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116-630: The core of the Golden Horseshoe starts from Niagara Falls at the eastern end of the Niagara Peninsula and extends west, wrapping around the western end of Lake Ontario at Hamilton and then turning northeast to Toronto (on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario), before finally terminating at Clarington in Durham Region . The term Greater Golden Horseshoe is used to describe a broader region that stretches inland from

232-463: A National Historic Landmark in 1978. 18 Broad Street is also a New York City designated landmark . The New York Stock Exchange is closed on New Year's Day , Martin Luther King Jr. Day , Washington's Birthday , Good Friday , Memorial Day , Juneteenth National Independence Day , Independence Day , Labor Day , Thanksgiving , and Christmas . When those holidays occur on a weekend,

348-477: A honeymoon destination, describing itself as the "honeymoon capital of the world". Its counterpart in New York also used the moniker. The phrase was most commonly used in brochures in the early twentieth century and declined in usage around the 1960s. With a plentiful and inexpensive source of hydroelectric power from the waterfalls, many electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical industries located there in

464-530: A provincial fair , the Exhibition Place hosts the annual Canadian National Exhibition , while the nearby Ontario Place is being redeveloped. The Golden Horseshoe is home to many amateur and professional sports clubs, and university and college varsity programs. Many professional sports clubs in the city form a part of a larger sports league . Most university varsity programs are regulated by U Sports , while college varsity programs are regulated by

580-431: A 203-year process of paper transactions and ushering in an era of automated trading. As of January 24, 2007, all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic hybrid market (except for a small group of very high-priced stocks). Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution, or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market. In the first three months of 2007, in excess of 82% of all order volume

696-518: A Municipal Accommodation Tax (MAT) fee, a percentage of which goes to the city. Fees that are present elsewhere only benefit the owners of the business itself, leading to these fees being criticized as deceptive. Some tourists have effectively fought the additional charge, while other businesses have enforced it as mandatory. In the 20th century, there was a favourable exchange rate when comparing Canadian and U.S. currencies. Niagara Falls, New York , struggles to compete against Niagara Falls, Ontario;

812-519: A base value of 50 points equal to the 1965 yearly close. This was done to reflect the value of all stocks trading at the exchange, in contrast with the then predominant Dow Jones Industrial Average which tracks just 30 stocks. To raise the profile of the composite index, in 2003, the NYSE set its new base value of 5,000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close. Its close at the end of 2013 was 10,400.32. In October 2008, NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of

928-777: A blue-collar city; however, waterfront redevelopments and large-scale gentrification have been rapidly changing the perception of the city, although it retains a dominant industrial base. Hamilton has over 100 waterfalls and cascades throughout the region. Seasonal amusement parks in the Golden Horseshoe include Canada's Wonderland , run by Six Flags in Vaughan; Wet'n'Wild Toronto (formerly Wild Water Kingdom) in Brampton ; African Lion Safari in Hamilton and Cambridge ; and Marineland in Niagara Falls. Though technically

1044-1039: A change of 6.8% from its 2016 population of 406,074 . With a land area of 1,397.09 km (539.42 sq mi), it had a population density of 310.4/km (803.8/sq mi) in 2021. As of the 2021 Census, 20.9% of the city's population were visible minorities, 3.5% had Indigenous ancestry, and the remaining 75.6% were White. The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (6.3%), Black (3.1%), Filipino (3.0%), Chinese (2.4%), Latin American (1.6%) and Arab (1.1%). 60.1% of Niagara Falls city residents self-identified with Christian denominations in 2021, down from 74.1% in 2011. 33.2% of residents were Catholic , 13.9% were Protestant , 7.1% were Christians of unspecified denomination, and 2.4% were Christian Orthodox . All other Christian denominations/Christian related traditions made up 3.5%. 30.9% of residents were irreligious or secular, up from 22.5% in 2011. Overall, followers of non-Christian religions/spiritual traditions were 9.0% of

1160-479: A change of ownership of a corporation holding a trading license. The Barnes family is the only known lineage to have five generations of NYSE members: Winthrop H. Barnes (admitted 1894), Richard W.P. Barnes (admitted 1926), Richard S. Barnes (admitted 1951), Robert H. Barnes (admitted 1972), Derek J. Barnes (admitted 2003) . In the mid-1960s, the NYSE Composite Index (NYSE: NYA) was created, with

1276-611: A conclusion as to the cause. The regulators found no evidence that the fall was caused by erroneous ("fat finger") orders. On October 29, 2012, the stock exchange was shut down for two days due to Hurricane Sandy . The last time the stock exchange was closed due to weather for a full two days was on March 12 and 13, 1888. On May 1, 2014, the stock exchange was fined $ 4.5 million by the Securities and Exchange Commission to settle charges that it had violated market rules. On August 14, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway 's A Class shares,

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1392-556: A deal in which NASDAQ would have taken control of the stock exchanges. NYSE Euronext rejected this offer twice, but it was finally terminated after the United States Department of Justice indicated their intention to block the deal due to antitrust concerns. In December 2012, ICE had proposed to buy NYSE Euronext in a stock swap with a valuation of $ 8 billion. NYSE Euronext shareholders would receive either $ 33.12 in cash, or $ 11.27 in cash and approximately

