83-625: Gonic is a neighborhood in the city of Rochester in Strafford County, New Hampshire , United States. It is located around a dam on the Cocheco River , 2 miles (3 km) south of downtown Rochester. The community is separated from the downtown area of Rochester by New Hampshire Route 16 , the Spaulding Turnpike . New Hampshire Route 125 passes to the west of the community, leading south towards East Barrington and
166-568: A sawmill , fulling mill, and two gristmills . By the 1820s–1830s, the town had a cabinet maker and clockmaker . The Mechanics Company was established in 1834, producing woolen blankets that won the premium quality award at the 1853 New York World's Fair . The Norway Plains Woolen Company manufactured blankets used by the Union Army in the Civil War , and in 1870 wove 1,600,000 yards (1,500,000 m) of textiles , but by century's end
249-625: A Category 3 storm. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 45.4 square miles (117.7 km ), of which 45.0 square miles (116.6 km ) are land and 0.4 square miles (1.1 km ) are water, comprising 0.91% of the city. Rochester is drained by the Salmon Falls , Isinglass and Cochecho rivers. The highest point in Rochester is 581-foot-high (177 m) Chestnut Hill, occupying
332-455: A canoe. There is a real waterfall too, with the water flowing down over actual rocks into a series of three basins, with a pool for goldfish at the bottom. One room represents the seashore, the entire wall being one huge painting of the ocean, with a real light house perched up on a promontory, with a light shedding forth its rays. There is also a garden room with a profusion of flowers. There are various rest rooms and seats in plenty everywhere for
415-481: A deterrent to other would-be offenders. Meanwhile, early writers on education, such as Roger Ascham , complained of the arbitrary manner in which children were punished. Peter Newell writes that perhaps the most influential writer on the subject was the English philosopher John Locke , whose Some Thoughts Concerning Education explicitly criticised the central role of corporal punishment in education. Locke's work
498-461: A female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38, and the average family size was 2.89. In the town, 22.0% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.6% were from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% were 65 years of age or older. The median age
581-550: A horn would blow to inform the town of his presence. A regular post office was established on March 26, 1812, in the Barke Tavern. The first postmaster in Rochester was William Barker. The first large business was lumbering , although it would be overtaken by other industries as Rochester developed into a mill town with the Cochecho River to provide water power . In 1806, six tanneries were operating, along with
664-598: A new indoor golf course: INDOOR GOLF COURSE TO BE OPENED ON SATURDAY The Leavitt Theatre Property Transformed Inside Into a Bower of Beauty - Rochester is to have an indoor golf course, which, it is said, will be second to none, in beauty and attractiveness, this side of New York. Fred Couture, proprietor of the Scenic theatre, who a few months since purchased the Leavitt theatre on South Main Street, has been laying out
747-613: A number of contexts: In many Western countries, medical and human rights organizations oppose the corporal punishment of children. Campaigns against corporal punishment have aimed to bring about legal reforms in order to ban the use of corporal punishment against minors in homes and schools. Author Jared Diamond writes that hunter-gatherer societies have tended to use little corporal punishment whereas agricultural and industrial societies tend to use progressively more of it. Diamond suggests this may be because hunter-gatherers tend to have few valuable physical possessions, and misbehavior of
830-617: A prison term. The Singaporean practice of caning became much discussed around the world in 1994 when American teenager Michael P. Fay received four strokes of the cane for vandalism. Judicial caning and whipping are also used in Aceh Province in Indonesia. A number of other countries with an Islamic legal system, such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Iran, Brunei, Sudan, and some northern states in Nigeria, employ judicial whipping for
913-573: A range of offences. In April 2020, the Saudi Supreme Court ended the flogging punishment from its court system, and replaced it with jail time or fines. As of 2009 , some regions of Pakistan are experiencing a breakdown of law and government, leading to a reintroduction of corporal punishment by ad hoc Islamicist courts. As well as corporal punishment, some Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran use other kinds of physical penalties such as amputation or mutilation . However,
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#1732798347602996-543: A reputation for their cruel use of such punishments; Sparta , in particular, used them as part of a disciplinary regime which was designed to increase willpower and physical strength. Although the Spartan example was extreme, corporal punishment was possibly the most frequent type of punishment. In the Roman Empire, the maximum penalty which a Roman citizen could receive under the law was 40 "lashes" or 40 "strokes" with
