopting
1980-551: Is from the Indian Sanskrit word डोम (doma) and means a member of a Dalit caste of travelling musicians and dancers The Roma originate from northern India , presumably from the northwestern Indian regions such as Rajasthan and Maratha. The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them
2090-599: Is from the Sanskrit word डोम (doma) and means a member of a Dalit caste of travelling musicians and dancers In Romani , the native language of the Roma, the word for "people" is pronounced [ˈroma] or [ˈʀoma] depending on dialect ( [ˈrom] or [ˈʀom] in the singular). Since the 1990s, the word has also been used officially in the Romanian language , although it was used by Romani activists in Romania as far back as 1933. There are two spellings of
2200-593: Is spelt rr . The final i in rromi is the Romanian (not Romani) plural. The traditional and colloquial Romanian name for Romani, is "țigani" ( cognate with Bulgarian цигани (cigani) , Hungarian cigány , Greek ατσίγγανοι (atsinganoi), French tsiganes , Portuguese ciganos , Spanish gitanos , Dutch zigeuner , German Zigeuner , Turkish Çigan , Persian زرگری (zargari), Arabic غجري (ghajri), Italian zingari , Russian цыгане (tsygane), Polish cyganie, Czech cikáni, Kazakh Сыған/ســىــعــان (syǵan), and Slovak cigán). Depending on context,
2310-586: Is structured in two phases: a) preparatory meeting of the Government meeting which ensures the coordination of the process of elaboration, consultation and approval for public policy documents and legislative acts at inter-ministerial level; b) government meeting marking the end of decision-making process through the adoption / approval or rejection of such draft laws. Romani people in Romania Romani people in Romania , locally referred to as
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#17327730583572420-438: The Țigani ( IPA: [t͡siˈɡanʲ] ), constitute one of the largest minorities in the country. According to the 2011 census , their number was 621,573 people or 3.3% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians . There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Romani ancestry in Romania, varying from 4.6 percent to over 10 percent of
2530-621: The Byzantine Empire , and that this most likely occurred around 1350. This date coincides with a period of instability in Asia Minor due to the expansion of the Ottoman Turks , which may have been a contributory factor in their migration. It is probable that the first arrival of Roma in the territory of present-day Romania occurred shortly after 1370, when groups of Roma either migrated or were forcibly transferred north of
2640-606: The Danube , with Roma likely reaching Transylvania , then part of the Kingdom of Hungary , in the final decades of the 14th century. The first written record of Roma in Romanian territory dates to 1385 and is from Wallachia , noting the transfer of a group of Roma to the ownership of the monastery of Prizren , their presence then being documented in Transylvania in 1400, and Moldavia in 1425. It is, however, worth noting that
2750-598: The First World War , Greater Romania was established which included Transylvania , Banat , Bukovina and Bessarabia and other territories which increased the number of ethnic Romani in Romania . However, despite this increase in the absolute number of Roma in the country, the decline in the relative proportion of Roma within Romania continued. The first census in interwar Romania took place in 1930; 242,656 persons (1.6%) were registered as (țigani) , this number
2860-463: The June 1990 Mineriad , a group of protesters organized a pogrom in the Roma neighborhoods of Bucharest . According to the press, the raids resulted in the destruction of apartments and houses, beatings of men and assaults of women of Roma ethnicity. Many politicians have also made some offensive statements against the Roma people, such as the president of that time Traian Băsescu , who, in 2007, called
2970-744: The University of Bucharest . The Golaniad started in April 1990, before the election of 20 May 1990 , which was the first election after the Romanian Revolution of December 1989. Their main demand was that former leading members of the Communist Party should be banned from standing in elections. Ion Iliescu and the National Salvation Front (FSN) seized power during the 1989 revolution. The FSN organization
3080-695: The Ḍoma , are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma. In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora . Their original name
3190-401: The 1920s. The result of these processes of assimilation and emigration was a relative decline in the percentage of Roma inhabitants resident in Moldavia, Wallachia and Bessarabia. At the time of emancipation, the proportion of the populations of Moldavia and Wallachia who had been slaves was around 7%, between 200,000 and 250,000 people. By the last decade of the 19th century the number of Roma
3300-749: The Austro-Hungarian empire and thence to Western Europe, Poland, the Russian Empire , Scandinavia and the Americas. This migration was the primary origin of the Vlax Roma populations found worldwide today, although it is likely that some Vlax groups may have migrated out of Romania prior to emancipation. This pattern of Roma emigration continued until after the First World War , with Roma in Bavaria recorded as carrying Romanian passports in
