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40-590: The Golijska Moravica originates from the western slopes of the Golija mountain and flows straight to the north, between the Golija and Javor mountains, through the Stari Vlah region. Even though the area in the lower course is sparsely populated, there are many hamlets on the river, characteristically organized in clusters. More important are the villages of Sakovići, Gazdovići, Kumanica, Međurečje (where it receives

80-471: A C-shape. The mountain is located between Novi Pazar and Raška on south and Ivanjica on the north. It covers an area of about 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi). The highest peak is Jankov Kamen 1,833 metres (6,014 ft). It was named after Sibinjanin Janko, Serbian romanticized version of Hungarian medieval knight John Hunyadi . According to local myths, when he was returning to Hungary after

120-540: A clear day, even a distant mountains, like Durmitor in Montenegro or even Kosmaj , close to Belgrade , are visible. There are over 250 water springs on Golija. The Moravica and Studenica rivers have their headwaters at this mountain. Studenica breaches through the mountain, in its deep valley with several shorter gorges. The Izubra tributary has three waterfalls of total height of around 20 metres (66 ft), and several cascades. There are four lakes on

160-752: A ten-year truce that existed with the Ottoman Empire following the Peace of Szeged , launched a new crusade. Meeting the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Varna , the crusading army was destroyed and the king was killed. Two years later in 1446, Sultan Murad II returned to the Balkans seeking revenge for the treaty breaking that preceded the battle. That year his army breached the Hexamilion wall and ravaged

200-414: Is a memorial drinking fountain, dedicated to the forestry pioneer on Golija, Vlastimir Parezanović. It holds a carved inscription: "If every man would know which tree is his own, he would never cut it". Battle of Kosovo (1448) The Second Battle of Kosovo ( Hungarian : második rigómezei csata , Turkish : İkinci Kosova Muharebesi ) was a land battle between a Hungarian -led Crusader army and

240-409: Is fully engulfed in bog vegetation. Small Lake is 90 metres (300 ft) long and partially salty. Third, Dajićko Lake, in time shrunk by half, though it has been protected since the late 1960s. It is also covered in algae and bog vegetation. Located on the northwestern slope of Golija, it is also locally known as Tičar Lake. Formerly encircled by the tall spruce forest which allowed sunlight only during

280-657: Is part of the Dinaric mountain range . The mountain is heavily forested with significant biodiversity . It contains the Golija-Studenica Biosphere Reserve , the first UNESCO - MAB registered biosphere reserve in Serbia. It is also a small ski resort , with several historical monuments and monasteries. The highest peak is Jankov Kamen at 1,833 metres (6,014 ft). Golija stretches for 32 km (20 mi) in north–south-north direction, in

320-456: Is removed), jurdum (salted thick sheep's milk) and trout dishes, from the fish caught in the local streams. The mountain has several skiing facilities, with two hotels built on the mountain itself and several resorts in the vicinity of Ivanjica and Novi Pazar. There are hunting grounds in Čemernica , Grabovica , and Golija with roe deer , boar , and hare . At the Daićko Lake, there

360-660: The 1977 Vrancea earthquake , and is the least explored. Though the youngest, it is the largest natural lake in the Moravica region . Golija has three distinguishable climate areas, valley climate below 700 m altitude with moderate continental climate, transitional (700–1300 m) with short sharp winters and heavy snowfall, and the mountainous area (over 1300 m) with severe winters and short summer. Nature park Golija-Studenica covers an area of 751.83 km (290.28 sq mi). Golija's plants account for 25 percent of Serbia's flora . There are recorded 1091 plant species in

400-630: The Mount Athos in the 13th century. Known as the Upper and the Lower Sava's Hermitages, they are located on the steep cliff, several hundred meters above the Studenica river. The Gradac Monastery , finished in 1282, is also located on the mountain. The monasteries of Sopoćani , Stari Ras and Klisura Monastery lie at the outskirts of Golija. The Golija area has a population of 6,600 within