1079-623: A small fortune in fitting it up on the ground floor for such use. This building was formerly the residence of the Hon. Summer Wallace and was one of the most beautiful mansions in New Hampshire. Despite the way in which the outside was altered to make the theatre, much of the magnificent paneling inside has been preserved. It was a foundation for an unusual setting for indoor golf. A large force of workers has been engaged in recent weeks, working in relays, and this week six scene painters are decorating
1162-586: A state dates back to Poland in 1783. However, its prohibition in all spheres of life – in homes, schools, the penal system and alternative care settings – occurred first in 1966 in Sweden. The 1979 Swedish Parental Code reads: "Children are entitled to care, security and a good upbringing. Children are to be treated with respect for their person and individuality and may not be subjected to corporal punishment or any other humiliating treatment." As of 2021 , corporal punishment of children by parents (or other adults)
1245-468: A whip which was applied to the back and shoulders, or 40 lashes or strokes with the " fasces " (similar to a birch rod, but consisting of 8–10 lengths of willow rather than birch) which were applied to the buttocks. Such punishments could draw blood, and they were frequently inflicted in public. Quintilian (c. 35 – c. 100) voiced some opposition to the use of corporal punishment. According to Wilson, "probably no more lucid indictment of it has been made in
1328-484: Is agreed that these are fitting rather for slaves than for the free-born; for so they grow numb and shudder at their tasks, partly from the pain of the blows, partly from the degradation. In Medieval Europe , the Byzantine Empire blinded and removed the noses of some criminals and rival emperors. Their belief that the emperor should be physically ideal meant that such disfigurement notionally disqualified
1411-404: Is hope, and let not thy soul spare for his crying. (Proverbs 19:18) Foolishness is bound in the heart of a child; but the rod of correction shall drive it from him. (Proverbs 22:15) Withhold not correction from the child; for if thou beatest him with a rod, thou shalt deliver his soul from hell. (Proverbs 23:13–14) (Note: it has been debated among scholars as to whether what is encouraged here
1494-466: Is included in New Hampshire's 1st congressional district and is currently represented by Democrat Chris Pappas . Corporal punishment A corporal punishment or a physical punishment is a punishment which is intended to cause physical pain to a person. When it is inflicted on minors , especially in home and school settings, its methods may include spanking or paddling . When it
1577-416: Is inflicted on adults, it may be inflicted on prisoners and slaves , and can involve methods such as whipping with a belt or a horsewhip . Physical punishments for crimes or injuries, including floggings , brandings and even mutilations , were practised in most civilizations since ancient times. They have increasingly been viewed as inhumane since the development of humanitarianism ideals after
1660-465: Is legal, but restricted (e.g. blows to the head are outlawed, implements may not be used, only children within a certain age range may be spanked). In all states of the United States and most African and Asian nations, corporal punishment by parents is legal. It is also legal to use certain implements (e.g. a belt or a paddle). In Canada, spanking by parents or legal guardians (but nobody else)
1743-479: Is legal, with certain restrictions: the child must be between the ages of 2–12, and no implement other than an open, bare hand may be used (belts, paddles, etc. are prohibited). It is also illegal to strike the head when disciplining a child. In the UK (except Scotland and Wales), spanking or smacking is legal, but it must not cause an injury amounting to actual bodily harm (any injury such as visible bruising, breaking of
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#17327983476021826-548: Is outlawed altogether in 63 nations (including the partially recognized Republic of Kosovo) and 3 constituent nations. For a more detailed overview of the global use and prohibition of the corporal punishment of children, see the following table. Domestic corporal punishment (i.e. the punishment of children by their parents) is often referred to colloquially as " spanking ", "smacking", or "slapping". It has been outlawed in an increasing number of countries, starting with Sweden in 1979. In some other countries, corporal punishment
1909-512: Is perceived among parents and students in India. Medical professionals have urged putting an end to the practice, noting the danger of injury to children's hands especially. Around 33 countries in the world still retain judicial corporal punishment, including a number of former British territories such as Botswana, Malaysia, Singapore and Tanzania. In Singapore, for certain specified offences, males are routinely sentenced to caning in addition to
1992-549: Is still allowed in schools, there may be restrictions; for example, school caning in Singapore and Malaysia is, in theory, permitted for boys only. In India and many other countries, corporal punishment has technically been abolished by law. However, corporal punishment continues to be practised on boys and girls in many schools around the world. Cultural perceptions of corporal punishment have rarely been studied and researched. One study carried out discusses how corporal punishment