3410-514: The Chambers of Parliament as requested. The Government answers exclusively to Parliament , both through compulsory information of Parliament and through questions, interpellations and inquiry committees. A Chamber of Parliament ( Chamber of Deputies or Senate ) may carry a simple motion with regards to the subject matter of an interpellation. In extreme cases, the Parliament may vote a motion of censure , withdrawing its confidence and forcing
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3520-511: The Danubian principalities was immense, yet no economic compensation was ever paid to freed slaves. The current state of social and economic exclusion in Romania has its roots in the ideology and practice of slavery, and therefore its effects are still felt today. Public discussion of Roma slavery remains something of a taboo in modern Romania, no museum of Roma history exists, nor are there any monuments or memorials to slavery. Textbooks and
3630-468: The Government is sanctioned by the Constitution and by relevant laws. The Government exercises "general leadership of the public administration " , elaborates strategies to implement the government platform, exercises legislative initiative , negotiates international treaties , represents the Romanian state both internally and externally, names prefects and presents information and documents to
3740-671: The Government to resign. Through a special habilitation law, the Government may be enabled to issue ordinances ( ordonanțe ), which have the same legal force as ordinary laws. Ordinances are a form of legislative delegation , and may require approval in Parliament if the habilitation law states so. In extraordinary situations, in which regulation cannot be postponed, the Government may issue emergency ordinances ( ordonanțe de urgență ), which do not require habilitation laws but must be subjected to approval in Parliament before coming into force. The Constitution of Romania provides for two basic types of members, namely ministers ( miniștri ) and
3850-481: The Government, headed by a Secretary of State, assisted by two Secretaries of State, appointed, or removed from office by the Prime Minister's decision, and funded through the budget of the Secretariat -General of the Government. Organized as structures with or without legal personality, under Prime Minister's authority, headed by State Secretaries or others with similar rank, whose establishment and / or operation
3960-790: The Independent Group for Democracy ( Grupul Independent pentru Democrație ) organised a demonstration in Aviators' Square . After the peaceful demonstration, groups of people marched towards the Romanian Television (TVR) station, calling for its political independence. The following day, the PNȚ-CD organized an even larger protest (around 2,500–3,000 people), occupying the road in the University Square , and some protesters decided to sit-in overnight. The protests drew
4070-566: The Minister for Liaison with Parliament, who has the capacity as tertiary credit authorizing officer. The department comprises one or more Secretaries of State, appointed and removed from office by Prime Minister's decision. A structure with legal personality, funded through the budget of the General Secretariat of the Government, headed by the Minister for Infrastructure Projects of National Interest and Foreign Investment, who has
4180-427: The Parliament grant its vote of confidence, the proposed political platform becomes official, and the full list of Government must be confirmed by the President. The Government is then sworn in and begins its term. The Government is organized and functions in accordance with the Constitution, based on Government Program approved by Parliament. The Government Program is a political-administrative document that sets out
4290-411: The President consults all the parties represented in Parliament. Once nominated, the candidate establishes a list of members and a government platform; this is to be done in 10 days. The 10-day interval is not a strict deadline, rather it represents the time period deemed optimal to establish a competent legal Government. The expiry of this interval allows the President to revoke the candidate and designate
4400-401: The Prime Minister ( prim-ministrul ). The statute of additional members is established by organic law . Current legislation establishes the positions of deputy prime minister ( viceprim-ministru ), state minister ( ministru de stat ) and ministers delegated with special tasks ( miniștri delegați cu însărcinări speciale ). "State minister" is a senior position, the holder of which coordinates
4510-502: The Prime Minister Chancellery; The Secretariat (administrative office) is a public institution with legal personality, subordinated to the Prime Minister, headed by a general secretary with the rank of Minister, assisted by a Deputy Secretary-General with the rank of Secretary of State, and, where appropriate, by one or more many Secretaries of State, appointed, or removed from office by Prime Minister's Decision,