1508-581: A delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted, as well as formal organs of governance. After re-forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board, the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading, which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House . Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when

1624-560: A for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8, 2006. On April 4, 2007, the NYSE Group completed its merger with Euronext, the European combined stock market, thus forming NYSE Euronext , the first transatlantic stock exchange. Wall Street is the leading U.S. money center for international financial activities and the foremost U.S. location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. "It comprises

1740-399: A for-profit, publicly traded company. Seat owners received $ 500,000 in cash per seat and 77,000 shares of the newly formed corporation. The NYSE now sells one-year licenses to trade directly on the exchange. Licenses for floor trading are available for $ 40,000 and a license for bond trading is available for as little as $ 1,000 as of 2010. Neither are resellable, but may be transferable during

1856-690: A matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, and financial industry firms" (Robert, 2002). The principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE and the CEO was Duncan Niederauer . Currently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher. In 2016, NYSE owner Intercontinental Exchange Inc. earned $ 419 million in listings-related revenues. The exchange

1972-485: A more modern, continuous trading system superior to the NYSE's twice-daily call sessions". The Open Board of Stock Brokers merged with the NYSE in 1869. Robert Wright of Bloomberg writes that the merger increased the NYSE's members as well as trading volume, as "several dozen regional exchanges were also competing with the NYSE for customers. Buyers, sellers and dealers all wanted to complete transactions as quickly and cheaply as technologically possible and that meant finding

2088-519: A part of the Butler's Rangers , including Richard Pierpoint . When they were disbanded in 1783, they tried to establish themselves through farming nearby, making them among the first Black settlers in the region. It is estimated that nearly 10 percent of the Loyalists to settle in the area were Black Loyalists . Niagara Falls' Black population increased in the following decades, as a destination on

2204-557: A pilot project providing weekend and holiday train service from Toronto to Niagara falls from mid June to mid October. These GO Trains run seasonally between Toronto Union Station and Niagara Falls at weekends. At other times, regular hourly GO train services are provided between Toronto Union and Burlington station, where connecting bus services operate to and from the rail station at Niagara. As of January 2019, GO Transit offers two-way, weekday commuter service from Niagara Falls station (Ontario) to Union Station (Toronto) as part of

2320-620: A plurality of the population (49.0%); the next largest groups were those of South Asian descent (1,273,525 people or 16.6%) and those of East Asian heritage (813,015 people or 10.6%) The economy of this region is very diverse. As of 2007, the Toronto Stock Exchange is the third-largest in North America by market capitalization (after the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq ), and seventh-largest in

2436-515: A population of 94,415 living in 37,793 of its 39,778 total private dwellings, a change of 7.2% from its 2016 population of 88,071 . With a land area of 210.25 km (81.18 sq mi), it had a population density of 449.1/km (1,163.1/sq mi) in 2021. At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the St. Catharines - Niagara CMA had a population of 433,604 living in 179,224 of its 190,878 total private dwellings,

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2552-428: A sixth of a share of ICE. Jeffrey Sprecher , the chairman and CEO of ICE, will retain those positions, but four members of the NYSE board of directors will be added to the ICE board. On January 24, 2023, a glitch in NYSE caused panic due to unintentional trade orders opened and closed in more than 250 securities. The NYSE's opening and closing bells mark the beginning and the end of each trading day. The opening bell

2668-596: Is Buffalo Niagara International Airport in Cheektowaga, New York , in the United States. Buffalo Niagara carries the second-largest passenger volume in the region, serving over 5 million passengers in 2018. It is frequently used by Canadian passengers flying to US destinations. Niagara Falls, Ontario Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario , Canada, adjacent to, and named after, Niagara Falls . As of

2784-399: Is 154 centimetres (61 in), in which it can receive lake effect snow from both lakes Erie and Ontario. Summers are warm to hot and humid, with a July high of 27.4 °C (81.3 °F) and a low of 17 °C (62.6 °F). The average annual precipitation is 970.2 millimetres (38 in), which is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year. Niagara Falls holds the record for

2900-577: Is a major part of the city's economy: its skyline consists of multiple high-rise hotels and observation towers that overlook the waterfalls and adjacent parkland. Souvenir shops, arcades, museums, amusement rides, indoor water parks, casinos, theatres and a convention centre are located nearby in the city's large tourist area. Other parts of the city include historic sites from the War of 1812 , parks, golf courses, commercial spaces, and residential neighbourhoods. Prior to European arrival, present day Niagara Falls

3016-713: Is an environmentally degraded area along the Niagara Escarpment. Similar protection of some wooded areas exists on the Oak Ridges Moraine running east–west in the north end of the Greater Toronto Area, although development pressures continue to threaten the natural habitat. The Niagara Region has become one of the major wine -production areas in Canada. The Golden Horseshoe contains many small towns with historic main streets, most notably

3132-544: Is an inactive railway bridge; it is closed off by the Canadian Pacific Railways to prevent trespassing but can be accessed by NRPS or CBSA/CBP if required. Niagara Falls is linked to major highways in Canada. The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW), stretching from Fort Erie to Toronto , passes through Niagara Falls. Highway 420 (along with Niagara Regional Road 420) connect the Rainbow Bridge to

