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41-459: The two-storey palace of Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev was built between 1777 and 1796 to a Neoclassical design attributed to Ivan Starov . The palace replaced the ruined castle of Gomel's previous owner, Michael Frederick Czartoryski . After Pyotr Rumyantsev's death in 1796, the grounds were slowly improved by his son Nicholas (1754–1826). His brother Sergei was the next owner. He was never interested in country housekeeping and promptly sold

82-544: A mausoleum near Balashikha for his father's reburial (which never took place). Neither Sergey nor his brother Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev married, and the comital branch of the Rumyantsev family became extinct upon their death. Rumyantsev was awarded the following honors: Little Russia Little Russia , also known as Lesser Russia , Malorussia , Little Rus' , and the French equivalent Petite Russie ,

123-852: A chronicle of the Hieromonk Leontiy (Bobolinski), and in Thesaurus by Archimandrite Ioannikiy (Golyatovsky). The usage of the name was later broadened to apply loosely to the parts of Right-bank Ukraine when it was annexed by Russia at the end of the 18th century upon the partitions of Poland . In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Russian Imperial administrative units known as the Little Russian Governorate and eponymous General Governorship were formed and existed for several decades before being split and renamed in subsequent administrative reforms. Up to

164-476: A fortress. He died there on 19 December 1796, just over a month after Catherine's death, and was interred in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra . As the story goes, old Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky grew enormously fat and avaricious, so that he pretended not to recognize his own sons when they came from the capital to ask for money. Under his son Sergey's administration, Tashan fell into ruins, although he erected

205-642: A trophy in 1842, was dismantled by the Poles during the Polish-Soviet War and transported back to Warsaw, only to be destroyed by the Germans in the 1940s. By far the most conspicuous landmark in the park is the Neoclassical church of Sts. Peter and Paul. It was commissioned by Count Nikolay Rumyantsev from architect John Clark in 1809 but was not consecrated until 1824. The church is the seat of

246-422: Is a geographical and historical term used to describe Ukraine . At the beginning of the 14th century, the patriarch of Constantinople accepted the distinction between what it called the eparchies of Megalē Rosiia (Great Rus') and Mikrà Rosiia (Little Rus'). The jurisdiction of the latter became the metropolis of Halych in 1303. The specific meaning of the adjectives "Great" and "Little" in this context

287-590: Is adapted from the Greek term, which was used in medieval times by the patriarchs of Constantinople from the beginning of the 14th century. The Byzantines accepted the distinction between Μεγάλη Ῥωσσία ( Megálē Rhōssía – Great Rus' ), where the Russian Church would become independent after declaring autocephaly in 1448, and Μικρὰ Ῥωσσία ( Mikrà Rhōssía – Little Rus’), which beginning in 1458 would have its own metropolitans who were approved by

328-461: Is an embodiment of this stereotype; his Surzhyk -speaking drag persona Verka Serduchka has also been seen as perpetuating this demeaning image. Danylko himself usually laughs off such criticism of his work, and many art critics argue that his success with the Ukrainian public is rooted in the unquestionable authenticity of his presentation. Tchaikovsky 's Symphony No 2 in C minor, Op 17,

369-399: Is unclear. It is possible that terms such as "Little" and "Lesser" at the time simply meant geographically smaller and/or less populous, or having fewer eparchies . Another possibility is that it denoted a relationship similar to that between a homeland and a colony (just as " Magna Graecia " denoted a Greek colony). The name term went out of use in the late 15th century as distinguishing

410-469: The Danube and advanced to Romania . For these dazzling victories he became Field-Marshal and gained the victory title Zadunaisky (meaning "Trans-Danubian"). When his forces approached Shumla in 1774, the new Sultan Abdul Hamid I started to panic and sued for peace, which Rumyanstev signed upon a military tambourine at the village of Küçük Kaynarca . By that point, Rumyantsev had undoubtedly become