2075-455: Is the corporeal punishment of a "child" or a "young man". The word translated "child" in most cases in the Bible refers to a young man rather than a child.) Robert McCole Wilson argues that, "Probably this attitude comes, at least in part, from the desire in the patriarchal society for the elder to maintain his authority, where that authority was the main agent for social stability. But these are
2158-507: Is the only known theatre in the United States to use this type of movable floor. Rochester City Hall contained the Rochester Police Department in its basement offices for many years. Some historical portraits of officers remain in an upstairs chamber where a collection of portraits of city officials was traditionally preserved, including officers Nelson S. Hatch and Red Hayes. Today, visitors may still attend shows at
2241-525: The Enlightenment , especially in the Western world . By the late 20th century, corporal punishment was eliminated from the legal systems of most developed countries . The legality of corporal punishment in various settings differs by jurisdiction. Internationally, the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries saw the application of human rights law to the question of corporal punishment in
2324-488: The Lee traffic circle. Gonic has a separate ZIP code (03839) from other parts of Rochester. This New Hampshire state location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Rochester, New Hampshire Rochester is a city in Strafford County, New Hampshire , United States. The population was 32,492 at the 2020 census , making it the 6th most populous city in New Hampshire . In addition to
2407-598: The Western world developed in the 20th century, but the issue of corporal punishment was not addressed generally before mid-century. Years with particular significance to the prohibition of corporal punishment of children are emphasised. Corporal punishment of minors in the United States 67 countries, most of them in Europe and Latin America , have prohibited any corporal punishment of children. The earliest recorded attempt to prohibit corporal punishment of children by
2490-433: The Western world , the corporal punishment of children has traditionally been used by adults in authority roles. Beating one's son as a form of punishment is even recommended in the book of Proverbs : He that spareth the rod, hateth his son; but he that loveth him, chasteneth him betimes. (Proverbs 13:24) A fool's lips enter into contention, and his mouth calleth for strokes. (Proverbs 18:6) Chasten thy son while there
2573-700: The City of Rochester, and Rochester School District. Cooperative Alliance for Seacoast Transportation provides local bus service. In the New Hampshire Senate , Rochester is in the 6th District and is currently represented by Republican Jim Gray . On the New Hampshire Executive Council , Rochester is in District 2 and is currently represented by Democrat Cinde Warmington . In the U.S. House of Representatives , Rochester
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2656-522: The Common would shrink as more of it was sold off for development. A bandstand was constructed in 1914. Today, the Common is used for community activities such as Memorial Day events and for concerts throughout the summer months, in addition to having a walking track. During the Revolutionary War the Common was used as the meeting place for soldiers before going off to war. The common is also
2739-662: The J Spaulding and Sons Company president after his father's death. During the Great Depression , however, several industries left for cheaper operating conditions in the South or went bankrupt . But the affluent mill era left behind fine architecture, including the Rochester Public Library, a Carnegie Library designed by the Concord architects Randlett & Griffin . The Rochester Public Library
2822-666: The Linscott, Tyler, Wilson Company) off Wakefield Street and N. B. Thayer & Company, Inc., in East Rochester. In the early twentieth century, more people were employed in shoe manufacturing than in all other local industries combined. Rochester contributed to New Hampshire's position as the nation's third largest shoe-producing state. The Kessel Fire Brick Company was established in 1889, and at one time bricks for new buildings at Harvard University were made in Gonic. Carrying
2905-562: The Maybury Shoe Company began operations on the former E.G. & E. Wallace site on South Main Street. Both firms survived the Great Depression, providing steady jobs for hundreds of Rochester citizens, and converted to a wartime footing during World War Two, but were unable to compete against the flood of cheap foreign imports in the 1970s. Hubbard Shoe Company went out of business in 1973, and Maybury Shoe closed in
2988-632: The Rochester Opera House. The City of Rochester has preserved the 90-year-old historical décor of the Opera House. Rochester's thriving shoe industry in the early twentieth century attracted entrepreneurs from out of state. In 1930 Samuel J. Katz of Brookline, Massachusetts , incorporated the Hubbard Shoe Company and commenced operations in N. B. Thayer & Company's factory on Pleasant Street in East Rochester before