3248-626: Is another subway line under construction in Toronto. The Hurontario LRT is currently under construction in Peel Region, as well as various bus rapid transit projects in Peel and York Regions. The primary airport of the region is Toronto Pearson International Airport (officially Lester B. Pearson International Airport), located in Mississauga. Handling 50.5 million passengers in 2019, it is

3364-917: Is considered to be the first European to visit the area in the 1670s. French colonists settled mostly in Lower Canada, beginning near the Atlantic, and in Quebec and Montreal. After surveys were completed in 1782 the area was referred to as Township Number 2 as well as Mount Dorchester after Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester (and today is only honoured by Dorchester Road and the community of Dorchester Village). The earliest settlers of Township Number 2 were Philip George Bender (namesake of Bender Street and Bender Hill near Casino Niagara originally from Germany and later New Jersey and Philadelphia ) and Thomas McMicken (a Scottish-born British Army veteran). Increased settlement in this area took place during and after

3480-476: Is employed by a NYSE member firm (that is, they are not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange), acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction. They do on occasion (approximately 10% of the time) facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and as a matter of course disseminate information to

3596-725: Is expected to play its home games at the Coca-Cola Coliseum starting in 2026. The Golden Horseshoe is served by a network of expressways ; central among these are the Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 401 , the latter of which is one of the widest and busiest expressways in the world. Public transit in the region is coordinated by Metrolinx . Regional transit is provided by GO Transit trains and buses, and by intercity bus operators such as Ontario Northland and Coach Canada . GO Transit's train network encompasses seven commuter rail lines linking municipalities in

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3712-816: Is home to several universities , including the University of Toronto and McMaster University in Hamilton, which are ranked 1st and 4th in Canada, respectively, by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . Other universities in the region include Brock University in St. Catharines, Trent University in Peterborough, York University in northern Toronto near Vaughan, OCAD University in downtown Toronto, Ontario Tech University in Oshawa, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University),

3828-469: Is open for trading Monday through Friday from 9:30 am – 4:00 pm ET , with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance. Proposals for round-the-clock trading have been considered by NYSE. The NYSE trades in a continuous auction format, where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors. They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker, who

3944-652: Is part of the Toronto television market, even though it is directly across the Niagara River from its American twin city, which is part of the Buffalo market. New York Stock Exchange The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE , nicknamed " The Big Board ") is an American stock exchange in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City . It is the largest stock exchange in

4060-425: Is rung at 9:30 am ET to mark the start of the day's trading session. At 4 pm ET the closing bell is rung and trading for the day stops. There are bells located in each of the four main sections of the NYSE that all ring at the same time once a button is pressed. There are three buttons that control the bells, located on the control panel behind the podium which overlooks the trading floor. The main bell, which

4176-417: Is rung at the beginning and end of the trading day, is controlled by a green button. The second button, colored orange, activates a single-stroke bell that is used to signal a moment of silence. A third, red button controls a backup bell which is used in case the main bell fails to ring. The ringing of the bells usually accompanied with applause and is often done by VIPs and celebrities (See pictures and

4292-669: Is served by two main local newspapers, three radio stations and a community television channel. All other media is regionally based, as well, from Hamilton and Toronto. Local newspapers are: Due to its proximity to Hamilton and Toronto, local residents have access to the papers like The Hamilton Spectator , the Toronto Star , and the Toronto Sun . The area is otherwise served by stations from Toronto , Hamilton and Buffalo . Television stations from Toronto and Buffalo are also widely available. Officially, Niagara Falls

4408-561: The 1997 Mini-Crash but from which the DJIA recovered quickly. This was the first time that the " circuit breaker " rule had operated. On January 26, 2000, an altercation during filming of the music video for Rage Against the Machine 's " Sleep Now in the Fire ", directed by Michael Moore , caused the doors of the exchange to be closed and the band to be escorted from the site by security after

4524-522: The 2017 North American Indigenous Games , and the 2018 NACAC Championships . Although much of the 1976 Summer Olympics was held in Montreal , several matches for the event's soccer tournament were played in Toronto. Toronto is among various cities in North America to host select matches for the 2026 FIFA World Cup . Note that the Toronto Blue Jays temporarily played their home games in

4640-669: The 2021 census , the city had a population of 94,415. The city is located on the Niagara Peninsula along the western bank of the Niagara River , which forms part of the Canada–United States border , with the other side being the twin city of Niagara Falls, New York . Niagara Falls is within the Regional Municipality of Niagara and a part of the St. Catharines - Niagara Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) . Tourism

4756-677: The American Revolutionary War , when the British Crown made land grants to Loyalists to help them resettle in Upper Canada and provide some compensation for their losses after the United States became independent. Loyalist Robert Land received 200 acres (81 ha) and was one of the first people of European descent to settle in the Niagara Region. He moved to nearby Hamilton three years later due to

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4872-668: The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) for $ 260 million in stock. On February 15, 2011, NYSE and Deutsche Börse announced their merger to form a new company, as yet unnamed, wherein Deutsche Börse shareholders would have 60% ownership of the new entity, and NYSE Euronext shareholders would have 40%. On February 1, 2012, the European Commission blocked the merger of NYSE with Deutsche Börse , after commissioner Joaquín Almunia stated that

