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124-677: GoldenEye is a 1995 spy film , the seventeenth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions , and the first to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . Directed by Martin Campbell , it was the first in the series not to use any story elements from the works of novelist Ian Fleming . GoldenEye was also the first James Bond film not produced by Albert R. Broccoli , following his stepping down from Eon Productions and replacement by his daughter, Barbara Broccoli (along with Michael G. Wilson , although Broccoli

248-471: A Van de Graaff generator or other highly charged object, care must be taken to release the object and then discharge the body through a high resistance, in order to avoid the risk of a harmful shock pulse when stepping away. Very high electric field strengths can cause breakdown of the air and a potentially lethal arc current similar to lightning to flow, but electric field strengths of up to 200 kV/m are regarded as safe. According to research from Edd Gent,

372-481: A lightning strike can physically damage objects such as buildings and aircraft. The management of EMP effects is a branch of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) engineering. The first recorded damage from an electromagnetic pulse came with the solar storm of August 1859, or the Carrington Event . In modern warfare, weapons delivering a high energy EMP are designed to disrupt communications equipment,

496-403: A transient electromagnetic disturbance ( TED ), is a brief burst of electromagnetic energy. The origin of an EMP can be natural or artificial, and can occur as an electromagnetic field , as an electric field , as a magnetic field , or as a conducted electric current . The electromagnetic interference caused by an EMP can disrupt communications and damage electronic equipment. An EMP such as

620-495: A 2002 Sky Movies poll, and set a record for the highest bungee jump off a fixed structure. The ending of the pre-credits sequence with Bond jumping after the aeroplane features Jacques Malnuit riding the motorcycle to the edge and jumping, and B.J. Worth diving after the plane – which was a working aircraft, with Worth adding that part of the difficulty of the stunt was the kerosene striking his face. The fall of Communism in Russia

744-495: A 2019 report by the Electric Power Research Institute , which is funded by utility companies, found that a large EMP attack would probably cause regional blackouts but not a nationwide grid failure and that recovery times would be similar to those of other large-scale outages. It is not known how long these electrical blackouts would last, or what extent of damage would occur across the country. It

868-559: A back seat" in the film's production. Barbara and Michael G. Wilson took the lead roles in production, while Albert Broccoli oversaw the production of GoldenEye as a consulting producer, credited as "presenter". Wilson wanted to frame the film in the post-Cold War era and the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union , when there were concerns about proliferation of weapons of mass destruction . Broccoli contacted Dalton, to ask again if he would come back, and now found him open to

992-430: A common problem in the mid-twentieth century was interference emitted by the ignition systems of gasoline engines, which caused radio sets to crackle and TV sets to show stripes on the screen. CISPR 25 was established to set threshold standards that vehicles must meet for electromagnetic interference(EMI) emissions. At a high voltage level an EMP can induce a spark, for example from an electrostatic discharge when fuelling

1116-517: A company called Pathé Entertainment (unrelated to the French studio Pathé ) quickly moved in to buy MGM/UA for $ 1.2 billion and merged the companies to create MGM-Pathé Communications . Parretti intended to sell off the distribution rights of the studio's catalogue so that he could collect advance payments to finance the buyout. This included international broadcasting rights to the 007 library at cut-rate prices, leading Danjaq to sue, alleging that

1240-530: A controlled EMP to wipe such magnetic media. A very large EMP event, such as a lightning strike or an air bursted nuclear weapon, is also capable of damaging objects such as trees, buildings and aircraft directly, either through heating effects or the disruptive effects of the very large magnetic field generated by the current. An indirect effect can be electrical fires caused by heating. Most engineered structures and systems require some form of protection against lightning to be designed in. A good means of protection

1364-418: A corresponding signal in the surrounding environment or material. Coupling usually occurs most strongly over a relatively narrow frequency band, leading to a characteristic damped sine wave . Visually it is shown as a high frequency sine wave growing and decaying within the longer-lived envelope of the double-exponential curve. A damped sinewave typically has much lower energy and a narrower frequency spread than

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1488-519: A deadly security robot. The film proper begins in the South China Sea, where a British Harrier jet malfunctions, ejects its pilot, starts flying on its own, and then crashes into a village in China. MI6 subsequently learns that many British military technology manufacturing plants have been recently broken into and Bond is sent to track down the burglar. This draft also featured a climax in which

1612-475: A defector to Soviet Union, as the main villain. As in the completed version, his scheme involved an stolen orbital EMP weapon. The first draft started with an Aston Martin car chase aboard a high-speed train . However, Barbara Broccoli was concerned that France's screenplay was still too unstructured and brought in Jeffrey Caine to rewrite it. Caine kept many of France's ideas but added the prologue before

1736-506: A desire by audiences to see exciting and suspenseful films. The espionage film developed in two directions at this time. On the one hand, the realistic spy novels of Len Deighton and John le Carré were adapted into relatively serious Cold War thrillers that dealt with some of the realities of the espionage world. Some of these films included The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965), The Deadly Affair (1966), Torn Curtain (1966), and

1860-468: A foreclosure by financial backer Crédit Lyonnais in 1992. The Bond rights lawsuits were settled in December 1992, and the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, now run by a Crédit Lyonnais subsidiary, began to explore further development of Bond 17 with Danjaq in 1993. Dalton was still Broccoli's choice to play Bond, but the star's original seven-year contract with Danjaq expired in 1993. Dalton has stated that

1984-565: A gasoline-engined vehicle. Such sparks have been known to cause fuel-air explosions and precautions must be taken to prevent them. A large and energetic EMP can induce high currents and voltages in the victim unit, temporarily disrupting its function or even permanently damaging it. A powerful EMP can also directly affect magnetic materials and corrupt the data stored on media such as magnetic tape and computer hard drives . Hard drives are usually shielded by heavy metal casings. Some IT asset disposal service providers and computer recyclers use