440-553: The Nošnica from the left) and Čitluk. The Golijska Morava enters the Ivanjica depression, located between the mountains of Čemerno on the east, and Mučanj on the west. This is where it receives the Lučka reka from the right and Grabovička reka from the left and flows through the town of Ivanjica , its suburbs of Bedina Varoš and Šume , the satellite earth station of Prilike and

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480-577: The Ottoman Empire at Kosovo field that took place from 17–20 October 1448. It was the culmination of a Hungarian offensive to avenge the defeat at the Battle of Varna four years earlier. In the three-day battle the Ottoman army under the command of Sultan Murad II defeated the Crusader army of regent John Hunyadi . After the battle, the path was clear for the Turks to conquer Serbia and

520-699: The Peloponnese after which, following the proclamation of a new crusade by Pope Nicholas V , Murad invaded Albania, conquering the fortress of Svetigrad. Meanwhile, four years after his defeat at Varna, John Hunyadi , the richest landowner in Hungary, had joined forces with Albania's war leader Skanderbeg in an alliance that also included Serbia and Bosnia . Resolved to defeat the Ottoman army, Hunyadi raised an army of 24,000 men, including 8,000 Wallachians , his Hungarian cavalry supplemented by German and Bohemian infantry mercenaries. Hunyadi's strategy

560-515: The Rzav from the right, near the town of Arilje , which itself used to be called Moravica in medieval period. South of Arilje is a micro hydro Brusnik with small reservoir. In 2020, construction of the facility caused erosion of the river bank, which after heavy rains resulted in change of Moravica's route and damage to the Požega -Ivanjica road which collapsed. In August 2022, the water and sludge from

600-524: The Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448. He placed a stone on top of the mountain to mark his presence, hence the name which is Serbian for "Janko's stone". The highest peak is followed by Radulovac (1,785 metres (5,856 ft)), Bojevo Brdo (1,748 metres (5,735 ft)) and Crni Vrh (1,725 metres (5,659 ft)). The peaks offer sightseeing to Golija's forests and pastures, as well as the peaks of nearby Kopaonik , Komovi and Prokletije mountains. On

640-631: The West Morava , longer headwater of the Great Morava . The Golijska Moravica drains an area of 1,513 km (584 sq mi), belongs to the Black Sea drainage area and it is not navigable. The river's potential for power production is not used. Golija Golija ( Serbian Cyrillic : Голија , pronounced [ɡǒlija] ) is a mountain in southwestern Serbia, located between towns of Ivanjica and Novi Pazar . It

680-418: The 42 dispersed rural communities characteristic of these mountainous regions. The main economic activities are livestock raising, farming, and collection of forest products such as mushrooms and medicinal herbs. Main agricultural products are potatoes, raspberries and buckwheat . The area is known for the local cuisine, which includes buckwheat pie, sirene , kaymak , tubošak (curdled milk before all whey

720-533: The Christian cause, whereas Hunyadi decided not to wait for Skanderbeg and his reinforcements to open the battle. The Crusaders, numbering 22,000–30,000 arrived at Kosovo Field (the site of the first Battle of Kosovo in 1389, between Serbs and Ottomans) facing an Ottoman army of 40,000–60,000 men. Sultan Murad personally commanded a large section of cannoneers and janissaries, while his son and would-be successor, 16-year-old Mehmed , who faced battle for

760-586: The Crusader army's march route and subsequently began readying their men. Having failed to locate the main Ottoman army, whom he believed to still be at their capital in Edirne , Hunyadi was caught by surprise on the 17th of October when the Ottoman army appeared in front of his men at Kosovo Field. He constructed a tabor wagon fort at Plementina hill from which to fight the Ottomans, who built their own stockade in response. The battle opened when Hunyadi attacked

800-620: The Ottoman flanks with mixed cavalry (light and heavy). The Turkish flanks, consisting of soldiers from Rumelia and Anatolia , were losing until the Turkish light cavalry arrived to reinforce them. Cavalry skirmishing on the flanks of the stockades during the first two days and a Crusader night-time attack using their wagons and guns against the Sultan's central position on the night of 18/19 October produced much bloodshed but no conclusive results. The Christian flanks were subsequently routed and