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4620-466: The Prime Minister controls the activity of public institutions subordinated to local public administration authorities, while observing the legal provisions on the general regime of local autonomy and the organization and functioning of local public administration authorities; A structure without legal personality, subordinated to the Prime Minister and under the coordination of the General - Secretary of
4730-597: The Prime Minister's Cabinet, the body of his state-secretaries and state-counselors, and the Prime Minister's Registry. A structure without legal personality, subordinated directly to the Prime Minister, funded through the budget of the Secretariat - General of the Government, led by the Head of Chancellery, with the rank of Minister, appointed and removed from office by Prime Minister's decision, one or more Secretaries of state and State Advisors, appointed, or removed from office by Prime Minister's decision, perform their activity in
4840-420: The Roma and suppress their nomadic lifestyle. The most severe of these decrees came in 1783 when the emperor Joseph II implemented a raft of policies which included forbidding the Roma from trading horses, living in tents, speaking Romani or even marrying another Romani person. They also finally emancipated the last slaves in Transylvania. The decrees seem to have rarely been implemented in full, which prevented
4950-504: The Roma from within the principalities was marginal in the 1830s, but became generalised among the educated classes in the 1840s, before developing into a well-defined abolitionist movement in the 1850s. Heated debate was conducted in newspapers, with abolitionist voices initially focusing on the material and spiritual poverty endured by the slaves, and the damage this did to the country's image, before adopting arguments based on humanism and liberalism. The economic unproductivity of slave labour
5060-433: The Roma improved the legal status of Romania's Roma, however, they retained their position as the most marginalised sector of Romanian society. They frequently continued to work for the same masters, without significant improvement to their material conditions. Roma who did not continue to labour for their former owners often suffered great economic hardship, imprisonment and death from hunger being frequent outcomes. During
5170-474: The Roma were organised into bands composed of 30-40 families. These bands were delineated by profession and named for the nature of their economic activity, examples include gold-washers ( aurari ), bear-baiters ( ursari ), musicians ( lăutari ), and spoon-makers ( lingurari ). Slavery in the Danubian Principalities did not generally signify that Romani or Tatar slaves were forced remain on
5280-537: The Romanian Government is at Victoria Palace in Bucharest . The Government is the public authority of executive power that functions on the basis of the vote of confidence granted by Parliament, ensuring the achievement of the country's domestic and foreign policy and that exercises the general leadership of public administration. The Government is appointed by the President of Romania on the basis of
5390-511: The Romanian school curriculum either minimise this and other aspects of Roma history or exclude it entirely. The institution of slavery in Wallachia and Moldavia predated the arrival of the Roma in the region, and was at that time principally applied to groups of Tatars or Cumans resident in the territory. Although initially all the Roma were owned by princes, groups of Roma were very quickly transferred to monasteries or boyars , creating
5500-635: The Romanian society, such as Roma people , hawksters, and prowlers. The ending "-ad" ("-ada" in Romanian) was used ironically, since many of Nicolae Ceaușescu 's Communist manifestations had endings like this, for instance the annual national sporting event Daciad (in order to compare them either with an epic, like the Iliad or, rather, with the international Olympiad ). The protesters also composed their own hymn, "Imnul Golanilor": The song may be translated into English as: Many intellectuals supported
5610-554: The Secretary-General of the Government is the main credit authorizing officer for the apparatus of Government and public institutions and bodies of the central public administration, subordinated or coordinated by the Government, the Prime Minister and the Secretariat-General of the Government A structure with legal personality, funded through the budget of the General Secretariat of the Government, headed by
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#17327730583575720-464: The Treaty on European Union, having the power to control the obtaining, unfolding or use of EU funds and related co-financing funds; A structure without legal personality, under the Prime Minister's authority, headed by a Secretary of State , appointed and removed from office by Prime Minister's Decision, and funded through the budget of the General Secretariat of the Government; it controls and monitors