2108-591: A general, was involved, because the weapon system required high-level military access. Travelling to Saint Petersburg , Bond contacts his CIA assistant Jack Wade, who advises him to meet the former KGB agent turned gangster, Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky, and have him arrange a meeting with Janus. Escorted to the meeting by Onatopp, Bond discovers that Janus is led by Trevelyan, who had faked his death at Arkangel. He learns that Trevelyan seeks vengeance for his parents, Lienz Cossacks , who were betrayed by

2232-506: A large low-inductance capacitor bank discharged into a single-loop antenna, a microwave generator, and an explosively pumped flux compression generator . To achieve the frequency characteristics of the pulse needed for optimal coupling into the target, wave -shaping circuits or microwave generators are added between the pulse source and the antenna . Vircators are vacuum tubes that are particularly suitable for microwave conversion of high-energy pulses. NNEMP generators can be carried as

2356-529: A meadow, Bond and Natalya prepare to enjoy some solitude together, but are interrupted by the arrival of Wade and a team of U.S. Marines , who escort them to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base . Following the release of Licence to Kill in July 1989, pre-production work for the seventeenth film in the James Bond series , the third to star Timothy Dalton (fulfilling his three-film contract), began in May 1990. A poster for

2480-656: A model built by Meddings' team and scenes shot with stuntmen in Britain. Stunt car coordinator Rémy Julienne described the car chase between the Aston Martin DB5 and the Ferrari F355 as between "a perfectly shaped, old and vulnerable vehicle and a racecar." The stunt had to be meticulously planned as the cars are vastly different. Nails had to be attached to the F355 tyres to make it skid, and during one take of

2604-452: A model is typically described either in a diagram or as a mathematical equation. Most electromagnetic pulses have a very sharp leading edge, building up quickly to their maximum level. The classic model is a double-exponential curve which climbs steeply, quickly reaches a peak and then decays more slowly. However, pulses from a controlled switching circuit often approximate the form of a rectangular or "square" pulse. EMP events usually induce

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2728-510: A modified FrizQuadrata typography). The theatrical artwork had two variations: both retained the same black background and action scenes collage surrounding the three principals (Pierce Brosnan, Izabella Scorupco and Famke Janssen), but the International poster had James Bond in tuxedo while in the US version only had the secret agent's face emerging from the shadows. The US variant was used for

2852-736: A new studio. Eon leased the site for the duration of their shoot, gutted the factory and turned it into stages, workshops and offices, and dubbed it Leavesden Studios . This process is shown on the 2006 DVD's special features. The bungee jump was filmed at the Contra Dam (also known as the Verzasca or Locarno Dam) in Ticino , Switzerland . The casino scenes and the Tiger helicopter's demonstration were shot in Monte Carlo. Reference footage for

2976-407: A number of synthesiser tracks, including the version of the " James Bond Theme " that plays during the gun barrel sequence , while Altman and David Arch provided the more traditional symphonic music. The end credits song, Serra's "The Experience of Love", was based on a short cue Serra had originally written for Luc Besson 's Léon one year earlier. GoldenEye premiered on 13 November 1995, at

3100-569: A payload of bombs, cruise missiles (such as the CHAMP missile) and drones , with diminished mechanical, thermal and ionizing radiation effects, but without the consequences of deploying nuclear weapons. The range of NNEMP weapons is much less than nuclear EMP. Nearly all NNEMP devices used as weapons require chemical explosives as their initial energy source, producing only one millionth the energy of nuclear explosives of similar weight. The electromagnetic pulse from NNEMP weapons must come from within

3224-498: A result, the French premiere of the film was cancelled. The sequences involving the armored train were filmed on the Nene Valley Railway , near Peterborough . The train was composed of a British Rail Class 20 diesel-electric locomotive and a pair of Mark 1 coaches, all three heavily disguised to resemble a Soviet armoured train . The film was the last one of special effects supervisor Derek Meddings , to whom it

3348-738: A script, and Wiseguy co-producer Alfonse Ruggiero Jr. was hired to rewrite it. Production was set to start in 1990 in Hong Kong , for a release in late 1991. A 17-page treatment, dated May 1990, featured James Bond on a mission in East Asia; Bond must investigate why an unknown entity caused a chemical plant in Scotland to explode inexplicably and a threat ordering the British and Chinese to relinquish their authority over Hong Kong. Bond would be aided by an ex-CIA freelance thief named Connie Webb and

3472-415: A self-destruct feature and Stinger missiles behind the headlights. The Z3 does not have much screen time and none of the gadgets is used, which Martin Campbell attributed to the deal with BMW coming in the last stages of production. The Z3's appearance in the film is thought to be the most successful promotion through product placement in 1995. Ten years later, The Hollywood Reporter listed it as one of

3596-480: A senior spy named Denholm Crisp, with the trail leading towards a corrupt technology magnate called Sir Henry Lee Ching. It also would have featured the Chinese Ministry of State Security . Wilson and Ruggiero revised the plotline further in a script dated July 1990. It changed the opening to show Bond using a hang-gliding competition as cover to infiltrate a chemical weapons plant, where he must fend off

3720-540: A specialized version of a Marx generator . Examples include the huge wooden-structured ATLAS-I simulator (also known as TRESTLE) at Sandia National Labs , New Mexico, which was at one time the world's largest EMP simulator. Papers on this and other large EMP simulators used by the United States during the latter part of the Cold War , along with more general information about electromagnetic pulses, are now in

3844-511: A staple of the explosion of spy movies in the mid-to-late 1960s. The phenomenal success of the Bond series leads to a deluge of imitators, such as the eurospy genre and several from America. Notable examples include the two Derek Flint films starring James Coburn , The Quiller Memorandum (1966) with George Segal , and the Matt Helm series with Dean Martin . Television also got into