840-586: The Ottomans and their allies. It is believed that the Albanian army was delayed by Serbian despot Đurađ Branković , whose army occupied the mountain passes on the Serbian-Albanian border, and by a Venetian attack on northern Albania. The Serbs had declined joining Hunyadi 's forces due to an earlier truce with the Turks. Branković's exact role is disputed. As a result, Skanderbeg ravaged and pillaged Branković's domains as punishment for deserting

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880-584: The Serbs. During the night, Turkish infantry fired missiles at the Hungarians, who replied with cannon fire. On the next day, a final assault destroyed the remaining troops of the Hungarian army. The Christian Balkan states were unable to resist the Ottomans after this defeat, eventually falling one after the other under the control of the Ottoman Empire . Hunyadi was captured by Branković in retaliation for

920-607: The crusader threat forced Murad to abandon his campaign against Albania. Believing the strength of his army to be inadequate to face the crusaders, Murad retreated back to Sofia to stockpile resources necessary for the campaign and receive reinforcements. While gathering the necessary provisions in Sofia, news reached the army that a Wallachian force had crossed the Danube and attacked Ottoman positions in Nicopolis . A unit of Akinjis

960-400: The damage perpetrated by the Hungarian army in Serbia. Hunyadi's release was negotiated against a ransom of 100,000 florins, the return of the domains that Hunyadi had revocated from Branković, and the engagement of Hunyadi's heir to Branković's daughter, other sources cite the restitution of the despot's estates in Hungary while leaving Hunyadi's elder son László at Smederevo as a hostage. For

1000-416: The defeat of his flanks, he attacked with his main force, composed of knights and light infantry. The janissary corps were not successful at stopping the attack; the cavalry made progress through the Turkish centre, but were eventually stopped at the Turkish camp. When the main attack was halted, the Turkish infantry regrouped and successfully drove the Hungarian knights back. The light cavalry, who now lacked

1040-508: The first time, led the Anatolian troops at the right wing. Hunyadi commanded the center of his army in the battle, while the crusader right wing was made up of Wallachians. The Hungarians had a long barrage cannons. Calculating that he would need more than 40,000 men to defeat the Ottomans, the Hungarian regent sought to join up with anti-Ottoman Albanian forces, possibly led by Skanderbeg . The Ottomans in their base at Sofia received word of

1080-520: The knights' support, were also overcome. Much of the crusader army then retreated to their camp. On the 20th of October, the Wallachians deserted to the Ottoman side after being offered terms from Murad, leaving Hunyadi mostly defenceless. With Murad II personally observing the struggle, the Janissaries attacked and killed everyone left in the stockade. Hunyadi fled, but was later captured by

1120-589: The mountain. At the altitude of 900 metres (3,000 ft) there are the Košanin Lakes, on the Crepuljnik's northern slopes. A natural phenomenon, where the water rescinds during the rain, and the water level rise in dry periods. There are two lakes, Great and Little Košanin Lake. They were named after biologist Nedeljko Košanin , who explored Golija in general. The Great Lake has only a small open surface area, as it

1160-421: The other Balkan States, it also ended any hopes of saving Constantinople . The Hungarian kingdom no longer had the military and financial resources to mount an offensive against the Ottomans. With the end of the half-century-long Crusader threat to their European frontier, Murad's son Mehmed II was free to lay siege to Constantinople in 1453. In 1444, the Hungarian king, Władysław III of Poland , in breach of

1200-435: The park, including 117 types of algae , 40 species of mosses , 7 lichens and 75 species of fungi . Many of the species are relict and endemic. The Heldreich's maple is the symbol of the mountain, which constitutes deciduous and mixed-type forests, some of the best preserved in Serbia. There are also 225 medicinal herbs. Records show that Golija's herbs were used in 1207, in the first hospital in medieval Serbia, which

