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25-596: The alleys are private roads , not public roads. In this area, shooting photographs and video for all purposes on the street is prohibited without permission of the area's business promotion association. Golden Gai is a few minutes' walk from the East Exit of Shinjuku Station , between the Shinjuku City Office and the Hanazono Shrine . Its architectural importance is that it provides a view into

50-441: A closed area) special-purpose roads. This category includes roads that are used exclusively to connect a private structure or plots to the road network, but also field and forest roads, areas such as car parks, public transport terminals, roads within industrial, military, hospital or school premises and areas etc. Private roads outside closed areas are largely subject to public law and public traffic on them can be restricted only with

75-417: A decreasing number of examples of the nature of Tokyo before Japan's " economic miracle ", that took place in the latter half of the 20th century. Typically, the buildings are just a few feet wide and are built so close to the ones next door that they nearly touch. Most are two-story, having a small bar at street level and either another bar or a tiny flat upstairs, reached by a steep set of stairs. None of

100-640: A period while the debt is retired, after which the highway is turned over to government control. This allows governments to fulfill immediate transportation needs despite their own budget constraints, while still retaining public ownership of the roads in the long term. An obstacle to private highways is that government regulation can stifle price flexibility and introduce negotiation and paperwork requirements that increase operational expenses, while having to compete against free public roads. In addition, private highways lack some advantages that governments have, such as sovereign immunity against liability for accidents,

125-540: A sign indicating the ownership status; however, in some cities private roads are given conventional street names through the municipal addressing system. One notable private road, the Sultan Industrial Road in Northern Ontario , is 80 kilometres long and forms part of the only existing route between two major provincial highways; it is thus under a public access agreement permitting its use by

150-463: Is often considerably less than a comparable public road. Finland is similar, with 280,000 km of private roads and only 78,000 km of public roads. In Canada private roads are main access routes or private driveways onto private property. These roads are typically maintained by private owners of the land they occupy. Some private roads are maintained by a municipality and are open to the public. Many private roads do not have any name signage other than

175-538: Is paid for with user fees, for example, the Dulles Greenway in Virginia, United States. England and Wales are thought to have about 40,000 private roads . They are not normally the responsibility of the local authority, but the authority may provide services such as street lighting. They normally have to be maintained by residents. They are referred to as unadopted roads because they have not gone through

200-688: The Hong Kong government was planning to securitize five toll tunnels and a toll bridge through bond issues. India also has a private highway under-construction between the two cities of Bangalore and Mysore in the state of Karnataka. A vast number of the country's road projects have been upgraded under a public-private partnership , thus operating similar to private highways. In Indonesia, many toll roads are built by private companies, and private toll roads are being built in Bangladesh. Mexico has some highways operated by private companies. In Canada,

225-511: The 108 km Highway 407 ETR through the Greater Toronto Area is operated privately under a 99-year lease agreement with the provincial government. The highway uses electronic toll collection . Users who do not have a toll tag (called a transponder ) in their vehicle are tracked by automatic number plate recognition , with the toll bill being mailed to the address of the plate on file. There are also some private highways in

250-713: The 3.8 million miles (6.1 million km) of streets and roads in the United States and only 2,695 miles (4,337 km) out of the 44,759 miles (72,033 km) of the interstate system." The National Center for Policy Analysis and the Cato Institute have proposed that the Demsetz auctions commonly used to award franchises be replaced with Present Value of Revenues auctions in order to reduce risk and thus required rates of return by private highway owners. Under this system, contractors would bid an amount equal to

275-428: The United States . Of the 11,000 kilometers of France's highways, 8,000 km are under private concession. 3,120 kilometers of Italy 's highways (comprising 56% of the country's toll roads) are controlled by Autostrade Concessioni e Costruzioni Autostrade. According to Forbes , "Autostrade was an early Electronic Age entry, computerizing to its highway system in 1988". The M6 Toll was the first private toll motorway in

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300-429: The area at night. Private road A private road is a road owned or controlled by a private person, persons or corporation rather than a road open to the public and owned by a government. Private roads can be on private land or can be constructed on government land for use by government agencies or by agreements for access to private facilities. Private roads are private property and are not usually open to

325-530: The artistic affinities of their patrons. Golden Gai is well known as a meeting place for musicians, artists, directors, writers, academics and actors, including many celebrities. Many of the bars only welcome regular customers, who initially should be introduced by an existing patron, although many others welcome non-regulars, some even making efforts to attract overseas tourists by displaying signs and price lists in English . Some bartenders are foreign . Many of