5830-612: The Ukrainian winter caused much suffering and many deaths, while healthcare was practically non-existent. The number of dead from cold and hunger among the transported Roma can not be securely calculated, as no reliable contemporary statistics exist. Transnistria was evacuated by the Romanian army in early 1944, in the face of the advancing Soviet forces. Some Roma travelled back to Romania, whereas others remained in Soviet territory, from where they were likely dispersed into other regions,
5940-422: The activity of Ministries and their decentralized public services, public institutions under Government's authority, specialized bodies of the central public administration subordinated to the Government, offices, departments, commissions, autonomous companies, national companies and societies, trading companies and financial -banking institutions with state majority capital or entirely owned by state; Control Body of
6050-545: The activity of various ministries under the direction of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the leader of Government and coordinates its activity. The working apparatus of the Government consists of the Prime-Minister's office, the General Secretariat of the Government and other departments and structures established through Government Decisions. The Prime Minister's office itself consists of
6160-410: The capacity as secondary credit authorizing officer. The department comprises one or more Secretaries of State, appointed and removed from office by Prime Minister's decision. A structure with legal personality, in the apparatus of the Government, under the Prime Minister's coordination, financed from the state budget through the budget of the General Secretariat of the Government, headed by a Chief with
6270-531: The clergy. Some slave owners chose to be compensated in bonds, paying 10% annual interest, or with a 10-year exemption from taxation. In Bessarabia , annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812, the Roma were liberated in 1861. Many of them migrated to other regions of the Empire, while important communities remained in Soroca , Otaci and the surroundings of Cetatea Albă , Chișinău , and Bălți . The liberation of
6380-430: The cost of this purchase to be taken from the tax revenues which would be paid by freed slaves. The law obliged Roma to settle in villages, where they could be more easily taxed, thus forcing the last nomadic Romani to become sedentary. In Moldavia, the implementation of an emancipation law of 1844 liberated state and church slaves, leaving only boyar slaves in the principality. Prince Grigore Alexandru Ghica emancipated
6490-423: The cultural extermination of the Roma, but they were very effective in promoting the sedentarisation of Gypsies in those areas of today's Romania then under Habsburg control. Until the early 19th century, the Roma of Wallachia and Moldavia remained in conditions of slavery that had changed very little since the 14th century, despite the significant changes which had occurred in other sectors of society. Roma slavery
6600-414: The dates above relate principally to the first arrival of Roma in future Romanian territories, waves of migration from the south continued up until the 18th century, when the northward migration of the Roma, some of whom were Turkish-speaking Muslims, was still occurring. Romani in Wallachia and Moldavia were, from their arrival in the region, enslaved, a situation which continued until the emancipations of
6710-522: The edges of villages in the counties of Golta , Ochakov , Balta and Berezovka , their settlement frequently necessitating the eviction of Ukrainian residents who were billeted in the houses of their neighbours. The economic activity of the Roma was, theoretically, organised systematically by the state, however, in reality there was insufficient demand for labour to occupy them and they were unable to sustain themselves through work. Their high concentration in specific locations resulted in food shortages, as
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#17327730583576820-463: The elections the protests continued, the main goal being the removal of the government. After 52 days of protests, on 13–15 June, a violent confrontation with government supporters and miners from the Jiu Valley ended the protests, with many of the protesters and bystanders being beaten and wounded. Sources differ on the number of the casualties, the government confirming seven deaths related to
6930-478: The ethnic cleansing of minorities, especially Jewish and Roma. Although it appears that Antonescu initially planned the staged deportation of the entire Roma population to Transnistria, Soviet territory occupied by Romania, only the first stage was ever carried out. The initial wave was composed of Roma who the regime considered a "problem", in May 1942, a police survey was conducted to identify any Romani person without
7040-531: The events. Government of Romania The Government of Romania ( Romanian : Guvernul României ) forms one half of the executive branch of the government of Romania (the other half being the office of the President of Romania ). It is headed by the Prime Minister of Romania , and consists of the ministries , various subordinate institutions and agencies, and the 42 prefectures . The seat of