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3968-629: A trend away from fantasy in favor of realism, as observed in Syriana , the Bourne film series and the James Bond films starring Daniel Craig since Casino Royale (2006). Some of the most popular films include: Movie series ( franchises ) One-shots, sequels and remakes Some of the most popular television series include: Classic era Modern era Electromagnetic pulse An electromagnetic pulse ( EMP ), also referred to as

4092-456: Is a Faraday shield designed to protect certain items from being destroyed. Like any electromagnetic interference , the threat from EMP is subject to control measures. This is true whether the threat is natural or man-made. Therefore, most control measures focus on the susceptibility of equipment to EMP effects, and hardening or protecting it from harm. Man-made sources, other than weapons, are also subject to control measures in order to limit

4216-508: Is a criminal mastermind only interested in espionage for profit. Additionally, several of Lang's American films, such as Hangmen Also Die , deal with spies during World War II. Alfred Hitchcock did much to popularize the spy film in the 1930s with his influential thrillers The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), The 39 Steps (1935), Sabotage (1937) and The Lady Vanishes (1938). These often involved innocent civilians being caught up in international conspiracies or webs of saboteurs on

4340-461: Is no substitute" and the 007 gun logo, in red. For the international market, a different advance poster was issued on which Pierce Brosnan appeared in black dinner jacket holding his silenced PPK gun, next to a 007 logo and under a different tagline: "You know the name. You know the number". This time, the film's logo was introduced, using the MatrixWide typeface (earlier versions of this logo used

4464-682: Is possible that neighboring countries of the U.S. could also be affected by such an attack, depending on the targeted area and people. According to an article from Naureen Malik, with North Korea's increasingly successful missile and warhead tests in mind, Congress moved to renew funding for the Commission to Assess the Threat to the U.S. from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack as part of the National Defense Authorization Act . According to research from Yoshida Reiji, in

4588-501: Is subsequently secured by a Hong Kong-based industrialist, Sir Henry Ferguson, who wants to use it to allow a Chinese military general to stage a nuclear attack and coup d'état against Mainland China , with the general then leaving the industrialist in control of Hong Kong . Dalton declared in a 2010 interview that the script had been ready and "we were talking directors" before the project entered development hell caused by legal problems between Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , parent company of

4712-441: Is the main focus of the opening titles, designed by Daniel Kleinman (who took over from Maurice Binder after his death in 1991). They show the collapse and destruction of several structures associated with the Soviet Union, such as the red star , statues of Communist leaders—notably Joseph Stalin —and the hammer and sickle . In an interview, Kleinman said they were meant to be "a kind of story telling sequence" showing that "what

4836-461: Is to use a current clamp in reverse, to inject a range of damped sine wave signals into a cable connected to the equipment under test. The damped sine wave generator is able to reproduce the range of induced signals likely to occur. Sometimes the threat pulse itself is simulated in a repeatable way. The pulse may be reproduced at low energy in order to characterise the subject's response prior to damped sinewave injection, or at high energy to recreate

4960-408: Is traced to a location within the island's jungles. While flying over the area, the pair are shot down. Onatopp is lowered from a helicopter and attacks them, but Bond destroys the helicopter and kills her. The pair uncover a hidden base beneath a large lake, concealing a satellite dish. Bond is captured while trying to rig the base to explode and learns from Trevelyan that he intends to steal money from

5084-443: Is unusual in that it typically has a preliminary "leader" discharge of low energy building up to the main pulse, which in turn may be followed at intervals by several smaller bursts. ESD events are characterized by high voltages of many kV, but small currents sometimes cause visible sparks. ESD is treated as a small, localized phenomenon, although technically a lightning flash is a very large ESD event. ESD can also be man-made, as in

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5208-602: Is usually small and the signal may be treated as "noise" or "interference". The switching off or "opening" of a circuit causes an abrupt change in the current flowing. This can in turn cause a large pulse in the electric field across the open contacts, causing arcing and damage. It is often necessary to incorporate design features to limit such effects. Electronic devices such as vacuum tubes or valves, transistors, and diodes can also switch on and off very quickly, causing similar issues. One-off pulses may be caused by solid-state switches and other devices used only occasionally. However,

5332-461: The Harry Palmer series, based on the novels of Len Deighton . In another direction, the James Bond novels by Ian Fleming were adapted into an increasingly fantastical series of tongue-in-cheek adventure films by producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli , with Sean Connery as the star. They featured secretive and flamboyant supervillains, an archetype that would later become

5456-615: The BMW Z3 . It was featured in the film months before its release, and a limited edition "007 model" sold out within a day of being available to order. As part of the car's marketing strategy, several Z3's were used to drive journalists from a complimentary meal at the Rainbow Room restaurant to its premiere at the Radio City Music Hall. For the film, a convertible Z3 is equipped with the usual Q refinements, including

5580-479: The Bank of England and use GoldenEye to erase its financial records and conceal the theft, thus damaging London’s economy. Natalya hacks into the satellite and reprograms it to initiate atmospheric re-entry and thus destroy itself. She is then captured as well. While trying to undo her programming, Boris nervously presses on a pen confiscated from Bond, activating a grenade concealed in the pen by Q Branch . Bond knocks

5704-472: The Bond novels. Fleming gave a number of origins for the name of his estate, including Carson McCullers ' Reflections in a Golden Eye and Operation Goldeneye , a contingency plan Fleming himself developed during the Second World War in case of a Nazi invasion through Spain. Although GoldenEye was released only six years after Licence to Kill , world politics had changed dramatically in