3071-532: The UK government stated there were no plans to change the law on smacking in England and said it would observe the impact of legal amendments in Scotland and Wales. Corporal punishment in schools has been outlawed in many countries. It often involves striking the student on the buttocks or the palm of the hand with an implement (e.g. a rattan cane or a spanking paddle ). In countries where corporal punishment
3154-777: The UK, the traditional right of a husband to inflict moderate corporal punishment on his wife in order to keep her "within the bounds of duty" was similarly removed in 1891. See Domestic violence for more information. In the United Kingdom, the use of judicial corporal punishment declined during the first half of the twentieth century and it was abolished altogether in the Criminal Justice Act, 1948 (zi & z2 GEo. 6. CH. 58.) , whereby whipping and flogging were outlawed except for use in very serious internal prison discipline cases, while most other European countries had abolished it earlier. Meanwhile, in many schools,
3237-450: The center of town, leading south to Lee and Epping , and traveling north parallel to NH 16 into Milton . New Hampshire Route 11 leads west to Alton and Laconia and northeast along US 202 into Maine. New Hampshire Route 108 leads southeast to Dover , and New Hampshire Route 202A leads southwest to Strafford and Northwood . Besides the main downtown part of Rochester, there are two other named communities of significance within
3320-456: The child would not cause harm to others' property. Researchers who have lived among the Parakanã and Ju/'hoansi people, as well as some Aboriginal Australians , have written about the absence of the physical punishment of children in those cultures. Wilson writes: Probably the only generalization that can be made about the use of physical punishment among primitive tribes is that there
3403-601: The city limits. East Rochester , a small neighborhood, is located near the northeastern border of the city along routes 202 and 11, next to the Salmon Falls River , while Gonic (from the Native American name Squanamagonic ) is located south of downtown along NH 125 at a dam on the Cocheco River. As of the 2010 census , there were 29,752 people, 12,378 households, and 7,936 families residing in
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3486-491: The city. There were 13,372 housing units, of which 994, or 7.4%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the town was 95.4% White, 0.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.4% some other race, and 1.7% from two or more races. 1.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 12,378 households, 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.8% were headed by married couples living together, 12.2% had
3569-415: The downtown area, the city contains the villages of East Rochester , Gonic , and North Rochester . Rochester is home to Skyhaven Airport and part of Baxter Lake . Rochester was one of New Hampshire 's fastest growing cities between 2010 and 2020. The town was one of four granted by colonial governor Samuel Shute of Massachusetts and New Hampshire during his brief term. Incorporated in 1722, it
3652-411: The early 1900s there were 1,200 local calls and 400 toll calls a day made from Rochester. In 1889 and 1900 Jonas Spaulding and his three sons Leon, Huntley , and Rolland , built a leatherboard mill at North Rochester . Jonas died before the mill became operational, but his three sons ran it well in co-partnership and expanded the company nationally and internationally. Leon Cummings Spaulding served as
3735-478: The end of the year. By 1931 the firm had also taken over the Linscott, Tyler, Wilson factory off Wakefield Street in Rochester, which it purchased outright in May 1932. At its peak, the Hubbard Shoe Company employed about four hundred people in East Rochester making men's shoes and five hundred in Rochester making women's shoes, with a total annual payroll of $ 3 million and total annual output of 2.5 million shoes. In 1934
3818-483: The fire in control, but two days later, winds up to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) drove the "small" fire out of control. The wind-driven fire moved to the south and east into Rochester. The fire would engulf an area over 9 miles (14 km) long and over 2 miles (3 km) wide with walls of flame 40 feet (12 m) high. Before the fire was under control, over 30 homes in Rochester would be lost. Hurricane Carol struck New Hampshire on September 2, 1954. The winds of
3901-480: The floor in the inclined position, the opera house would show plays, concerts, etc. When the floor was level, the building could be used for dances or public meetings. The Rochester Opera House opened on Memorial Day 1908. Almost all of Adams' buildings contained movable floors, though the buildings in Waterville and Montpelier did not. Because of the destruction of the other opera houses, the Rochester Opera House
3984-556: The freight were four railroads that once passed through Rochester, a major junction between Haverhill, Massachusetts , and Portland, Maine . Agriculture continued to be important, and in 1875 the Rochester Fair was established. In 1891, Rochester was incorporated as a city. The first telephone was installed in 1885 in the K.C. Sanborn Drug Store. The phone was connected to the Dover Telephone Exchange. By