7150-615: The fascist Iron Guard , and later as a predominantly military fascist dictatorship allied with Nazi Germany . Antonescu persecuted Roma with increasing severity until the invasion of Romania by the Soviets and his overthrow by the King in 1944. During the Second World War , the regime deported 25,000 Romani to Transnistria ; of these many thousands died, with estimates of the exact number ranging from 11,000 to 12,500. In all, from
7260-407: The final Moldavian slaves in 1855, setting different rates of compensation dependent on whether the gypsies were nomadic lăieşi (4 ducats) or settled vătraşi and linguari (8 ducats). No compensation was paid for invalids or babies. As in Wallachia, the compensation was funded by the taxes paid by the liberated monastery and state slaves, but in Moldavia this was topped up with funds collected from
7370-578: The first thirty years following liberation, a notable phenomenon of urbanisation occurred, with many Roma who were expelled from their former owners' estates, or who did not wish to adopt a lifestyle which would thrust them into poverty, migrating to towns. This contrasted the situation noted in some other groups of Roma, who adapted fully to this new condition and assimilated into the peasant population, losing their status as Roma both culturally and officially. The social upheaval of emancipation led to mass Romani emigration from Romanian territory, initially into
7480-426: The founding acts of the principalities. As part of this modernisation, boyars owning slaves began to exploit their labour more intensively in a more capitalistic fashion. Romani slaves were employed in agricultural tasks during the summer months, which had not been common practice, forced to work on building sites and even in the factories of the nascent industrial sector. Private owners of slaves, monasteries and even
7590-473: The goals stipulated in the Government Program, as well as methods of satisfying the competences of the institution as a public authority within the executive power, its role being that of ensuring the balanced functioning and development of the national economic and social system, along with its connection to the global economic system while promoting the national interests of Romania. The role of
7700-462: The government to allow the Roma freedom of movement within the national territory in order to allow them to practice their trades. The Royal Dictatorship of Carol II , from 1938 to 1940, adopted discriminatory policies against Jewish Romanians and other national minorities . The strongest anti-Roma attitudes of the 1918-1940 period were found not in politics, but in Academia. Scientific racism
7810-472: The institutions of slavery which pertained in that region were identical to those in Wallachia. There is also evidence that slavery was practiced in those areas which were temporarily under the control of the Prince of Moldavia. The only notable difference from the situation in Wallachia and Moldavia was that as well as the three categories of slaves found in those principalities, Roma were owned by Bran Castle ,
7920-507: The ire of the authorities, who, during the night of 23–24 April, began a repression of the protesters. The law enforcement agents beat up the protesters and arrested some of them. The authorities' violence had the exact opposite effect than the one expected, as more people came. Two days later, they were still there, their numbers growing; on the evening of 25 April, their number reached 30,000. The sympathetic press reported even higher numbers, up to 50,000 each evening. A number of protesters began
8030-449: The local occupying authorities had insufficient resources to feed the deportees. The deported Roma suffered great hardship from the beginning due to cold and lack of food, with a high mortality rate being notable from the very beginning of the period of deportation. On occasions Roma colonies received no food rations for weeks on end, and as no clothing was issued to supplement the insufficient supply they had been allowed to bring with them,
8140-415: The mid-19th century. The institution of Romani slavery also existed in Transylvania, especially in regions which had undergone a period of control by Wallachian or Moldavian princes, but the majority of Transylvanian Roma were not slaves. One child of a former Roma slave, Ștefan Răzvan , briefly achieved power in Moldavia, ruling as Voivod for part of the year 1595. The economic contribution of slavery in
8250-466: The military and their families. The September deportations, which occurred by train, were chaotic and often included individuals who were not intended to be deported, or in some cases, who were not even Roma. Cases were reported of theft and exploitative purchases of goods by police and gendarmes, and the deportees were not permitted to carry sufficient goods for survival in Transnistria. Despite
8360-625: The official doctrine of the FSN that the Revolution was only "anti-Ceaușescu" and not "anti-Communist" (as Silviu Brucan declared in an interview given to the British newspaper The Guardian ). They also supported faster reforms, shock-therapy to usher in an unregulated free market, and a liberal-style democracy (Ion Iliescu argued for a "Swedish-style" socialism and an "original democracy", considering multi-party system as being antiquated). After
