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39-460: Gombe State ( Fula : Lesdi Gommbe 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤺𞤮𞤥𞥆𞤦𞤫 ;) is a state in northeastern Nigeria , bordered to the north and northeast by the states of Borno for 93 km in the vicinity of Gongola River and Lake Dadin Kowa and Yobe in the vicinity of Gongola River for 140 km, to the south by Taraba State for 58 km, to the southeast by Adamawa State for 95 km, and to

78-452: A few volcanic rocks make up the landscape. Its location in the northeastern zone, right within the expansive savannah, allows the state to share common borders with the states of Borno , Yobe , Taraba , Adamawa and Bauchi . Gombe has two distinct climates, the dry season (November–March) and the rainy season (April–October) with an average rainfall of 850mm. Gombe State consists of eleven local government areas . They are: Gombe State

117-482: A four million tree planting programme as part of a renewed effort to stop deforestation in the North Central Zone. It is anticipated that the four-year plan, which would be implemented in parts, will last. The first part of the scheme has already seen the government plant 1.3 million tree saplings. Flood Control As a result of these studies, the state government has taken preventive steps to lessen

156-427: A local language in many African countries, such as Mauritania , Guinea-Bissau , Sierra Leone , Togo , CAR , Chad , Sudan , Ethiopia and Somalia , numbering more than 95 million speakers in total. The two sounds / c / and / ɟ / , may be realized as affricate sounds [ tʃ ] and [ dʒ ] . Short / i e o u / vowel sounds can also be realized as [ ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ ]. There were unsuccessful efforts in

195-461: A moderate health risk. Secondary Schools. Universities Colleges Federal highways are: Other major roads include: Railways : Airports: Gombe State has many media stations some of which are; Most of the population in Gombe State are farmers. Both food and cash crops are produced by them. Yam, cassava, maize, tomatoes, and groundnuts are some of its food crops, while cotton

234-484: A nominative case (i.e., used as verb subject) and an accusative or dative case (i.e., used as a verb object) as well as a possessive form. Relative pronouns generally take the same form as the nominative. While there are numerous varieties of Fula, it is typically regarded as a single language. Wilson (1989) states that "travelers over wide distances never find communication impossible," and Ka (1991) concludes that despite its geographic span and dialect variation, Fulfulde

273-681: A noun with its class marker. Classes 1 and 2 can be described as personal classes, classes 3-6 as diminutive classes, classes 7-8 as augmentative classes, and classes 9-25 as neutral classes. It is formed on the basis of McIntosh's 1984 description of Kaceccereere Fulfulde, which the author describes as "essentially the same" as David Arnott 's 1970 description of the noun classes of the Gombe dialect of Fula. Thus, certain examples from Arnott also informed this table. Verbs in Fula are usually classed in three voices : active, middle, and passive. Not every root

312-496: A part-time basis, other than the General Manager. Gombe Geographic Information System (GOGIS) is a digitalised land administrative system that carries out the process of determining, recording, and disseminating information about land acquisition, ownership, value and land management policies in Gombe State. Gombe State Urban Planning and Development Authority (GOSPUDA) facilitates and enforces planning regulations for

351-567: Is a multi-ethnic society that consists of the majority Fulani tribe, who inhabit the northern and central parts of Gombe State. They dominate 7 out of the 11 Local Government Areas of the state. These include Dukku , Kwami , Funakaye , Nafada , Akko , Yamaltu and Gombe LGAs. Apart from the Fulani, there are also the Tangale , found in Billiri and Kaltungo areas. Other ethnicities include

390-498: Is based on verbonominal roots, from which verbal, noun, and modifier words are derived. It uses suffixes (sometimes inaccurately called infixes , as they come between the root and the inflectional ending) to modify meaning. These suffixes often serve the same purposes in Fula that prepositions do in English. The Fula or Fulfulde language is characterized by a robust noun class system, with 24 to 26 noun classes being common across

429-429: Is grown for each. These goods supply the raw materials for the state's agricultural industries, including the groundnut oil mill, cotton gin, and tomato plant. Cement production, furniture manufacturing, block production, and other small-scale businesses are additional industries. Gombe has natural resources like uranium , gypsum , and limestone . Recently, petroleum deposits were reported to have been discovered in

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468-566: Is inhabited by various ethnic groups , primarily the Fulani people living in the north and center of the state, while the state's diverse eastern and southern regions are populated by the Cham, Dadiya , Jara , Kamo , Pero , Tangale , Tera , and Waja peoples. Religiously, between 65% and 70% of the state's populations are Muslim while the Christian minority comprises between 30% and 35%. In

507-429: Is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's House of Assembly. The capital city of the state is Gombe . The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two-thirds of the state local government areas. If no candidate passes

546-708: Is still fundamentally one language. However, Ethnologue has found that nine different translations are needed to make the Bible comprehensible for most Fula speakers , and it treats these varieties as separate languages. They are listed in the box at the beginning of this article. Fulfulde is an official lingua franca in Guinea , Senegal , Gambia , northeastern Nigeria , Cameroon , Mali , Burkina Faso , Northern Ghana , Southern Niger and Northern Benin (in Borgou Region, where many speakers are bilingual), and