4988-629: The Buttonwood Agreement . Previously, securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers , who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. On May 17, 1792, twenty-four brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement, which set a floor commission rate charged to clients and bound the signers to give preference to the other signers in securities sales. The earliest securities traded were mostly governmental securities such as War Bonds from

5104-580: The Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association . In addition to the number of sports clubs and programs based in the region, the Golden Horseshoe has also hosted a number of international multi-sport events , including the 1930 British Empire Games (predecessor to the Commonwealth Games ), the 1976 Summer Paralympics , the 2015 Pan American Games and Parapan American Games , the 2017 Invictus Games ,

5220-532: The Niagara Gorge on the Niagara River , which flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario . The city of Niagara Falls has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfa ) which is moderated to an extent in all seasons by proximity to bodies of water. Winters are cold, with a January high of −0.4 °C (31.3 °F) and a low of −7.8 °C (18.0 °F). However, temperatures above 0 °C (32.0 °F) are common during winter. The average annual snowfall

5336-404: The Niagara Peninsula produce wines, in particular, the ice wine for which the region is known. As of 2014, sectors such as information technology , health care, Agtech, tourism, research and finance provide the bulk of growth in the Golden Horseshoe. The cities of Brampton , Markham , Waterloo Region and Mississauga are emerging as hubs for technology and innovation. The region is one of

5452-694: The Places to Grow Act . The designation Greater Golden Horseshoe has legal significance with respect to taxation: in April 2017, the Government of Ontario announced plans to impose a 15 per cent Non-Resident Speculation Tax (NRST) on non-Canadian citizens, non-permanent residents and non-Canadian corporations (with exceptions or rebates for refugees , qualifying students and certain people working in Ontario) buying residential properties containing one to six units in

5568-691: The Queen Elizabeth Way ) are patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and the rest by Niagara Regional Police (NRPS) for city streets and general policing or Niagara Parks Police (NPP) on property relating to Niagara Parks Commission . Policing on the Canadian side of bridges (Whirlpool and Rainbow Bridges) are conducted by both Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) operations, but may involve Niagara Regional Police and/or OPP, as well as US agencies. Michigan Central Railway Bridge

5684-964: The Royal Ontario Museum , the Art Gallery of Ontario , and the Hockey Hall of Fame . The region is home to several shopping malls such as Yorkdale Shopping Centre , Toronto Eaton Centre , Fairview Mall , Scarborough Town Centre , and Sherway Gardens . Located in the suburbs of Toronto are Vaughan Mills in Vaughan , Bramalea City Centre in Brampton, Square One Shopping Centre in Mississauga , and Pacific Mall and Markville Shopping Centre in Markham . Annual cultural festivals that draw tourists and locals alike include

5800-468: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission , with a president and a thirty-three-member board. On February 18, 1971, the non-profit corporation was formed, and the number of board members was reduced to twenty-five. One of Abbie Hoffman 's well-known publicity stunts took place in 1967, when he led members of the Yippie movement to the Exchange's gallery. The provocateurs hurled fistfuls of dollars toward

5916-473: The Underground Railroad . In 1856, a British Methodist Episcopal (BME) Church was established for African-Canadian worshipers. The BME Church, Nathaniel Dett Memorial Chapel is now a National Historic Site , remaining in operation into the 21st century. Composer, organist, pianist and music professor Nathaniel Dett was born in Niagara Falls in 1882. In 1886, Burr Plato became one of

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6032-518: The University of Guelph , the University of Waterloo , Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, and the Université de l'Ontario français in downtown Toronto. The Golden Horseshoe is also home to many colleges. Public primary and secondary schooling is typically provided by school boards , largely organized at the municipal or county/regional level. The only school board that operates throughout

6148-478: The 2011 rule change, at the start of each trading day, the NYSE sets three circuit breaker levels at levels of 7% (Level 1), 13% (Level 2), and 20% (Level 3) of the average closing price of the S&;P 500 for the preceding trading day. Level 1 and Level 2 declines result in a 15-minute trading halt unless they occur after 3:25 pm, when no trading halts apply. A Level 3 decline results in trading being suspended for

6264-545: The Canadian and US currencies moved closer to parity in the 2000s, Niagara Falls, Ontario continued to be a popular destination for Americans, while Niagara Falls, New York, experienced a prolonged economic downturn. Ontario's legal drinking age is 19, which attracts potential alcohol consumers from across the border, as the American drinking age is 21. Some cultural areas of Niagara Falls include Queen Street, Main and Ferry Streets, Stamford Centre and Chippawa Square. Community centres that are host to cultural activities include

6380-414: The Canadian side has a greater average annual income, a higher average home price, and lower levels of vacant buildings and blight, as well as a more vibrant economy and better tourism infrastructure. The population of Niagara Falls, New York fell by half from the 1960s to 2012. In contrast, the population of Niagara Falls, Ontario more than tripled. The Ontario government introduced legal gambling to