8470-580: The only truly national force. The organisation's stated aim was "the emancipation and reawakening of the Roma nation" so that Roma could live alongside their compatriots "without being ashamed". The General Union of Roma in Romania enjoyed some successes before its suppression in 1941, even continuing to function to a degree after the establishment of a Royal Dictatorship in 1938. Land was obtained for nomadic Roma, church marriages were organised to legally and spiritually formalise Roma couples, and legal and medical services were provided to Roma. They also convinced
8580-445: The order to respect family members of serving soldiers, many were deported, leading to protests by Romani soldiers and complaints from the army hierarchy. As well as smaller expulsions in late September and early October, there was some repatriation of individuals and families who had been deported in error, before the deportation of the Roma was halted on 14 October 1942, due to its unpopularity. Deported Roma were generally settled on
8690-473: The ownership of whom was later transferred to the town of Braşov . This special regime of slavery in specific regions of Transylvania continued throughout the period of the autonomous principality, before its final abolition under the Habsburgs in 1783. However, the majority of Roma in Transylvania were not enslaved, they instead constituted a type of royal serf , with obligations of service and tax owed to
8800-426: The period of Roma slavery and were sometimes partially extended to slaves owned by monasteries and boyars. A parallel legal system administered by local Romani leaders and sheriffs existed, as Roma had no access to the law, and any damages caused by Roma to the property or persons of non-Roma were legally the responsibility of their legal owners. Killings of Roma were technically punishable by death, but boyars who killed
8910-537: The population settled in Saxon villages, on the edge of towns, or on the estates of boyars. Those who settled on Boyar estates quickly became serfs and integrated into the local population, while those in towns and villages tended to retain their identity and freedom, albeit as a marginalised group. In the second half of the 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy undertook a series of measures designed to forcibly assimilate
9020-484: The population, because many people of Romani descent do not declare themselves Roma. For example, in 2007 the Council of Europe estimated that approximately 1.85 million Roma lived in Romania, based on an average between the lowest estimate (1.2 to 2.2 million people ) and the highest estimate (1.8 to 2.5 million people ) available at the time. This figure is equivalent to 8.32% of the population. Their original name
9130-476: The principles, guidelines and steps needed to be taken that the Government intends to implement during its term in office in all the fields of activity. To achieve the goals stipulated in the Government Program, the Romanian Government performs the functions of strategizing, regulating, administering, representing and exercising the state authority. The Government approves the strategies, policies and public administration programs, these being methods of accomplishing
9240-458: The property of their owners, most Roma remained nomadic but were tied to their owners by certain obligations. Slaves made up the lowest category of society, below the serfs , differing from the latter not in the fact that they were unfree, but in their lack of legal personhood . Slaves were considered wholly property of their owners, and could be transferred, bequeathed, mortgaged or exchanged for goods or services. In addition, any property owned by
9350-410: The protests, including writers such as Octavian Paler , Ana Blandiana , Gabriel Liiceanu , Stelian Tănase , and film director Lucian Pintilie . Renowned playwright Eugène Ionesco supported them by sending a telegram from France in which he wrote he was a "Golan Academician" ( Hooligan Academician ). The three main demands of the protesters were as follows. The protesters also disagreed with
9460-483: The rank of Secretary of State, appointed by Prime Minister's decision for a period of 5 years, tertiary credit authorizing officer; DLAF is the institution of contact with European Anti-fraud Office - OLAF and provides supports or coordinates, as appropriate, the fulfillment by Romania of its obligations with respect to the protection of the financial interests of the European Union, in accordance with Art. 325 of
9570-590: The replacement in late 1944 of the Horthy government with that of the Arrow Cross Party , the mass deportation of Roma to concentration camps began. Initially the victims were transported to local Hungarian labour camps, from which many were later transferred to Dachau . Massacres of gypsies also occurred in various localities, including one occurring in Nagyszalonta ( Salonta ) now in Romania. Of
9680-826: The revolution was seen as being hijacked by the FSN. The FSN, which was widely known from the revolution and associated with it, won 66.3% of the votes, while the next party – the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania – obtained only 7.2% of the votes, followed by the National Liberal Party at 6.4%, with the Ecological Movement of Romania (MER) and the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD) trailing at around 2.6% (see 1990 Romanian general election ). On 22 April 1990,