585-532: Is still reeling from the devastating effects of a gully erosion that destroyed farmlands worth millions of Naira and damaged more than 200 homes. Despite state government efforts to lessen its effects, the gully erosions which particularly affected the Bogo neighborhood within the city have not been fully controlled. In Gombe, the air quality is acceptable except for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution, to whom some pollutants may pose

624-509: Is used in all voices. Some middle-voice verbs are reflexive . A common example are verbs from the root - 𞤤𞤮𞥅𞤼 loot- : Another feature of the language is initial consonant mutation between singular and plural forms of nouns and of verbs (except in Pular, no consonant mutation exists in verbs, only in nouns) . A simplified schema is: Fula has inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns. The inclusive pronouns include both

663-448: Is used instead of ɲ. a , aa , b , mb (or nb ), ɓ , c , d , nd , ɗ , e , ee , f , g , ng , h , i , ii , j , nj , k , l , m , n , ŋ , ɲ (ny or ñ ) , o , oo , p , r , s , t , u , uu , w , y , ƴ or ʼy, ʼ The letters q , v , x , z are used in some cases for loan words. Long vowels are written doubled: <aa, ee, ii, oo, uu> The standard Fulfulde alphabet adopted during

702-616: Is within the tropical West Sudanian savanna ecoregion. Important geographic features include the Gongola River — which flows through Gombe's north and east into Lake Dadin Kowa — and part of the Muri Mountains , a small range in the state's far south. Among the state's nature are a number of snake species, including carpet viper , puff adder , and Egyptian cobra populations along with hippopotamus , Senegal parrot , and grey-headed kingfisher populations. The state

741-572: The Arabic script or Ajami since before European colonization by many scholars and learned people including Usman dan Fodio and the early emirs of the northern Nigeria emirates. This continues to a certain degree and notably in some areas like Guinea and Cameroon . Fula also has Arabic loanwords . When written using the Latin script , Fula uses the following additional special "hooked" characters to distinguish meaningfully different sounds in

780-659: The Federal Capital Territory . The first list from the Radboud University Nijmegen ranks the states by the international HDI-methology. The second list ranks the states by an own methology from the United Nations Development Programme . Nigerian states by Human Development Index as of 2022, including the Federal Capital Territory . Nigerian states by Human Development Index as of 2016, including

819-711: The Hausa , Tula, Tera (Yamaltu-Deba), Waja , Bolewa , and Kanuri , with their different cultural as well as lingual affiliations. 65-70% Muslim, 30-35% Christian, including the Anglican Diocese of Gombe (1999) led by Bishop Cletus Tambari (2020), within the Province of Jos of the Church of Nigeria . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Bauchi (1996) includes Gombe with 92,620 followers in 28 parishes under Bishop Hilary Nanman Dachelem (as of 2017). The state government

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858-484: The National Assembly . This is a list of administrators and governors of Gombe State. Rulers of Gombe Emirate: Gombe State Water Board is a state government organisation that provides water for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes. It is governed by a board of directors appointed by the state governor, with a chairman, a chief executive or chief manager, and nine other members. They all serve on

897-621: The World Bank 's yearly appraisal, "The Ease of Doing Business", in 2021 and 2023. The state has an area of 20,265 km and a population of around 2,365,000 people as of 2006. It was formed in October 1996, from part of the old Bauchi State by the Abacha military government. The state is located in Nigeria's Guinea savannah and Sudan savannah belts. Undulating hills, sandy rocks, and

936-764: The pre-colonial period, the area that is now Gombe State was split up between various states until the early 1800s when the Fulani jihad seized much of the area and formed the Gombe Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate . In the 1910s, British expeditions occupied the Emirate and the surrounding areas, incorporating them into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. Originally, modern-day Gombe State

975-528: The 1950s and 1960s to create a unique script to write Fulfulde. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, two teenage brothers, Ibrahima and Abdoulaye Barry from the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea, created the Adlam script , which accurately represents all the sounds of Fulani. The script is written from right to left and includes 28 letters with 5 vowels and 23 consonants. Fula has also been written in

1014-447: The Fula noun class system and the marking of gender is done with adjectives rather than class markers . Noun classes are marked by suffixes on nouns. These suffixes are the same as the class name, though they are frequently subject to phonological processes, most frequently the dropping of the suffix's initial consonant. The table below illustrates the class name, the semantic property associated with class membership, and an example of

1053-550: The Fulfulde dialects. Noun classes in Fula are abstract categories with some classes having semantic attributes that characterize a subset of that class' members, and others being marked by a membership too diverse to warrant any semantic categorization of the class' members. For example, classes are for stringy, long things, and another for big things, another for liquids, a noun class for strong, rigid objects, another for human or humanoid traits etc. Gender does not have any role in