350-556: The bars are very large. Some are so small that they can fit only five or so customers at one time. The buildings are generally ramshackle, and the alleys are dimly lit, giving the area a very scruffy and run-down appearance. However, Golden Gai is not a cheap place to drink, and the clientele that it attracts are generally well off. Shinjuku Golden Street Theatre is a tiny theater in one corner of Golden Gai that puts on mainly comedy shows. Bars in Golden Gai are known in particular for

375-401: The bars have a particular theme, such as jazz , R&B , karaoke , punk rock , or flamenco , and their ramshackle walls are sometimes liberally plastered with movie, film and concert posters. Others cater to customers with a particular interest, such as go , exploitation films , or horse racing . Most of the bars don't open until 9:00 or 10:00   p.m., so the area is very quiet during

400-560: The consent of state authorities (public accessibility of the landscape is also protected by law). In most cases, they are not distinguished from municipal or regional roads by any signs. Private highway A private highway is a highway owned and operated for profit by private industry. Private highways are common in Asia and Europe ; in addition, a few have been built in the United States on an experimental basis. Typically, private highways are built by companies that charge tolls for

425-477: The day and early evening. Golden Gai was known for prostitution before 1958, when prostitution became illegal. Since then it has developed as a drinking area, and at least some of the bars can trace their origins back to the 1960s. In the 1980s, many buildings in Tokyo were set on fire by yakuza , so the land could be bought up by developers, but Golden Gai survived because some of its supporters took turns to guard

450-419: The present value of cash flows from user fees they are willing to accept for the project. The lowest bid would win. Boarnet and DiMento believe that private highways will become more important as the rise of gasoline-efficient hybrids causes a decline in gas tax revenues. Many highways are constructed under a " build-operate-transfer " model in which ownership ultimately goes to the government. As of 2003,

475-621: The public, and nearly half of all traffic on the road in a 2016 study consisted of passenger vehicles rather than company trucks. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia , all roads of higher categories are public by law. Just the lowest category can be private. This category is called "účelová komunikace" ("účelová komunikácia" in Slovak), the adjective "účelový" can be translated as "purpose-built", special-purpose" or "utilitarian". The road law distinguish "publicly accessible" and "closed" (in

500-418: The public. New private roads that receive government support are often built by the government and transferred to the roads principal stakeholders, those living along it. These form a private road association to maintain it and get subsidies from the government to keep it open to the rest of the public. Even after factoring in the unpaid work of the members of the association, the cost of operation and maintenance

525-750: The public. Unauthorized use of a private road may be trespassing . In some cases, the owner of a private road may permit the general public to use the road. Road regulations that apply to a public road may not apply to private roads. Common types of private roads include roads retained in subdivisions of land but not dedicated to the public, residential roads maintained by a homeowners association , housing co-operative or other group of homeowners and roads for access to industrial facilities such as forests, mines, power stations and telecommunications. There are also networks of private highways in Italy and other nations. Such highways typically are toll roads whose upkeep

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550-466: The relatively recent past of Tokyo, when large parts of the city resembled present-day Golden Gai, particularly in terms of the extremely narrow lanes and the tiny two-story buildings. Nowadays, most of the surrounding area has been redeveloped: The street plans have been changed to create much wider roads and larger building plots, and most of the buildings themselves are now much larger high- or medium- rise developments. This has left Golden Gai as one of

575-545: The statutory process of adoption, for example under Highways Act 1980 s37 or s38. Even if not expressly or implicitly dedicated for public use, public use over time may nonetheless have created public rights of way; though by Part 6 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 , in force from 2 May 2006, many public rights of way for motor vehicles in private roads have now been extinguished. In Sweden , private road associations manage two thirds of

600-402: The total road network. However, only four per cent of the total road transportation work is carried on them, mostly rural roads. In fact, only one per cent of the road transports are made on the half of the roads that do not receive government subsidies for their maintenance, with the bulk not receiving subsidies being built and maintained by the forestry industry as needed and most often closed to

625-642: The use of eminent domain power to acquire private property for roads and the ability to issue tax-exempt securities . Free-market roads are generally advocated by Libertarians , who consider them safer and more cost-effective than government operated roads. The Interstate Highway System provided for in the Federal Aid Highway Act was a federally funded, non-toll system. According to Simon Hakim and Edwin Blackstone, "by 1989, [private] roads comprised just 4,657 miles (7,495 km) of

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