9790-441: The separation of children from their parents and made marriage between free people and the Roma legal without the enslavement of the non-Roma partner, which had been the practice up to that point. The children of such unions would no longer be considered slaves but free people. The situation of Roma in Transylvania differed from that in Wallachia and Moldavia as a result of the different political conditions which prevailed there. At
9900-484: The slaves could also be appropriated. Slaves could be legally imprisoned or beaten by their masters at any time, but they could not be killed, and slaves resident at the manor of their masters had to be fed and clothed. Some Roma slaves were allowed to travel and earn their own living in exchange for a fixed payment to their owners. Still, the brutality of the slave owners in the Danubian Principalities
10010-461: The state frequently hired out their slave workforce for large sums of money. This new capitalistic system of exploitation transformed slaves into goods in the full sense of the term, whereas in the past slaves tended to be sold only in extremis, mass auctions of slaves became commonplace. As a result of this new mode of exploitation, the nomadic lifestyle of the Roma of Moldavia and Wallachia was no longer possible, and, like Transylvanian rom, they became
10120-410: The state set at a lower level than the non-Roma population. The Roma were also exempted from military service and enjoyed a degree of toleration for their non-Christian religious practices. The economic role of Romani metal-workers and craftsmen was significant in the rural economy. Many Romanis retained their nomadic lifestyle, enjoying the right to camp on crown land, however, over the centuries part of
10230-413: The state-controlled media. This part of the media called the protesters "delinquents", "hooligans", "parasites", "thieves", "extremists", "fascists", "traitors", etc. This campaign was successful particularly outside Bucharest, where the government-owned media was the only source of information. Public television showed reports of the protests in which they interviewed people marginal to both the protests and
10340-492: The sterilisation of Roma people to protect Romania's ethnic purity. These views also found expression in the ideology of the "legionary" Iron Guard, who followed the scientists in identifying a "Gypsy Problem" in Romania, however, they were suppressed in January 1941 before any serious anti-roma measures had been enacted. Antonescu's post-legionary regime's declared goal was the " Romanianisation " of Romania's territory, through
10450-476: The term may be considered to be pejorative in Romania. In 2009–2010, a media campaign followed by a parliamentary initiative asked the Romanian Parliament to accept a proposal to revert the official name of country's Roma (adopted in 2000) to Țigan (Gypsy), the traditional and colloquial Romanian name for Romani, in order to avoid the possible confusion among the international community between
10560-655: The territory of present-day Romania (including Northern Transylvania ), 36,000 Romani perished during that time. The mistreatment of Romania Roma during World War II has received scant attention from Romanian historians, despite the wide-ranging historical literature detailing the history of the Antonescu regime. The anti-Roma discourse which had been present in Romanian academia during the 1930s became more prominent as an intellectual current after 1940, with academics who had never previously expressed anti-Roma views now doing so, and eugenicists making more radical demands such as
10670-411: The three groups of Roma slaves; princely slaves, monastery slaves and boyar slaves. Any Gypsy without a master would automatically become a princely slave, and any foreign-born Romani passing through the prince's dominion risked being enslaved. The Tatar component of the slave population disappeared in the second half of the 15th century, fusing into the more numerous Roma population. during this period,
10780-530: The time of the arrival of the first Roma, around 1400, the region formed part of the Kingdom of Hungary, becoming an autonomous principality in the mid-sixteenth century before finally falling under the dominion of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of the 17th century. The region of Făgăraș , bordering Wallachia, was under the control of the Prince of Wallachia until the end of the 15th century, and therefore
10890-569: The vote of confidence granted to the Government by the Parliament of Romania . The current government is led by Marcel Ciolacu , the incumbent leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD). The procedure of investing a new Government is initiated by the President, who designates a candidate to the office of Prime Minister after consulting the party which holds a majority of seats in the Parliament. If no such majority exists,