5828-463: The British Academy of Film and Television Arts . In 1986, MI6 agents James Bond and Alec Trevelyan infiltrate a Soviet chemical weapons facility called Arkangel. After Trevelyan is caught and seemingly killed by the facility's commanding officer, Colonel Arkady Grigorovich Ourumov, Bond destroys the site and escapes in a stolen aircraft. Nine years later, following the dissolution of

5952-869: The Radio City Music Hall , and went on general release in the United States on 17 November 1995. The UK premiere followed on 21 November at the Odeon Leicester Square , with general release three days later. The film also had the German premiere on 5 December, at which Brosnan was present, at Mathäser-Filmpalast ( de ) in Munich , with general release on December 28; and the Swedish premiere on 8 December, attended by Brosnan and Scorupco, at Rigoletto ( sv ) in Stockholm , with general release on

6076-445: The action and science fiction genres, presenting clearly delineated heroes for audiences to root for and villains they want to see defeated. They may also involve elements of political thrillers . However, there are many that are comedic (mostly action comedy films if they fall under that genre). James Bond is the most famous of film spies, but there were also more serious, probing works like le Carré's The Spy Who Came in from

6200-469: The BBFC cuts were restored, causing the rating to be changed to 15. However, the original MPAA edits still remain. The critical reception of the film was mostly positive. Film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes holds it at an 80% approval rating with an approval rating of 7.1/10, based on 85 reviews. The website's critics consensus states: "The first and best Pierce Brosnan Bond film, GoldenEye brings

6324-522: The British by being repatriated to the Soviet Union after collaborating with the Axis powers during World War II. Bond is sedated and trapped in the stolen Tiger alongside Natalya Simonova, a survivor of the Severnaya attack. After escaping the helicopter's destruction, the pair are taken into custody and interrogated by Russian Minister of Defence Dimitri Mishkin. Natalya affirms Ourumov's involvement in

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6448-748: The Cold that also emerged from the Cold War . As the Cold War ended, the newest villain became terrorism and more often involved the Middle East . The spy film genre began in the silent era , with the paranoia of invasion literature and the onset of the Great War . These fears produced the British 1914 The German Spy Peril , centered on a plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament , and 1913's O.H.M.S. , standing for "Our Helpless Millions Saved" as well as On His Majesty's Service (and introducing for

6572-532: The Earth's surface. The explosion releases a blast of gamma rays into the mid- stratosphere , which ionizes as a secondary effect and the resultant energetic free electrons interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce a much stronger EMP than is normally produced in the denser air at lower altitudes. Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) is a weapon-generated electromagnetic pulse without use of nuclear technology. Devices that can achieve this objective include

6696-466: The Edge , and was performed by Tina Turner . As the producers did not collaborate with Bono or the Edge, the film score did not incorporate any of the theme song's melodies, as was the case in previous James Bond films. Swedish group Ace of Base had also written a proposed theme song, but label Arista Records pulled the band out of the project, fearing the negative impact in case the film flopped. The song

6820-671: The Soviet Union , Bond attempts to prevent Xenia Onatopp , a member of the Janus crime syndicate , from stealing a Eurocopter Tiger attack helicopter during a military demonstration in Monte Carlo , but is unsuccessful. Returning to MI6 Headquarters in London, Bond oversees MI6 staff monitoring an incident in Severnaya , Siberia , after the stolen helicopter turns up at a radar facility there. An electromagnetic pulse blast suddenly hits

6944-632: The T-54/55 were replaced with the rubber-shoed tracks from a British Chieftain tank . The T-55 tank used in the film is now on permanent display at Old Buckenham Airfield , where the East England Military Museum is based. For the confrontation between Bond and Trevelyan inside the antenna cradle, director Campbell decided to take inspiration from Bond's fight with Red Grant in From Russia with Love . Brosnan and Bean did all

7068-482: The act with series like The Man from U.N.C.L.E and I Spy in the U.S., and Danger Man and The Avengers in Britain. Spies have remained popular on TV to the present day with series such as Callan , Alias and Spooks . Spy films also enjoyed something of a revival in the late 1990s, although these were often action films with espionage elements or comedies like Austin Powers . Some critics identify

7192-501: The actual threat conditions. A small-scale ESD simulator may be hand-held. Bench- or room-sized simulators come in a range of designs, depending on the type and level of threat to be generated. At the top end of the scale, large outdoor test facilities incorporating high-energy EMP simulators have been built by several countries. The largest facilities are able to test whole vehicles including ships and aircraft for their susceptibility to EMP. Nearly all of these large EMP simulators used

7316-421: The aircraft to safely discharge any static. The switching action of an electrical circuit creates a sharp change in the flow of electricity. This sharp change is a form of EMP. Simple electrical sources include inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, and brush contacts in electric motors. These typically send a pulse down any electrical connections present, as well as radiating a pulse of energy. The amplitude

7440-436: The amount of pulse energy emitted. The discipline of ensuring correct equipment operation in the presence of EMP and other RF threats is known as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). To test the effects of EMP on engineered systems and equipment, an EMP simulator may be used. Induced pulses are of much lower energy than threat pulses and so are more practicable to create, but they are less predictable. A common test technique

7564-401: The antenna. Bond then drops Trevelyan into the bottom of the dish. The GoldenEye satellite is subsequently destroyed. Natalya soon rescues Bond in a commandeered helicopter, moments before the antenna malfunctions and explodes, destroying the base. The debris falls onto Trevelyan, crushing him to death, and Boris dies from an explosion caused by ruptured liquid nitrogen canisters. After landing in

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7688-652: The care of the SUMMA Foundation, which is hosted at the University of New Mexico. The US Navy also has a large facility called the Electro Magnetic Pulse Radiation Environmental Simulator for Ships I (EMPRESS I). High-level EMP signals can pose a threat to human safety. In such circumstances, direct contact with a live electrical conductor should be avoided. Where this occurs, such as when touching