6496-490: The City of Niagara Falls Museums, Niagara Falls Public Libraries, Coronation 50 Plus Recreation Centre, Club Italia and Scotia Bank Convention Centre. Notable attractions in Niagara Falls include: Niagara Falls City Council consists of eight councillors and a mayor. City elections take place every four years with the most recent election held on 24 October 2022 . Council is responsible for policy and decision making, monitoring

6612-415: The Exchange on October 24, 1929, and the sell-off panic which started on Black Tuesday , October 29, are often blamed for precipitating the Great Depression . In an effort to restore investor confidence, the Exchange unveiled a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public on October 31, 1938. On October 1, 1934, the exchange was registered as a national securities exchange with

6728-447: The Golden Horseshoe is Conseil scolaire Viamonde , a public French-language school board, and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir , a public French-language separate school board. Both of these public French-language school boards operate across the Ontario Peninsula . The CN Tower in downtown Toronto is among the most internationally notable attractions in the Golden Horseshoe. Other major attractions in downtown Toronto include

6844-400: The Golden Horseshoe to Toronto's Union Station , which is the busiest railway station in Canada and the second-busiest railway station in North America, with 72 million passengers per year. Expansion is underway to facilitate all-day 15-minute or better commuter train service, electrification and increased ridership on five of the busiest lines. Local transit is provided by municipal agencies,

6960-419: The Great Lakes. Large rail and truck distribution facilities are located in Toronto, Vaughan and Brampton. Food processing is also a key ingredient in the economy. Niagara Falls has one of the world's largest per-capita tourist economies, benefiting from millions of tourists coming to see its waterfalls, shop in its numerous stores, and visit its many attractions. The winemaking and fruit-growing industries of

7076-429: The Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH). The provincial transit authority Metrolinx makes use of the term Greater Golden Horseshoe. The Metrolinx definition is consistent with the original 2004 Places to Grow definition. However, the city and county of Peterborough is not included. The Golden Horseshoe is among the most multicultural regions in Canada. In 2021, there were 3,762,090 people of European heritage, forming

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7192-431: The NYSE imposed rules restricting brokers from voting uninstructed shares. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the seventh floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. On April 21, 2005, the NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago in a deal intended to reorganize the NYSE as a publicly traded company. NYSE's governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6, 2005, and became

7308-402: The NYSE reopened on May 26, 2020. The main New York Stock Exchange Building , built in 1903, is at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, and was designed in the Beaux Arts style by George B. Post . The adjacent structure at 11 Wall Street, completed in 1922, was designed in a similar style by Trowbridge & Livingston . The buildings were both designated

7424-483: The Niagara GO Expansion. The full expansion project is expected to be complete by 2025. The City of Niagara Falls is working toward Bike Friendly designation and providing more resources to encourage active transportation. Niagara Falls has one post-secondary institution in the city and another in the Niagara Region. Niagara is served by the District School Board of Niagara and the Niagara Catholic District School Board which operate elementary and secondary schools in

7540-461: The QEW. The Niagara Parkway is a road operated under the Niagara Parks Commission which connects Niagara-on-the-Lake to Fort Erie via Niagara Falls. Niagara Falls formerly had King's Highways passing through the city. These included: Via Rail Canada and Amtrak jointly provide service to the Niagara Falls station via their Maple Leaf service between Toronto Union Station and New York Penn Station . In summer 2009, Go Transit started

7656-463: The Revolutionary War and First Bank of the United States stock, although Bank of New York stock was a non-governmental security traded in the early days. The Bank of North America , along with the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York, were the first shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1817, the stockbrokers of New York, operating under the Buttonwood Agreement , instituted new reforms and reorganized. After sending

7772-430: The Toronto Caribbean Carnival (formerly known as Caribana ) and Taste of the Danforth in Toronto. The Niagara Escarpment , a world biosphere reserve as designated by the United Nations, runs from the north at Bruce Peninsula and then east through the region cutting the Niagara Gorge at Niagara Falls. The Bruce Trail runs along the escarpment through mostly protected woodlands. The Cheltenham Badlands in Caledon

7888-442: The United States (more specifically Dunedin, Florida and Buffalo, New York ) due to the COVID-19 pandemic in North America in 2020 and 2021 , while the Toronto Raptors played their home games in the United States (more specifically Tampa, Florida ) during the pandemic to minimize cross-border travel. In May 2024, the WNBA announced that its 14th franchise had been awarded to Toronto-based Kilmer Sports Ventures . The team

8004-431: The area is covered by the environmentally protected Greenbelt . The Greater Golden Horseshoe forms the neck of the Ontario Peninsula . The horseshoe part of the region's name is derived from the characteristic horseshoe shape of the west end of Lake Ontario. The golden part is historically attributed to the region's wealth and prosperity, according to the Canadian Oxford Dictionary . The phrase Golden Horseshoe

8120-491: The bill they take. The collected money is untraceable and there are no controls over how each establishment spends it. The Ontario government—concerned tourists could be misled into believing the fees were endorsed by the government—warned hotels and restaurants in 2008 not to claim the fee if it was not being remitted to a legitimate non-profit agency that promotes tourism. The practise continues and takes in an estimated $ 15 million per-year. Hotels specifically charge