1240-554: The remainder of his reign Hunyadi successfully defended the Kingdom of Hungary against Ottoman campaigns. As punishment for lending its support to Hunyadi, Murad attacked and submitted Wallachia in 1449, followed by Albania in 1450 where Skanderbeg continued to resist, breaking Murad's siege of the Castle of Krujë in 1451. That year Murad died replaced by his 19-year-old son Mehmed II who, after securing Constantinople in 1453, launched

Golijska Moravica - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-514: The reservoir were discharged without a warning, causing a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tall tidal wave at Divljaka and massive fish kill . In the final section, the Golijska Morava reaches the Tašti field, located between the mountains of Blagaja, Krstac and Crnokosa , east of the town of Požega. Near the village of Pilatovići , the Golijska Morava meets the Đetinja and together they form

1320-476: The survivors retreated back to Hunyadi's main force. On 19 October Murad II used his sipahi cavalry from Thessaly to envelop the cavalry on the Crusader left flank, along with a general assault all along the line to distract Hunyadi from the primary effort. The manoeuvre worked and the Wallachian , Moldavian , and Hungarian cavalry were cut down by the sipahis , who took no prisoners. When Hunyadi saw

1360-639: The village of Dubrava. At the end of the depression, the Golijska Moravica passes next to the monastery of Sveti Arhanđeli , as it continues to the north. From Ivanjica depression, the Golijska Moravica flows into the Arilje depression, located between the mountains of Golubac (on the east) and Blagaja (on the west), where it receives the Trešnjevica river from the right (at the village of Trešnjevica's hamlet of Divljaka), and its major tributary,

1400-638: The villages, breaking into the barns and killing sheep and pigs. In September 2001, the UNESCO declared part of the Golija-Studenica nature park as the Serbia's first biosphere reserve. It covers 538.04 km (207.74 sq mi) within the nature park. The reserve contains Studenica Monastery . Built in 1196, it is a cultural World Heritage Site since 1986, and a popular tourist destination. Some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away are two hermitages , built by Saint Sava after his return from

1440-470: The wildlife returns and blossoms. Expansion of the wild boars caused the potato, grains and corn production to cease almost completely. Bears appeared during the Bosnian War , in the first half of the 1990s. By the 2020s, they started to exhibit a shift in their behavior, not going into hibernation when they should. In these periods they break fruit trees (plum, apple and pear), destroy beehives, and enter

1480-468: The zenith, the forests thinned in time, which caused vegetation change both around and in the lake itself. Livestock grazing around the lake is forbidden. Numerous folk myths exist about the lake, which used to be a location of various folk rites. Myths include stories of the lake as a gathering spot of the most beautiful fairies and a popular story of the wedding party which drowned in the lake. The fourth lake, Nebeska Suza ("heaven's teardrop"), appeared after

1520-624: Was based on an expected revolt of the Balkan peoples, a surprise attack, and the destruction of the main force of the Ottomans in a single battle after linking up with his allies. In September 1448, Hunyadi led his forces across the Danube and camped them in Serbia next to Kovin , just outside the Serbian capital of Smederevo . For a full month the Hungarians stayed encamped awaiting their German, Wallachian, Bohemian and Albanian allies. The news of

1560-438: Was dispatched to respond to the attack, which succeeded in ambushing and dispersing the Wallachians, taking many prisoners in the process. The POWs captured during the ambush were sent to Sofia, where the news of the victory had increased morale among the Ottoman troops before their march towards the crusader army. Meanwhile, the Albanian army under Skanderbeg was delayed as it was prevented from linking up with Hunyadi's army by

1600-403: Was founded in the Studenica monastery. Golija is one of important mountainous European ornithology reserves, with 95 registered bird species, including Eurasian sparrowhawk . The 22 mammal species include the rare and protected wolves , brown bears , least weasels , dormice , red squirrels , red foxes , wild boars and water shrew . As the villages on the mountain are depopulating,

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