11000-549: The word in Romanian: rom (plural romi ), and rrom (plural rromi ). The first spelling is preferred by the majority of Romani NGOs and it is the only spelling accepted in Romanian Academy's Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române . The two forms reflect the fact that for some speakers of Romani there are two rhotic (ar-like) phonemes: /r/ and /ʀ/ . In the government-sponsored (Courthiade) writing system /ʀ/
11110-472: The words Roma — which refers to the Romani ethnic minority — and Romania. The Romanian government supported the move on the grounds that many countries in the European Union use a variation of the word Țigan to refer to their Gypsy populations. The Romanian upper house, Senate, rejected the proposal. Linguistic and historical data indicate that the Roma arrived in the Balkans following a long period within
11220-510: Was also argued by slavery's critics. During the revolutions of 1848, the Moldavian and Wallachian radicals included abolition of slavery as part of their programmes. The Wallachian state freed its own slaves in 1843, and this was followed by the emancipation of church slaves in 1847. The government of Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei (1849–1856) introduced gradual restrictions of the freedom of private slave-owners to sell or donate slaves. A regulation
11330-530: Was carried out between June and August 1942, and was composed of 11,441 people, 6714 of them children. This deportation also included those nomadic Roma serving in the army, who were returned from the front for transportation. The expulsion of sedentary Roma occurred during September 1942 and was incomplete, including only 12,497 of the 31,438 individuals recorded in the police survey. This group consisted of Roma who were categorised as "dangerous and undesirable" and excluded any romani person who had been mobilised by
11440-617: Was introduced in 1850 which forced slave-owners wishing to sell slaves to do so to the state treasury, which would immediately free them. In 1851 a measure allowing the state to compulsorily purchase mistreated slaves was introduced. The final decree of emancipation, entitled “The law for the emancipation of all Gypsies in the Principality of Wallachia” , was enacted in February 1856, thereby ending slavery in Wallachia. Slaveowners were compensated 10 ducats for each slave they possessed, with
11550-637: Was lower than the figures recorded in the late 19th century, although it was almost certainly much lower than the real figure. The reason for this relative decline was the continued gradual assimilation of Roma to a Romanian or Hungarian ethnic identity, linked to the status of peasants or smallholder , a process which was accelerated by the land reform carried out following the war. The traditional Roma economic activities of metalwork and crafts became less tenable during this period, as ethnic Romanians began to adopt trades such as woodworking and competition from manufactured goods increased. The few Roma who retained
11660-452: Was meant to act as a temporary government until free elections were to be held. However, on 23 January 1990, despite its earlier claims, it decided to become a party and to run in the elections it would organize. Some of the dissenters and anti-communists who joined the FSN during the revolution (including Doina Cornea ) left following this decision. Many of the FSN personalities, including its president, Iliescu, were ex-communists and as such
11770-517: Was rooted in university departments dedicated to Eugenics and biopolitics , which viewed Romani and Jewish people as a "bioethnic danger" to the Romanian nation. These views would come to the fore politically during the dictatorship of Ion Antonescu (1940–1944). During 1940, Romania was forced to cede territory to Hungary and the Soviet Union , an event which led to the military coup which installed general Ion Antonescu, first in concert with
11880-552: Was transferred to Hungary . Discrimination by Hungary against Roma had been common throughout the 1930s, and biannual police raids on Romani settlements were mandated by law. During the course of the war, Hungarian Roma were progressively expelled from urban areas or forced to live in ghettoes. In March 1944, Hungary was occupied by Nazi Germany, Hungary stepped up its persecution of the Roma and Jewish population, with countless Jewish people deported to concentration camps and many Roma organised into forced labour battalions. Following
11990-530: Was viewed as an integral part of the social system of the principalities, with the Phanariot rulers strongly influenced by the conservatism of their Ottoman suzerains. Following the replacement of the Phanariots with native princes in 1821, Wallachia and Moldova underwent a period of Westernisation and modernisation, eliminating many of the institutions of the ancien régime, but formally enshrining slavery in
12100-560: Was well known in Western Europe. Louis-Alexandre de Launay , visiting Wallachia and Moldova, noted that: " the boyars are their absolute masters. At will, they sell them (the Roma) and kill them like cattle. Their children are born slaves regardless of their sex. " Princely slaves were obliged to perform labour for the state and pay special taxes, according to a system based on tradition. These obligations were steadily increased over
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