7812-522: The casting of a female M. In the film, the new M quickly establishes her authority, remarking that Bond is a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur" and a "relic of the Cold War". This is an early indication that Bond is portrayed as far less tempestuous than Timothy Dalton's Bond from 1989. John Woo was approached as the director, and turned down the opportunity, but said he was honoured by the offer. Michael Caton-Jones and Peter Medak were also considered. The producers then chose New Zealander Martin Campbell as

7936-643: The character was rewritten as Defense Minister Mishkin. Principal photography for the film began on 16 January 1995 and continued until 2 June. Eon was unable to film at Pinewood Studios , the usual studio for Bond films, because it had been reserved for First Knight . Instead, with little time to find a space which could hold the number of large scale sets needed for production, Eon found an old Rolls-Royce factory at Leavesden Aerodrome in Hertfordshire , which had wide, tall, and open aircraft hangars that were uniquely suited to be converted into stages for

8060-516: The computers needed to operate modern warplanes, or even put the entire electrical network of a target country out of commission. An electromagnetic pulse is a short surge of electromagnetic energy. Its short duration means that it will be spread over a range of frequencies. Pulses are typically characterized by: The frequency spectrum and the pulse waveform are interrelated via the Fourier transform which describes how component waveforms may sum to

8184-575: The cover artwork of the film's soundtrack and the box of the Nintendo 64 video game adaptation released in 1997. On a 2015 interview regarding his take on the GoldenEye poster campaign, photographer John Stoddart (who previously worked with Brosnan for a Brioni photoshoot) said his only directive was "Bond, girls and guns" In July 1995, a teaser trailer for GoldenEye was attached to prints of Roger Donaldson 's film Species after its debut on

8308-511: The credits and rewrote Trevelyan closer to his iteration in the final film. Kevin Wade did a three-week rewrite and Bruce Feirstein added the finishing touches. In the film, the writing credit was shared by Caine and Feirstein, while France was credited with only the story, an arrangement he felt was unfair, particularly as he believed that the additions made were not an improvement on his original version. Wade did not receive an official credit, but

8432-491: The delay to his third film effectively ended the contract in 1990. In May 1993, MGM announced that a seventeenth James Bond film was in pre-production, to be based on a screenplay by Michael France . France studied for his script by travelling to Russia to interview former KGB agents and visit nuclear research laboratories. With Broccoli's health deteriorating (he died seven months after the release of GoldenEye ), his daughter Barbara Broccoli described him as taking "a bit of

8556-418: The director. Brosnan later described Campbell as "warrior-like in his take on the piece" and said that "there was a huge passion there on both our parts". To replace Dalton, the producers chose Pierce Brosnan, who, after Dalton had initially turned down the role, had been prevented from succeeding Roger Moore in 1986 because of his contract to continue starring in the television series Remington Steele . He

8680-481: The electric and the magnetic field components have a discontinuity. In general, only radiation acts over long distances, with the magnetic and electric fields acting over short distances. There are a few exceptions, such as a solar magnetic flare . A pulse of electromagnetic energy typically comprises many frequencies from very low to some upper limit depending on the source. The range defined as EMP, sometimes referred to as "DC [direct current] to daylight", excludes

8804-460: The espionage activities of government agents and their risk of being discovered by their enemies. From the Nazi espionage thrillers of the 1940s to the James Bond films of the 1960s and to the high-tech blockbusters of today, the spy film has always been popular with audiences worldwide. Offering a combination of exciting escapism , technological thrills, and exotic locales, many spy films combine

8928-442: The explosively pumped flux compression generator for generating a non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse was conceived as early as 1951 by Andrei Sakharov in the Soviet Union, but nations kept work on non-nuclear EMP classified until similar ideas emerged in other nations. Minor EMP events, and especially pulse trains, cause low levels of electrical noise or interference which can affect the operation of susceptible devices. For example,

9052-428: The famous scientist. In the mid-1950s, Alfred Hitchcock returned to the spy genre with The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film) , a remake of his 1934 film of the same name . He followed this up in 1959 with North by Northwest (1959), widely considered one of the most influential works within the spy genre. The peak of popularity of spy films is often considered to be the 1960s when Cold War fears meshed with

9176-508: The film were provided by IBM , and in some scenes (such as the pen grenade scene towards the end), the OS/2 Warp splash screen can be seen on computer monitors. During the Q Lab scene, James Bond can be seen using an IBM ThinkPad laptop ignoring Q's instructions on the use of a leather belt modified with a piton gun. This moment was not present in early drafts of the film, but it is understood that director Martin Campbell had 007 fiddling with

9300-408: The first time a strong female character who helps the hero). In 1928, Fritz Lang made the film Spies which contained many tropes that became popular in later spy dramas, including secret headquarters, an agent known by a number, and the beautiful foreign agent who comes to love the hero. Lang's Dr. Mabuse films from the period also contain elements of spy thrillers, though the central character

9424-532: The franchise's past." Martin Campbell would also later express his disappointment with the score, citing budget constraints and difficulty working with Serra, who became uncooperative when asked to re-score the St. Petersburg tank chase after Campbell rejected his submitted track. John Altman would later provide the music for the sequence, while Serra's original track can still be found on the soundtrack as "A Pleasant Drive in St. Petersburg". Serra composed and performed

9548-561: The highest frequencies comprising the optical ( infrared , visible , ultraviolet ) and ionizing ( X and gamma rays ) ranges. Some types of EMP events can leave an optical trail, such as lightning and sparks, but these are side effects of the current flow through the air and are not part of the EMP itself. The waveform of a pulse describes how its instantaneous amplitude (field strength or current) changes over time. Real pulses tend to be quite complicated, so simplified models are often used. Such