8236-443: The busiest in Canada and the 31st busiest in the world . Other regional airports of significance include John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport located in southern Hamilton, which is a major regional freight and courier location as well as the Region of Waterloo International Airport in Kitchener; Buttonville Airport (closed since November 2023) and Billy Bishop Airport in the Greater Toronto Area . Within driving distance

8352-402: The button that signals the bells to ring. Due to the amount of coverage that the opening/closing bells receive, many companies coordinate new product launches and other marketing-related events to start on the same day as when the company's representatives ring the bell. It was only in 1995 that the NYSE began having special guests ring the bells on a regular basis; prior to that, ringing the bells

8468-724: The city is encouraging redevelopment of this area as an arts and culture district. The downtown was a major centre for local commerce and night life up until the 1970s, when the Niagara Square Shopping Centre began to draw away crowds and retailers. Since 2006, Historic Niagara has brought art galleries, boutiques, cafés and bistros to the street. Attractions include renovation of the Seneca Theatre. In 2004, several tourist establishments in Niagara Falls began adding additional fees to bills. These fees have various different names and range in what percentage of

8584-408: The community of Niagara-on-the-Lake , located near the Niagara River . Niagara Falls has one of the world's largest waterfalls and attracts millions to Clifton Hill , a neighbourhood with souvenir stores, small attractions, restaurants and skyline-defining hotels. There are also two casinos: Casino Niagara and Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort . Hamilton has the historical reputation of being

8700-529: The core to the area of the Trent–Severn Waterway , such as Peterborough , in the northeast, to Barrie and Lake Simcoe in the north, and to the Grand River area, which includes cities such as Brantford and Guelph , to the west. The extended region's area covers approximately 33,500 km (13,000 sq mi), out of this, 7,300 km (2,800 sq mi) or approximately 22 percent of

8816-423: The cost of seat reached a then-record $ 185,000. The most expensive inflation-adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for $ 625,000, which, today, would be over six million dollars. In recent times, seats have sold for as high as $ 4 million in the late 1990s and as low as $ 1 million in 2001. In 2005, seat prices shot up to $ 3.25 million as the exchange entered into an agreement to merge with Archipelago and became

8932-408: The crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together. The auction process moved toward automation in 1995 through the use of wireless handheld computers (HHC). The system enabled traders to receive and execute orders electronically via wireless transmission. On September 25, 1995, NYSE member Michael Einersen, who designed and developed this system, executed 1000 shares of IBM through this HHC ending

9048-481: The early to mid-20th century. Industry began moving out of the city in the 1970s and 80s because of economic recession and increasing global competition in the manufacturing sector. Tourism increasingly became the city's most important revenue source. Recent development has been mostly centred on the Clifton Hill and Fallsview areas. The Niagara Falls downtown (Queen Street) is undergoing a major revitalization;

9164-488: The first African Canadians to be elected to political office, holding the position of City Councillor of Niagara Falls until 1901. Niagara Falls is approximately 130 km (81 mi) by road from Ontario's capital of Toronto , which is across Lake Ontario to the north. The area of the Niagara Region is approximately 1,800 km (690 sq mi). The city is built along the Niagara Falls waterfalls and

9280-522: The gong was switched to the bell format that is currently being used. The bell itself was produced by Bevin Brothers in East Hampton, Connecticut , which is known colloquially as "Bell Town" for its history of bell foundries and metal toy manufacturing. A common sight today is the highly publicized events in which a celebrity or executive from a corporation stands behind the NYSE podium and pushes

9396-474: The highest priced shares on the NYSE, hit $ 200,000 a share for the first time. On July 8, 2015, technical issues affected the stock exchange, halting trading at 11:32 am ET. The NYSE reassured stock traders that the outage was "not a result of a cyber breach", and the Department of Homeland Security confirmed that there was "no sign of malicious activity". Trading eventually resumed at 3:10 pm ET

9512-471: The highest temperature recorded in Canada in January, when it reached 22.2 °C (72 °F) on January 26, 1950. Although more historical and cultural diversity exists, Niagara Falls has 11 communities and 67 neighbourhoods defined by Planning Neighbourhoods and Communities for the City of Niagara Falls. (>2000 population) In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Niagara Falls had

9628-493: The holiday is observed on the closest weekday. In addition, the Stock Exchange closes early on the day before Independence Day, the day after Thanksgiving, and Christmas Eve. The NYSE averages about 253 trading days per year. The New York Stock Exchange (sometimes referred to as " The Big Board ") provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered for public trading. The NYSE

9744-799: The largest of which is the Toronto Transit Commission , which operates three subway lines and one former light metro line and an extensive bus and streetcar network . Rapid transit systems that operate primarily outside Toronto include the VIVA bus rapid transit in York Region, the ION light rail system in Kitchener-Waterloo , and the Mississauga transitway . Line 5 and Line 6 are under construction LRT lines in Toronto that are part of its subway system. The Ontario Line

9860-402: The largest tech cluster in North America outside of Silicon Valley . The area is home to more than 15,000 tech companies, including over 5,000 startups, and nearly 300,000 employees in high-tech industries. About two-thirds of those employees are classified as “tech workers,” which includes programmers, developers, etc. with 8 percent of the total workforce employed in tech. The Golden Horseshoe