451-586: The Rumyantsev Obelisk on Vasilievsky Island (1798–1801), and a galaxy of Derzhavin 's odes. Pyotr came from the Russian noble Rumyantsev family . He was the only son of Count Alexander Rumyantsev , and was born in the village of Stroiești (modern Moldova / Transnistria ), by Maria , the daughter and heiress of Count Andrey Matveyev . According to other versions, he was born in Moscow , and

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492-667: The hetmans and to fully incorporate the newly conquered territories into the Russian Empire . Some accuse him of having promoted serfdom in New Russia , but the choice of such a policy remained out of his control. With the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish war in 1768, Rumyantsev took command of the army sent to capture Azov . He thoroughly defeated the Turks in the battles of Stănilești , Larga , and Kagul , crossed

533-693: The war with Sweden (1741–1743). He personally carried to the Empress the peace treaty of Åbo , concluded by his father in 1743. Thereupon he gained promotion to the rank of colonel. His first military glory dates from the great battles of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), those of Gross-Jägersdorf (1757) and Kunersdorf (1759). In 1761 he besieged and took the Pomeranian fortress of Kolberg , which had twice been unsuccessfully beleaguered by other Russia's commanders; thus clearing for Russian armies

574-757: The "Great" and "Little" was no longer necessary since the church in Moscow was no longer tied to Kiev. However, with the rise of the Catholic Ruthenian Uniate Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Orthodox prelates attempting to seek support from Moscow revived the name using the Greek-influenced spelling: Malaia Rossiia ("Little Russia"). Then, "Little Russia" developed into a political and geographical concept in Russia, referring to most of

615-588: The 18th century, became known as Novorossiya ("New Russia"). After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, and with the amalgamation of Ukrainian territories into one administrative unit (the Ukrainian People's Republic and then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ), the term started to recede from common use. Today, the term is anachronistic, and many Ukrainians regard its usage as offensive. The toponym

656-465: The 20th century when the modern term Ukraine started to prevail, while Little Russia gradually fell out of use. The term Little Russia is now anachronistic when used to refer to the country Ukraine and the modern Ukrainian nation, its language, culture, etc. Such usage is typically perceived as conveying an imperialist view that the Ukrainian territory and people ("Little Russians") belong to "one, indivisible Russia." Today, many Ukrainians consider

697-814: The Little, and the White ." The term Little Rus ' has been used in letters of the Cossack hetmans Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Ivan Sirko . Innokentiy Gizel , Archimandrite of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra , wrote that the Russian people were a union of three branches—Great Russia, Little Russia, and White Russia—under the sole legal authority of the Moscow Tsars. The term Little Russia has been used in Ukrainian chronicles by Samiilo Velychko , in

738-526: The Moldovan version of the birth is called legendary. As his mother spent much time in the company of Peter the Great , rumours suggested that the young Rumyantsev was the monarch's illegitimate son. He was named after the ruling Emperor who was his godfather. He was the brother of Praskovya Bruce , confidant of Catherine the Great . Pyotr Alexandrovich first saw military service under his nominal father in

779-520: The Nymph were lost. It was only in 2006 that the replacement statues were put in place. The Paskevich art collection also boasted several paintings by Ivan Kramskoi , Marcin Zaleski , and January Suchodolski , as well as a marble bust of Count Rumyantsev by Antonio Canova . The bronze equestrian statue of Prince Joseph Poniatowski by Bertel Thorvaldsen , which Paskevich had brought from Warsaw as

820-706: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, e.g. by influential cleric and writer Ioan Vyshensky (1600, 1608), Metropolitan Matthew of Kiev and All Rus' (1606), Bishop Ioann (Biretskoy) of Peremyshl , Metropolitan Isaiah (Kopinsky) of Kiev, Archimandrite Zacharias Kopystensky of Kiev Pechersk Lavra , etc. The term has been applied to all Orthodox Ruthenian lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Vyshensky addressed "the Christians of Little Russia, brotherhoods of Lviv and Vilna ," and Kopystensky wrote "Little Russia, or Kiev and Lithuania." The term