4067-426: The golf course, with various traps and some mysteries. The whole place is certainly a wonderful representation of the great out-of-doors and a veritable dream of loveliness. The grand opening is set for Saturday evening at 6:00, when Mayor Louis H. McDuffee will press the button and turn on the lights. The summer of 1947 was dry. In late October of that year only 1/8 inch of rain had fallen since mid-September, and
4150-455: The hurricane were in excess of 90 miles per hour (140 km/h). The property damage in New Hampshire was estimated to be 3 million dollars, and 4 inches (100 mm) of rain fell during the storm. A Category 5 hurricane, known locally as the Hurricane of '38 , was the most deadly of New Hampshire's history, causing excessive damage to Rochester and outlying communities. Hurricane Carol was
4233-507: The infliction of corporal punishment in government institutions such as schools, prisons and reformatories. By the First World War, parents' complaints about disciplinary excesses in England had died down, and corporal punishment was established as an expected form of school discipline. In the 1870s, courts in the United States overruled the common-law principle that a husband had the right to "physically chastise an errant wife". In
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#17327983476024316-450: The location of the city's Civil War monument that bears the names of the 54 men who died then. The monument was dedicated in the 1870s, and in the 1880s the statue was added to the monument. Four Civil War cannons also decorated the monument, but during World War II the cannon were melted down for use in the war. They were replaced by World War II guns. The bandstand was built in 1914 by Miles Dustin; before then band concerts were held on
4399-562: The mid-1970s. Samuel Katz's son Saul, however, went on to found the profitable Rockport Shoe Company with his son, Bruce R. Katz. Rochester passed out of the silent film era on May 20, 1929, with the arrival of the first talking motion picture in the city, titled The Wild Party , starring Clara Bow . The movie was shown at the Scenic Theater. The evening admission price was 35 cents for adults and 15 cents for children. A Rochester Courier article from October 1930 described
4482-552: The new building. The new library was built on the site of what was the Main Street School. The library was built in the Georgian revival style, using brick and granite, and the inside was finished with golden oak and cypress. The library opened on October 2, 1905, and 150 people registered the first day. Miss Lillian Parshley was the first librarian, serving until her death in 1945. Velma Foss, Miss Parshley's assistant,
4565-416: The northern corner of the city. New Hampshire Route 16 (the Spaulding Turnpike ) is a six-lane controlled-access highway that passes through the city, leading north towards Conway and south to Dover and Portsmouth . U.S. Route 202 uses the turnpike to bypass the city center, then heads northeastward into Maine and southwestward towards Concord . New Hampshire Route 125 passes north–south through
4648-430: The number of students attending school across the state diminished. This led to the abolishment of this system, because communities across the state including Rochester had many schools with extremely low numbers of students. In 1850 the city voted to allow high schools and the funding of them. However money was not actually raised for high schools until 1868. The first high school opened in 1857. The principal and teacher
4731-420: The onlookers or tired players. All the floors will be covered with artificial grass. In a conspicuous place is a great pile of stones, with a fountain at the top, out of which a tiny stream trickles down over the rocks in various small channels and little pools. Ferns grow on its sides. There are also in various places tree trunks, some birch with their white bark and other varieties. There will be eighteen holes to
4814-596: The population and 12.3% of families were below the poverty line . 22.2% of the population under the age of 18 and 8.8% of those 65 or older were living in poverty. Major employers in Rochester include Frisbie Memorial Hospital, Albany International , Market Basket , Walmart , Thompson Investment Casting, Spaulding Composites, Rochester Manor , NextPhase Medical Devices, Monarch School of New England, Lydall Performance Materials, Lowe's , Laars Heating Systems , Kohl's , Homemakers & Health Services, The Home Depot , Hannaford , Eastern Propane & Oil, Cornerstone VNA,
4897-572: The recipient from office. (The second reign of Justinian the Slit-nosed was the notable exception.) Elsewhere, corporal punishment was encouraged by the attitudes of the Catholic church towards the human body, flagellation being a common means of self-discipline. This had an influence on the use of corporal punishment in schools, as educational establishments were closely attached to the church during this period. Nevertheless, corporal punishment
4980-445: The schoolmaster was named John Forst. He was paid a salary of 15 pounds and boarded with a different family each month (this family received 30 cents a week from the city). For many years the city followed the pattern of the first school by opening one and closing it shortly after. Eventually the citizens realized a school was necessary, but funding one was an issue. In 1783 the state demanded that schools were opened permanently or else