9672-779: The home front, as in Saboteur (1942). Some, however, dealt with professional spies, as in Hitchcock's Secret Agent (1936), based on W. Somerset Maugham 's Ashenden stories, or the Mr. Moto series, based on the books of John P. Marquand . In the 1940s and early 1950s, several films were made about the exploits of Allied agents in occupied Europe, which could be considered a subgenre. 13 Rue Madeleine and O.S.S. were fictional stories about American agents in German-occupied France. There were several films based on

9796-455: The idea. In August 1993, France, having turned in his first draft, continued to work on the script. In further discussion with Broccoli, Dalton expressed excitement over taking the best elements of his previous two films and combining them as a basis for one final film. Broccoli stressed that, after the long gap without a film, Dalton could not come back and just do a single film but needed to return for multiple films. Although France's screenplay

9920-499: The interim. It was the first James Bond film to be produced after the fall of the Berlin Wall , the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the end of the Cold War , and there was doubt over the character's relevance in the modern world. Some in the film industry felt it would be "futile" for the Bond series to make a comeback, and that the character was best left as "an icon of the past". The producers even thought of new concepts for

10044-537: The keyboard of this computer as a way to show Bond was visibly ignoring the Quartermaster, but also as a way increase IBM's product placement arrangement. A modified Omega Seamaster Professional Diver 300M wristwatch features as a spy gadget device several times in the film, concealing a cutting laser and detonator remote. This was the first time Bond was shown to be wearing a watch by Omega, and he has since worn Omega watches in every subsequent production. While

10168-423: The licensing violated the Bond distribution agreements the company made with United Artists in 1962, while denying Danjaq a share of the profits. Countersuits were filed. When asked what he would do following resolution of the lawsuits, Dalton told Broccoli that it was unlikely that he would continue in the role. Parretti's behaviour led to the bankruptcy of MGM-Pathé, and additional lawsuits eventually resulted in

10292-504: The many millions of transistors in a modern computer may switch repeatedly at frequencies above 1  GHz, causing interference that appears to be continuous. A nuclear electromagnetic pulse is the abrupt pulse of electromagnetic radiation resulting from a nuclear explosion . The resulting rapidly changing electric fields and magnetic fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges . The intense gamma radiation emitted can also ionize

10416-404: The marketing department of MGM, many posters were produced for the film designed by Randi Braun and Earl Klasky with photographs taken by John Stoddart, Terry O'Neill, Keith Hamshere and George Withear. In the United States, an advance poster featured a gold-hued close-up on Bond's eyes pointing his Walther PPK handgun towards the viewer. The logo of the film was not displayed, only a tagline: "There

10540-445: The most successful product placements in recent years. The article quoted Mary Lou Galician, head of media analysis and criticism at Arizona State University 's Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication , as saying that the news coverage of Bond's switch from Aston Martin to BMW "generated hundreds of millions of dollars of media exposure for the movie and all of its marketing partners." In addition, all computers in

10664-425: The observed frequency spectrum. EMP energy may be transferred in any of four forms: According to Maxwell's equations , a pulse of electric energy will always be accompanied by a pulse of magnetic energy. In a typical pulse, either the electric or the magnetic form will dominate. It can be shown that the non-linear Maxwell's equations can have time-dependent self-similar electromagnetic shock wave solutions where

10788-441: The original pulse, due to the transfer characteristic of the coupling mode. In practice, EMP test equipment often injects these damped sinewaves directly rather than attempting to recreate the high-energy threat pulses. In a pulse train, such as from a digital clock circuit, the waveform is repeated at regular intervals. A single complete pulse cycle is sufficient to characterise such a regular, repetitive train. An EMP arises where

10912-463: The pen from Boris's hand and into a puddle of chemicals that were spilled during an earlier firefight, causing a chemical explosion that allows Bond and Natalya to escape. To prevent Boris from regaining control of the satellite, Bond sabotages the dish's antenna by jamming its gears. Trevelyan tries to intercept him, and the ensuing fight between the two culminates in Trevelyan being dangled below

11036-449: The role and was the studio's second choice if Brosnan turned it down. Brosnan was paid $ 1.2 million for the film, out of a total budget of $ 60 million. The English actress Judi Dench was cast as M, replacing Robert Brown , making this the first film of the series to feature a female M. The decision is widely believed to have been inspired by Stella Rimington , who had become head of MI5 in 1992. The character of Alec Trevelyan

11160-469: The same day. The after-party took place at Stockholm's Grand Hôtel . Brosnan boycotted the French premiere to support Greenpeace 's protest against the French nuclear testing program. The film earned over $ 26 million during its opening across 2,667 cinemas in the United States and Canada. In the United Kingdom, it grossed a record $ 5.5 million for a non-holiday week from 448 theatres and

11284-429: The scene of the tank running through a truck full of drinks was storyboarded with a Pepsi truck, Perrier signed in a deal to be featured, providing around 90,000 cans for the scene. As James Bond entered in the 1990s, hand-painted poster designs were eschewed in favor of cutting-edge photomontage tools, promoting the return of 007 portrayed by Pierce Brosnan. Under the direction of John Parkinson and Gordon Arnell from

11408-612: The second unit sent to Russia required bodyguards. The French Navy provided full use of the frigate La Fayette and their newest helicopter, the Eurocopter Tiger , to the film's production team. The French government also allowed the use of Navy logos as part of the promotional campaign for it. However, the producers had a dispute with the French Ministry of Defence over Brosnan's opposition to French nuclear weapons testing and his involvement with Greenpeace ; as

11532-409: The series caused by legal disputes, during which Timothy Dalton 's contract for the role of James Bond expired and he decided to leave the role, being replaced by Brosnan. M was also recast, actress Judi Dench becoming the first woman to portray the character, replacing Robert Brown . The role of Miss Moneypenny was also recast, Caroline Bliss being replaced by Samantha Bond . Desmond Llewelyn