1092-1227: The UNESCO-sponsored expert meeting in Bamako in March 1966 is as follows: a, b, mb, ɓ, c, d, nd, ɗ, e, f, g, ng, h, i, j, nj, k, l, m, n, ŋ, ny ( later ɲ or ñ), o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y, ƴ, ʼ. The following is a sample text in Fula of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The first line is in Adlam, the second in Latin script, the third in IPA. 𞤋𞤲𞥆𞤢𞤥𞤢 Innama /inːama 𞤢𞥄𞤣𞤫𞥅𞤶𞤭 aadeeji aːdeːɟi 𞤬𞤮𞤬 fof fof 𞤨𞤮𞤼𞤭, poti, poti, 𞤲𞤣𞤭𞤥𞤯𞤭𞤣𞤭 ndimɗidi ⁿdimɗidi 𞤫 e e 𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤭𞤲𞤢𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤫 jibinannde ɟibinanⁿde 𞤼𞤮 to to 𞤦𞤢𞤲𞥆𞤺𞤫 List of Nigerian states by Human Development Index#2019 This article presents two lists of Nigerian states by Human Development Index (HDI) , including

1131-475: The city of Gombe , and the herding of camels , cattle , goats , and sheep . Gombe has the fourth lowest Human Development Index and one of the lowest GDPs in the country. Gombe is one of the "friendliest" cities in Nigeria for doing business, due to its excellent modern infrastructure, secure and stable serenity, transparency and easier accessibility of information, regulatory environment, skills and labour and economic opportunities. These earned her

1170-472: The development of the Gombe State by issuing and regulating building approval for individuals or organizations that wish to develop their land. The dry season in Gombe is partly cloudy, and the city has year-round high temperatures. The wet season is unpleasant and overcast. The temperature rarely falls below 52 °F or rises over 105 °F throughout the year, often ranging from 57 °F to 100 °F. With an average daily high temperature of 97°F,

1209-455: The hot season spans 2.3 months, from February 17 to April 26. At 98°F on average for highs and 74°F for lows, April is the hottest month of the year in Gombe. With an average daily maximum temperature below 86°F, the cool season spans 3.1 months, from July 6 to October 9. With an average low temperature of 58°F and high temperature of 90°F, December is the coldest month of the year in Gombe. Afforestation The Gombe State Government has started

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1248-514: The impact of the impending floods and other environmental problems that are expected to hit the state. In order to protect people and property while minimizing the effects of upcoming weather events and their potentially fatal consequences, Governor Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya has ordered the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources to coordinate with pertinent stakeholders and activate state emergency response and management resources. Gombe State

1287-509: The language, just as to the Fula people . They call their language Pulaar or Pular in the western dialects and Fulfulde in the central and eastern dialects. Fula , Fulah and Fulani in English come originally from Manding (esp. Mandinka, but also Malinke and Bamana) and Hausa , respectively; Peul in French, also occasionally found in literature in English, comes from Wolof . Fula

1326-516: The language: Ɓ/ɓ [ ɓ ] , Ɗ/ɗ [ ɗ  ] , Ŋ/ŋ [ ŋ ] , Ɲ/ɲ [  ɲ ] , Ƴ/ƴ [ ʔʲ ] . The letters c , j , and r , respectively represent the sounds [ c ~ tʃ ], [ ɟ ~ dʒ ], and [ r ]. Double vowel characters indicate that the vowels are elongated. An apostrophe (ʼ) is used as a glottal stop. It uses the five vowel system denoting vowel sounds and their lengths. In Nigeria ʼy substitutes ƴ, and in Senegal Ñ/ñ

1365-447: The speaker and those being spoken to, while the exclusive pronouns exclude the listeners. The pronoun that corresponds to a given noun is determined by the noun class. Because men and women belong to the same noun class, the English pronouns "he" and "she" are translated into Fula by the same pronoun. However, depending on the dialect, there are some 25 different noun classes, each with its own pronoun. Sometimes those pronouns have both

1404-698: The state. Fula language It is spoken as a first language by the Fula people ("Fulani", Fula: Fulɓe ) from the Senegambia region and Guinea to Cameroon , Nigeria , and Sudan and by related groups such as the Toucouleur people in the Senegal River Valley. It is also spoken as a second language by various peoples in the region, such as the Kirdi of northern Cameroon and northeastern Nigeria . Several names are applied to

1443-542: The threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas. Languages of Gombe State, listed by LGA: The state is headed by the Executive Governor Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya and also has 24 State House Assembly members. Gombe has 11 local government areas and 14 emirates/chiefdoms. It has three Senators and six Members in

1482-461: The west by Bauchi State for 277 km (172 miles). Gombe is the state capital of Gombe state and it was formed from a part of Bauchi State on 1 October 1996. Of the 36 states in Nigeria, Gombe is the 21st largest in area and the 32nd most populous , with an estimated population of about 3.25 million as of 2016. The state bears a slogan "Jewel in the Savannah". Geographically , the state

1521-747: Was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State . After the North-Eastern State was split, Bauchi State was formed in 1976 alongside ten other states. Twenty years afterwards, a group of LGAs in Bauchi's west were broken off to form the new Gombe State. Economically, Gombe State is largely based around agriculture , mainly of sorghum , maize , groundnuts , millet , beans , rice and tomatoes . Other key industries are services, especially in

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