5063-490: The square. The flag pole was donated by J. Frank Place in 1917. He was the former publisher of the Rochester Courier . In 1750, Rochester voted at a town meeting to establish a public school to teach writing and reading to the town's children. The vote was quickly overturned, which violated colonial laws mandating schools in each community. In 1752 the first public schooling began. The school lasted for 16 weeks and
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#17327983476025146-432: The state would penalize them. A year later permanent schools were established. Corporal punishment was commonly used by the schoolmasters. In 1806 the school system was divided into districts in accordance with state law that was passed in 1805. This system of districts remained in place until 1884 when laws regarding districts changed. The schools in this system often lacked the necessary educational materials. Eventually
5229-441: The succeeding two thousand years". By that boys should suffer corporal punishment, though it is received by custom, and Chrysippus makes no objection to it, I by no means approve; first, because it is a disgrace, and a punishment fit for slaves, and in reality (as will be evident if you imagine the age change) an affront; secondly, because, if a boy's disposition be so abject as not to be amended by reproof, he will be hardened, like
5312-467: The temperatures were high. Small ponds and streams were dried up, and local farmers were using water from the Salmon Falls River and Cocheco River to provide water for their livestock. Fire risk was high. On October 21, sparks from a passing train car in Farmington ignited the dry grass on both sides of the track, starting the biggest fire to strike Rochester. At first, firefighters seemed to have
5395-417: The term "corporal punishment" has since the 19th century usually meant caning , flagellation or bastinado rather than those other types of physical penalty. In some countries, foot whipping ( bastinado ) is still practised on prisoners. According to a study headed by Harvard researchers, corporal punishment like spanking could affect the brain development of children. These effects are similar to
5478-525: The use of the cane, paddle or tawse remained commonplace in the UK and the United States until the 1980s. In rural areas of the Southern United States, and in several other countries, it still is: see School corporal punishment . Key developments related to corporal punishment occurred in the late 20th century. Years with particular significance to the prohibition of corporal punishment are emphasised. The notion of children's rights in
5561-465: The walls and ceilings. There are to be an Egyptian room, a Japanese room, an Indian room and a Dutch room. The walls of each are adorned with appropriate paintings to form a picture of any particular land represented. The Dutch room, for example, not only has the paintings of the canals and dikes but an actual windmill revolving. In the Indian room are pictures of forests and streams, with an Indian paddling
5644-703: The whole skin, etc.). In addition, in Scotland, since October 2003, it has been illegal to use any implements or to strike the head when disciplining a child, and it is also prohibited to use corporal punishment towards children under the age of 3 years. In 2019, Scotland enacted a ban on corporal punishment, which went into effect in 2020. Wales also enacted a ban in 2020, which has gone into effect in 2022. In Pakistan, Section 89 of Pakistan Penal Code allows corporal punishment. In 2024, children's doctors urged ministers to ban smacking children in England and Northern Ireland as their report warned that children suffer physically and mentally after being hit in their home. However,
5727-471: The words that not only justified the use of physical punishment on children for over a thousand years in Christian communities, but ordered it to be used. The words were accepted with but few exceptions; it is only in the last two hundred years that there has been a growing body of opinion that differed. Curiously, the gentleness of Christ towards children (Mark, X) was usually ignored". Corporal punishment
5810-445: The worst of slaves, even to stripes; and lastly, because, if one who regularly exacts his tasks be with him, there will not be the need of any chastisement (Quintilian, Institutes of Oratory, 1856 edition, I, III). Plutarch , also in the first century, writes: This also I assert, that children ought to be led to honourable practices by means of encouragement and reasoning, and most certainly not by blows or ill-treatment, for it surely
5893-405: Was 40.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males. For the period 2011–2015, the estimated median annual income for a household was $ 46,979, and the median income for a family was $ 59,519. Male full-time workers had a median income of $ 42,948 versus $ 34,688 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 26,580. 13.2% of