11656-512: The series into a more modern context, and the result is a 007 entry that's high-tech, action-packed, and urbane." On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. In the Chicago Sun-Times , Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, and said Brosnan's Bond

11780-405: The series' distributor United Artists , and Broccoli's Danjaq , owners of the Bond film rights. In 1990, MGM/UA was to be sold for $ 1.5 billion to Qintex , an Australian-American financial services company that had begun making television broadcast and entertainment purchases. When Qintex could not provide a $ 50 million letter of credit, the deal fell apart. Giancarlo Parretti , CEO of

11904-494: The series, such as a period piece set in the 1960s, a female 007, or a black James Bond. Ultimately, they chose to return to the basics of the series, not following the sensitive and caring Bond of the Dalton films or the political correctness that started to permeate the decade. The film came to be seen as a successful revitalization, and it effectively adapted the series for the 1990s. One of GoldenEye ' s innovations includes

12028-400: The shock received from a Van de Graaff generator . An ESD event can damage electronic circuitry by injecting a high-voltage pulse, besides giving people an unpleasant shock. Such an ESD event can also create sparks, which may in turn ignite fires or fuel-vapour explosions. For this reason, before refueling an aircraft or exposing any fuel vapor to the air, the fuel nozzle is first connected to

12152-413: The site, destroying it and Russian fighter aircraft, while knocking out some satellite systems in orbit above. The newly appointed M assigns Bond to investigate, after it is determined that the blast came from a Soviet-era satellite armed with a nuclear electromagnetic pulse space-based weapon , codenamed "GoldenEye". Although Janus is suspected of initiating the attack, Bond suspects that Ourumov, now

12276-418: The sliding vehicles, the two cars collided. The largest stunt sequence in the film was the tank chase, which took around six weeks to film, partly on location in St. Petersburg and partly on the old de Havilland runway at Leavesden. According to second-unit director Ian Sharp it was thought up by special effects supervisor Chris Corbould , during a pre-production meeting that lasted only ten minutes. Parts of

12400-483: The source emits a short-duration pulse of energy. The energy is usually broadband by nature, although it often excites a relatively narrow-band damped sine wave response in the surrounding environment. Some types are generated as repetitive and regular pulse trains . Different types of EMP arise from natural, man-made, and weapons effects. Types of natural EMP events include: Types of (civil) man-made EMP events include: Types of military EMP include: Lightning

12524-554: The stories of real-life British S.O.E. agents, including Odette and Carve Her Name With Pride . A more recent fictional example is Charlotte Gray , based on the novel by Sebastian Faulks . Also during the period, there were many detective films ( The Thin Man Goes Home and Charlie Chan in the Secret Service for example) in which the mystery involved who stole the secret blue-prints, or who kidnapped

12648-529: The stunts themselves, except for one take where one is thrown against the wall. Brosnan injured his hand while filming the extending ladder sequence, making producers delay his scenes and film the ones in Severnaya earlier. The opening 220 m (720 ft) bungee jump at Arkhangelsk, shot at the Contra Dam in Switzerland and performed by Wayne Michaels , was voted the best movie stunt of all time in

12772-399: The surrounding air, creating a secondary EMP as the atoms of air first lose their electrons and then regain them. NEMP weapons are designed to maximize such EMP effects as the primary damage mechanism, and some are capable of destroying susceptible electronic equipment over a wide area. A high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) weapon is a NEMP warhead designed to be detonated far above

12896-422: The syndicated US television program Extra , followed by a more generic theatrical trailer which revealed Bond's confrontation with agent 006. Asked about the inclusion of this spoiler in a 2019 interview, former MGM/UA Vice-president Jeff Kleeman pointed out that he felt "the idea of 006 vs 007 was a selling point". Both trailers were directed by Joe Nimziki. The theme song, " GoldenEye ", was written by Bono and

13020-632: The tank chase was shot on location in Saint Petersburg and matched to the studio at Leavesden. The climactic scenes on the satellite dish were shot at Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico . The actual MI6 headquarters were used for external views of M's office. Some of the scenes in St. Petersburg were actually shot in London – the Epsom Downs Racecourse doubled as the airport – to reduce expenses and security concerns, as

13144-406: The tank chase were filmed at the backlot of Leavesden , parts on location in St. Petersburg. The whole chase was storyboarded very carefully, said Sharp. A Russian T-54/T-55 tank, on loan from the East England Military Museum, was modified with the addition of fake explosive reactive armour panels. To avoid destroying the pavement on the city streets of St. Petersburg, the steel off-road tracks of

13268-648: The then-upcoming movie was even featured in the Carlton Hotel during the 1990 Cannes Film Festival . In August, The Sunday Times reported that producer Albert R. Broccoli had parted company with screenwriter Richard Maibaum , who had worked on the scripts of all but three Bond films so far, and director John Glen , responsible for the previous five instalments in the series. That same year, Broccoli met with potential directors, which included John Landis , Ted Kotcheff , Roger Spottiswoode , and John Byrum . Broccoli's stepson Michael G. Wilson contributed

13392-448: The use of GoldenEye, and that fellow programmer Boris Grishenko survived along with her and is now working for Janus in operating a second GoldenEye satellite. Before Mishkin can act on the information, Ourumov kills him and captures Natalya. Commandeering a T-55 tank , Bond pursues Ourumov to a missile train used by Janus. He kills Ourumov and escapes the train with Natalya before it explodes. Bond and Natalya travel to Cuba , after Boris

13516-703: The villain survived the destruction of their lair and subsequently attempted to kill Bond. In January 1991, the script was further rewritten by William Osborne and William Davies . After the Gulf War , the chemical plant opening from the prior script was revised to take place in Libya . The film would then have focused on the theft of a high-tech stealth fighter by American mobsters , with Bond trying to find it, first in Vancouver and then in Las Vegas . The aircraft