861-739: The fact that during the Russo-Polish wars, Ukraine had only a geographical meaning, referring to the borderlands of both states, but Little Russia was the ethnonym of Little (Southern) Russian people. In his prominent work Two Russian nationalities, Kostomarov uses Southern Rus and Little Russia interchangeably. Mykhailo Drahomanov titled his first fundamental historic work Little Russia in Its literature (1867–1870). Different prominent artists (e.g., Mykola Pymonenko , Kostyantyn Trutovsky , Nikolay Aleksandrovich Sergeyev, photographer Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky , etc.), many of whom were native to

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902-693: The first time in history as opposed to linear battle orders and initiated the formation of light ( jaeger ) battalions in the Russian Army , which operated in a scattered order. He governed Little Russia in the name of Empress Catherine the Great from the abolition of the Cossack Hetmanate in 1764 until Catherine's death 32 years later. Monuments to his victories include the Kagul Obelisk in Tsarskoye Selo (1772),

943-403: The foremost Russian generals of the 18th century, and is widely considered to be one of Russia's greatest military leaders, and one of the greatest military commanders in military history. He is noted as one of the three best and most talented Russian military leaders of the time period, along with Alexander Suvorov and Grigory Potemkin . Rumyantsev used mobile divisional squares for

984-403: The local Orthodox bishopric. 52°25′20″N 31°00′59″E  /  52.42222°N 31.01639°E  / 52.42222; 31.01639 Pyotr Rumyantsev Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky ( Russian : Пётр Александрович Румянцев-Задунайский ; 15 January [ O.S. 4 January] 1725 – 19 December [ O.S. 8 December] 1796) was one of

1025-520: The most famous Russian commander. Other Catharinian generals, notably Potemkin , allegedly regarded his fame with such jealousy that they wouldn't permit him to take the command again. In times of peace, Rumyantsev expressed his innovative views on the martial art in the Instructions (1761), Customs of Military Service (1770), and the Thoughts (1777). These works provided a theoretical base for

1066-554: The palace into an ordinary flat. The buildings sustained heavy damage in the Russian Civil War and World War II . In late February and March of 2022 the palace was site of several negotiation sessions between Ukraine and Russia seeking a settlement of their ongoing war, which had begun on 22 February; these talks would come to naught. The park contains a modern statue of Count Nikolay Rumyantsev . The original marble statues of Euripides , Venus, Athena, Ares, Bacchus, and

1107-493: The palace to the crown (1834). Gomel was immediately purchased by another Field Marshal, Ivan Paskevich , who had both the palace and the park substantially renovated. He employed architect Adam Idźkowski to add a four-storey tower and a three-storey wing to the existing structure. After the Russian Revolution the palace was nationalized to house a local museum. Paskevich's daughter-in-law Irina had to move from

1148-505: The path to Berlin . The siege of Kolberg of 1761 was an important milestone in the development of Russian military art. Here Rumyantsev pioneered a new tactic — the action of troops in battalion ( regimental ) columns, combined with a scattered formation of jaegers . Throughout the reign of Catherine the Great , Rumyantsev served as supreme governor of Little Russia . In this post, which his father had held with so much honesty, Rumyantsev made it his priority to eliminate any autonomy of

1189-469: The patriarch of Constantinople. Initially Little or Lesser meant the nearer part, as after the division of the metropolis (ecclesiastical province) in 1305, a new southwestern metropolis in the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia consisted of only 6 of the 19 former eparchies . It later lost its ecclesiastical associations and became a geographical name only. In the 17th century, the term Malorossiya

1230-609: The re-organisation of the Russian army undertaken by Potemkin. During the Second Russo-Turkish War , Rumyantsev suspected Potemkin of deliberately curtailing supplies of his army and presently resigned his command. In the Polish campaign of 1794 he once again won appointment as commander-in-chief , but his rival Suvorov actually led the armies into battle. On this occasion Rumyantsev didn't bother even to leave his Ukrainian manor at Tashan which he had rebuilt into

1271-581: The similar term of " Little Poland ". The expression μικρὰ Ρωσσία is found as early as 1292, in writings of Codinus . The term was used by Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople in 1361 when he created two metropolitan sees : Great Rus' in Vladimir and Kiev and Little Rus' with its centers in Galich ( Halych ) and Novgorodok ( Navahrudak ). King Casimir III of Poland was called "the king of Lechia and Little Rus'." Yuri II Boleslav used