5976-409: Was William A. Kimball. At that time a school year lasted for 22 weeks. High school attendance was relatively low, and most dropped out before graduating. Mail service was established in 1768 when a post rider traveled from Portsmouth through Berwick , Dover and Rochester bringing gazettes . In 1792 this improved when Joseph Paine would deliver and pick up mail once a week. When he arrived in town
6059-442: Was approved in 1893 but was not open to the public until early 1894. Back then, the library was located on the corner of Portland Street and South Main Street. In 1897, the library moved to City Hall, where it remained for over eight years. In the early 1900s, Osman Warren, Rochester's postmaster, contacted Andrew Carnegie for help in securing an endowment to build the new library. The Carnegie Institute donated $ 20,000 to construct
6142-463: Was called "Norway Plain Mille Common" after its abundant Norway pines . At the time, the Common extended into what is now downtown Rochester. By 1738, the farming community contained 60 families. A statue of Parson Main, sculpted by Giuseppe Moretti , today presides over the town square. By 1780 the area surrounding the Common was the most thickly settled part of town, so a meeting house/church
6225-531: Was encouraged by two significant cases, the death of Private Frederick John White , who died after a military flogging in 1846, and the death of Reginald Cancellor , killed by his schoolmaster in 1860. Events such as these mobilised public opinion and, by the late nineteenth century, the extent of corporal punishment's use in state schools was unpopular with many parents in England. Authorities in Britain and some other countries introduced more detailed rules for
6308-556: Was erected on the east end of the Common with the entrance facing what is now South Main Street. A cemetery was also established near the new meeting house, but the ground was found to be too wet, and the bodies were removed to the Old Rochester Cemetery. In 1842 the Meeting House/church was moved to the present-day location at the corner of Liberty and South Main streets. As the years went by the size of
6391-547: Was highly influential, and may have helped influence Polish legislators to ban corporal punishment from Poland's schools in 1783, the first country in the world to do so. A consequence of this mode of thinking was a reduction in the use of corporal punishment in the 19th century in Europe and North America. In some countries this was encouraged by scandals involving individuals seriously hurt during acts of corporal punishment. For instance, in Britain, popular opposition to punishment
6474-628: Was named for his close friend, Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester , brother-in-law to King James II . As was customary, tall white pine trees were reserved for use as masts by the Royal Navy . In 1737, the Reverend Amos Main became the first settled pastor of the Congregational Church , located on Rochester Hill. The building would be moved to Rochester Common, which then encompassed 250 acres (1.0 km ) and
6557-416: Was no common procedure [...] Pettit concludes that among primitive societies corporal punishment is rare, not because of the innate kindliness of these people but because it is contrary to developing the type of individual personality they set up as their ideal [...] An important point to be made here is that we cannot state that physical punishment as a motivational or corrective device is 'innate' to man. In
6640-404: Was not used uncritically; as early as the 11th century Saint Anselm , Archbishop of Canterbury was speaking out against what he saw as the excessive use of corporal punishment in the treatment of children. From the 16th century onwards, new trends were seen in corporal punishment. Judicial punishments were increasingly turned into public spectacles, with public beatings of criminals intended as
6723-520: Was out of business. Shoe manufacturing had surpassed textiles as Rochester's dominant industry by 1880. In 1854, the E.G. & E. Wallace Shoe Company was established, eventually becoming the city's largest employer, with over 700 workers in 1901. Its name changed to the Rochester Shoe Corporation in the 1920s. The Wallace brothers died in the 1890s, and other shoe factories opened, including Perkins, Linscott & Company (later
6806-545: Was practised in Egypt , China , Greece , and Rome in order to maintain judicial and educational discipline. Disfigured Egyptian criminals were exiled to Tjaru and Rhinocorura on the Sinai border, a region whose name meant " cut-off noses ." Corporal punishment was prescribed in ancient Israel, but it was limited to 40 lashes. In China, some criminals were also disfigured but other criminals were tattooed. Some states gained
6889-896: Was the second librarian of the Rochester Library. Another notable structure is Rochester City Hall, built in 1908, and Opera House designed by George G. Adams . Adams designed other municipal government/opera house dual-purpose buildings around New England, including in Bellows Falls, Vermont (1887); Amesbury, Massachusetts (1887); Dover, New Hampshire (1891); and Derry, New Hampshire (1901). Only four of his structures survive today (in Waterville, Maine , Montpelier, Vermont , Derry, and Rochester), with many of his buildings destroyed by fires. Adams' opera houses were unique because of their floors, which were movable and could function in both inclined or level position. With
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