13640-577: The visible bullet impact to Trevelyan's head when he is shot in the prologue, several additional deaths during the sequence in which Onatopp guns down the workers at the Severnaya station, more explicit footage and violent behaviour in the Admiral's death, extra footage of Onatopp's death, and Bond knocking her out with a rabbit punch in the car. In 2006, the film was remastered for the James Bond Ultimate Edition DVD in which

13764-423: The weapon, while nuclear weapons generate EMP as a secondary effect. These facts limit the range of NNEMP weapons, but allow finer target discrimination. The effect of small e-bombs has proven to be sufficient for certain terrorist or military operations. Examples of such operations include the destruction of electronic control systems critical to the operation of many ground vehicles and aircraft. The concept of

13888-439: Was "somehow more sensitive, more vulnerable, more psychologically complete" than the previous ones, also commenting on Bond's "loss of innocence" since previous films. James Berardinelli described Brosnan as "a decided improvement over his immediate predecessor" with a "flair for wit to go along with his natural charm", but added that "fully one-quarter of GoldenEye is momentum-killing padding." Spy film Spy films show

14012-481: Was acknowledged in the naming of Jack Wade, the CIA character he created. The opening scene, in which an admiral is seduced and then killed, had to be rewritten following a demand from the US military, after which the nationality of the admiral was changed from American to Canadian. While the story was not based on a work by Ian Fleming, the title GoldenEye came from the name of Fleming's Jamaican estate , where he wrote

14136-494: Was also the final film in the career of special effects supervisor Derek Meddings , and was dedicated to his memory. The film accumulated a worldwide gross of over US$ 350 million, considerably better than the entire 1980s Bond films, without taking inflation into account. It received positive reviews, with critics viewing Brosnan as a worthy successor to Sean Connery’s portrayal as Bond. It also received award nominations for Best Special Visual Effects and Best Sound from

14260-435: Was completed by January 1994, production was pushed back with no concrete start. In April 1994, Dalton officially resigned from the role. In a 2014 interview, Dalton revealed that he agreed with Broccoli's expectation but could not commit to appearing in four or five more films. Further work was done on the screenplay throughout 1994. France's screenplay introduced the character of "Augustus Trevelyan", Bond's MI6 superior and

14384-523: Was dedicated. Meddings' major contribution was miniatures. It was also the first Bond film to use computer-generated imagery . Among the model effects are most external shots of Severnaya, the scene where Janus' train crashes into the tank, and the lake which hides the satellite dish, since the producers could not find a round lake in Puerto Rico. The climax in the satellite dish used scenes in Arecibo,

14508-563: Was happening in Communist countries was Communism was falling down". According to producer Michael G. Wilson, some Communist parties protested against "Socialist symbols being destroyed not by governments, but by bikini-clad women", especially certain Indian Communist parties, which threatened to boycott the film. The film was the first one bound by BMW 's three-picture deal, so the producers were offered BMW's latest roadster ,

14632-636: Was introduced to the public at a press conference at the Regent Palace Hotel on 8 June 1994. Before negotiating with Brosnan, Mel Gibson , Hugh Grant , and Liam Neeson passed on the role. Neeson said that his then fiancée Natasha Richardson wouldn't marry him if he accepted the role. Broccoli and Campbell met with Ralph Fiennes to discuss his taking the part. Fiennes later played Gareth Mallory / M in Skyfall (2012), Spectre (2015), and No Time to Die (2021). Paul McGann auditioned

14756-428: Was originally scripted as "Augustus Trevelyan" and envisaged as an older character and a mentor to Bond. Anthony Hopkins and Alan Rickman were reportedly sought for the role, but both turned it down. Sean Bean was subsequently cast and the character was rewritten as Bond's peer. The character of Natalya Simionova, originally scripted as "Marina Varoskaya", was supposed to be Paulina Porizkova , but Izabella Scorupco

14880-415: Was still involved as a consultant producer; it was his final film project before his death in 1996). The story was conceived and written by Michael France , with later collaboration by other writers. In the film, Bond fights to prevent a rogue ex-MI6 agent ( Sean Bean ), 006, from using a satellite weapon against London to cause a global financial meltdown. GoldenEye was released after a six-year hiatus in

15004-574: Was subsequently cast. The character of Boris Griscenko was originally scripted as "Alexei Makvenio", but Alan Cumming was still in the early cast. The character of Valentin Zukovsky was originally scripted as Valentin Kosgyn, aka Romaly. The character of General Ourumov was originally named "Illya Borchenko". The character General Pushkin from The Living Daylights appeared in France's initial script, but

15128-534: Was the only actor to reprise his previous role, as Q . It was the first Bond film made after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War , which provided a background for the plot. Principal photography for GoldenEye took place from January to June of 1995 in the UK, Russia , Monte Carlo , and Puerto Rico ; it was the inaugural film production to be shot at Leavesden Studios . The first Bond film to use computer-generated imagery (CGI), GoldenEye

15252-579: Was the third biggest in history, behind Jurassic Park and Batman Forever . It had the fourth-highest worldwide gross of all films in 1995, and was the most successful Bond film since Moonraker , taking inflation into account. The film was edited to be guaranteed a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and a 12 rating from the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC). The cuts included

15376-518: Was then rewritten as their single " The Juvenile ". The soundtrack was composed and performed by Éric Serra . Prolific Bond composer John Barry said that, despite an offer by Barbara Broccoli, he turned it down. Serra's score has been criticised: Richard von Busack , in Metro , wrote that it was "more appropriate for a ride on an elevator than a ride on a roller coaster", and Filmtracks said Serra "failed completely in his attempt to tie GoldenEye to

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