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1312-717: The term as "the malaise of statelessness". The same inferiority complex has been said to apply to the Ukrainians of Galicia with respect to Poland ( gente ruthenus, natione polonus ). The related term Madiarony has been used to describe Magyarized Rusyns in Carpathian Ruthenia who advocated for the union of that region with Hungary . The term "Little Russians" has also been used to denote stereotypically uneducated, rustic Ukrainians exhibiting little or no self-esteem. The uncouth stage persona of popular Ukrainian singer and performer Andriy Mykhailovych Danylko

1353-414: The term disparaging, indicative of Russian suppression of Ukrainian identity and language. It has continued to be used in Russian nationalist discourse, in which modern Ukrainians are presented as a single people in a united Russian nation . This has provoked new hostility toward and disapproval of the term by many Ukrainians. In July 2021 Vladimir Putin published a 7000-word essay, a large part of which

1394-617: The term in a 1335 letter to Dietrich von Altenburg , the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights , where he styled himself as dux totius Rusiæ Minoris . According to Mykhaylo Hrushevsky , Little Rus' was associated with the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , and after its downfall, the name ceased to be used. In the post-medieval period, the name Little Rus ' was first used by the Eastern Orthodox clergy of

1435-400: The terms Little Russia and Little Russian in his historical works, applied the term Little Russianness to Russified Ukrainians, whose national character was formed under "alien pressure and influence" and who consequently adopted the "worse qualities of other nationalities and lost the better ones of their own". Ukrainian conservative ideologue and politician Vyacheslav Lypynsky defined

1476-489: The territory of modern-day Ukraine , especially the territory of the Cossack Hetmanate . Accordingly, derivatives such as "Little Russian" ( Russian : Малоросс , romanized :  Maloross ) were commonly applied to the people, language, and culture of the area. A large part of the region's elite population adopted a Little Russian identity that competed with the local Ukrainian identity. The territories of modern-day southern Ukraine , after being annexed by Russia in

1517-412: The territory of modern-day Ukraine, used Little Russia in the titles of their paintings of Ukrainian landscapes. The term Little Russian language was used by the state authorities in the first Russian Empire Census , conducted in 1897. The name Ukraine was reintroduced in the 19th century by several writers making a conscious effort to awaken Ukrainian national awareness . But it was not until

1558-410: The very end of the 19th century, Little Russia was the prevailing term for much of the modern territory of Ukraine controlled by the Russian Empire , as well as for its people and their language. This can be seen from its usage in numerous scholarly, literary and artistic works. Ukrainophile historians Mykhaylo Maksymovych , Mykola Kostomarov , Dmytro Bahaliy, and Volodymyr Antonovych acknowledged

1599-453: Was adopted in the 17th century by the Tsardom of Russia to refer to the Cossack Hetmanate of Left-bank Ukraine , when the latter fell under Russian protection after the 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav , after which it was referred to as Malorossiia . From 1654 to 1721, the official title of Russian tsars contained the language (literal translation) "The Sovereign of all Rus' : the Great ,

1640-625: Was devoted to expounding these views. The concept of "Little Russianness" ( Ukrainian : малоросійство , romanized :  malorosiistvo ) is defined by some Ukrainian authors as a provincial complex they see in parts of the Ukrainian community due to its lengthy existence within the Russian Empire. They describe it as an "indifferent, and sometimes a negative stance towards Ukrainian national-statehood traditions and aspirations, and often as active support of Russian culture and of Russian imperial policies". Mykhailo Drahomanov , who used

1681-469: Was introduced into Russian. In English the term is often translated Little Russia or Little Rus’, depending on context. The Russian-Polish geographer and ethnographer Zygmunt Gloger in his "Geography of historic lands of the Old Poland" ( Polish : "Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski" ) describes an alternative view of the term "Little" in relations to Little Russia where he compares it to

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