9976-472: The local economy in the mid-1990s. Casino Niagara precipitated an economic boom in the late 1990s as numerous luxury hotels and tourist attractions were built, and a second casino, Niagara Fallsview , opened in 2004. Both attracted American tourists due in part to the comparatively less expensive Canadian dollar, and despite the opening of the Seneca Niagara Casino on the American side. When

10092-430: The markets with the most trading, or the greatest liquidity in today's parlance. Minimizing competition was essential to keep a large number of orders flowing, and the merger helped the NYSE maintain its reputation for providing superior liquidity." The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York. By 1869, membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of

10208-498: The members attempted to gain entry into the exchange. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks , the NYSE was closed for four trading sessions, resuming on Monday, September 17, one of the rare times the NYSE was closed for more than one session and only the third time since March 1933. On the first day, the NYSE suffered a 7.1% drop in value (684 points); after a week, it dropped by 14% (1,370 points). An estimated $ 1.4 trillion

10324-530: The merger "would have led to a near-monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide". Instead, Deutsche Börse and NYSE would have to sell either their Eurex derivatives or LIFFE shares in order to not create a monopoly. On February 2, 2012, NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Börse agreed to scrap the merger. In April 2011, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), an American futures exchange , and NASDAQ OMX Group had together made an unsolicited proposal to buy NYSE Euronext for approximately US$ 11,000,000,000,

10440-552: The nineteenth century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics and crashes. Government regulation of securities trading was eventually seen as necessary, with arguably the most dramatic changes occurring in the 1930s after a major stock market crash precipitated the Great Depression . The NYSE has also imposed additional rules in response to shareholder protection controls, e.g. in 2012,

10556-407: The north and take in numerous cities and towns already there, including Hamilton and Toronto. The speech writer who actually penned the phrase was Charles Hunter MacBain, executive assistant to five Westinghouse presidents including Rogge. The Golden Horseshoe was officialized on July 13, 2004, in a report from the provincial Ministry of Public Infrastructure Renewal titled Places to Grow , in which

10672-636: The operation and performance of the city, analysing and approving budgets and determining spending priorities. Due to regulations put forward by the Municipal Elections Act 1996, elections are held on the fourth Monday in October except for religious holidays or if a member of council or if the mayor resigns. Jim Diodati has been the mayor of Niagara Falls since 2010. As of 2023, the city's fire and emergency services are staffed by 130 firefighters and 104 volunteers. Provincial roads (namely

10788-629: The parent company of United Airlines , which broke down. When the UAL deal fell through, it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond market causing the Dow to fall 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent. Similarly, there was a panic in the financial world during the year of 1997; the Asian Financial Crisis . Like the fall of many foreign markets, the Dow suffered a 7.18% drop in value (554.26 points) on October 27, 1997, in what later became known as

10904-495: The population. The largest of these were Islam (4.1%), Hinduism (2.0%), Sikhism (1.4%) and Buddhism (0.8%) Tourism started in the early 19th century and has been a vital part of the local economy since that time. The falls became known as a natural wonder, in part to their being featured in paintings by prominent American artists of the 19th century such as Albert Bierstadt . Such works were reproduced as lithographs, becoming widely distributed. Niagara Falls marketed itself as

11020-488: The present location was adopted. The invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets and New York's market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Open Board of Stock Brokers was established in 1864 as a competitor to the NYSE. With 354 members, the Open Board of Stock Brokers rivaled the NYSE in membership (which had 533) "because it used

11136-470: The region's borders extended west to Waterloo Region , north to Barrie / Simcoe County , and northeast to the county and city of Peterborough . A subsequent edition released on February 16, 2005, broadened the term further, adding Brant , Haldimand and Northumberland Counties to the region. The Greater Golden Horseshoe region is officially designated in Ontario Regulation 416/05 under

11252-498: The region, the manufacturing sector has experienced a significant decline since 2000 as a result of unfavourable currency exchange rates, increasing energy costs, and reduced demand from the United States, which is by far the largest market for Ontario's goods. The Port of Hamilton and the Port of Toronto are the two largest inland ports on Lake Ontario . The Welland Canal system handles tanker ships and recreational traffic through

11368-449: The region. There are also numerous private institutions offer alternatives to the traditional education systems. Niagara Falls is also served by Niagara Falls Public Library , a growing library system composed of four branches, with the main branch in the downtown area. It is visited by over 10,000 people weekly. An extensive online database of photographs and artwork is maintained at Historic Niagara Digital Collections. Niagara Falls

11484-596: The relentless noise of the falls. In 1791, John Graves Simcoe renamed the town as Stamford after Stamford, Lincolnshire in England but today Stamford is only used for an area northwest of downtown Niagara Falls as well as Stamford Street. During the war of 1812, the battle of Lundy's Lane took place nearby in July 1814. In 1856, the Town of Clifton was incorporated by Ogden Creighton after Clifton, Bristol . The name of

11600-455: The remainder of the day. (The biggest one-day decline in the S&;P 500 since 1987 was the 11.98% drop on March 16, 2020 .) Until 2005, the right to directly trade shares on the exchange was conferred upon owners of a limited number of "seats". The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade. In 1868, the number of seats was fixed at 533, and this number

11716-609: The same day. On May 25, 2018, Stacey Cunningham , the NYSE's chief operating officer, became the Big Board's 67th president, succeeding Thomas Farley. She is the first female leader in the exchange's 226-year history. In March 2020, the NYSE announced plans to temporarily move to all-electronic trading on March 23, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Along with the PHLX and the BSE ,

11832-516: The second-biggest one-day drop the exchange had experienced. Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday, a day in which the Exchange's systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades. Subsequently, there was another major drop for the Dow on October 13, 1989—the Mini-Crash of 1989 . The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a $ 6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation,

11948-404: The section "Notable bell-ringers"). The signal to start and stop trading was not always a bell; a gavel was the original signal, which is still utilized alongside the bell. However, the gavel is frequently damaged. During the late 1800s, the NYSE decided to switch the gavel for a gong to signal the day's beginning and end. After the NYSE changed to its present location at 18 Broad Street in 1903,

12064-521: The surrounding Stamford Township. In 1970, the Niagara regional government was formed. This resulted in the village of Chippawa , Willoughby Township, and part of Crowland Township being annexed into Niagara Falls. An internment camp for Germans was set up at The Armoury (now Niagara Military Museum) in Niagara Falls from December 1914 to August 1918. Niagara Falls has had a Black population since at least 1783. Up to 12 African-Americans were

12180-457: The town was changed to Niagara Falls in 1881. In 1882, the community of Drummondville (near the present-day corner of Lundy's Lane and Main Street) was incorporated as the village of Niagara Falls (South). The village was referred to as Niagara Falls South to differentiate it from the town. In 1904, the town and village amalgamated to form the City of Niagara Falls. In 1963, the city amalgamated with

12296-483: The trading floor below. Some traders booed, and some laughed and waved. Three months later the stock exchange enclosed the gallery with bulletproof glass. Hoffman wrote a decade later, "We didn't call the press; at that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event." On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped 508 points, a 22.6% loss in a single day,

12412-556: The world by market capitalization . The NYSE trading floor is located at the New York Stock Exchange Building on 11 Wall Street and 18 Broad Street and is a National Historic Landmark . A previous trading room, at 30 Broad Street , was closed in February 2007. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange , an American holding company that it also lists (ticker symbol ICE). Previously, it

12528-411: The world. Cities including Hamilton, Oshawa, Oakville, Whitby and Kitchener all contain major large-scale industrial production facilities, Hamilton being dominated by the steel industry and Oakville and Oshawa primarily in the automotive industry . Other significant automotive-production facilities also exist in Brampton , and St. Catharines . While manufacturing remains important to the economy of

12644-462: Was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I (July 31, 1914), but it partially re-opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds , and completely reopened for stock trading in mid-December. On September 16, 1920, the Wall Street bombing occurred outside the building, killing forty people and injuring hundreds more. The Black Thursday crash of

12760-536: Was delivered to the floor electronically. NYSE works with US regulators such as the SEC and CFTC to coordinate risk management measures in the electronic trading environment through the implementation of mechanisms like circuit breakers and liquidity replenishment points. Following the Black Monday market crash in 1987, NYSE imposed trading curbs to reduce market volatility and massive panic sell-offs. Following

12876-491: Was first used by Westinghouse Electric Corporation president Herbert H. Rogge in a speech to the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce on January 12, 1954: Hamilton in 50 years will be the forward cleat in a "golden horseshoe" of industrial development from Oshawa to the Niagara River  ... 150 miles [240 km] long and 50 miles [80 km] wide ... It will run from Niagara Falls on the south to about Oshawa on

12992-413: Was increased several times over the years. In 1953, the number of seats was set permanently at 1,366. These seats were a sought-after commodity as they conferred the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE, and seat holders were commonly referred to as members of the NYSE. Seat prices varied widely over the years, generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions. In January 1927

13108-495: Was lost within five days of trading. The NYSE was only 5 blocks from Ground Zero . On May 6, 2010, the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the crash on October 19, 1987, with a 998-point loss later being called the 2010 Flash Crash (as the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding). The SEC and CFTC published a report on the event, although it did not come to

13224-447: Was part of NYSE Euronext (NYX), which was formed by the NYSE's 2007 merger with Euronext . According to a Gallup poll conducted in 2022, approximately 58% of American adults reported having money invested in the stock market, either through individual stocks, mutual funds , or retirement accounts . The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to

13340-516: Was populated by Iroquoian -speaking Neutral people but, after attacks from the Haudenosaunee and Seneca , the Neutral people population was severely reduced. The Haudenosaunee people remained in the area until Europeans made first contact in the late 17th century. The Niagara Falls area had some European settlement in the 17th century. Louis Hennepin , a French priest and missionary ,

13456-461: Was usually the responsibility of the exchange's floor managers. Many of the people who ring the bell are business executives whose companies trade on the exchange, usually to announce new products, acquisitions, mergers or public offerings. However, there have also been many famous people from outside the world of business that have rung the bell, such as the Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani and

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