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128-497: Philandering Hollywood writer Charlie Sorrel is shot and killed by Hungarian film producer Sir Leopold Sartori when he is caught fooling around with Leopold's wife Rusty. Charlie's best and only friend, novelist George Tracy, arrives at Charlie's Malibu beach house for the memorial service, after an exhausting series of flights from Paris that have left him broke. There are only three people there: Charlie's agent and two ex-girlfriends. George does his best to eulogize his friend, but there

256-571: A meta-analysis . Vincente Minnelli Vincente Minnelli (born Lester Anthony Minnelli ; February 28, 1903 – July 25, 1986) was an American stage director and film director. For a career spanning over half a century, he is best known for his sophisticated innovation and artistry in musical films . As of 2024 , six of his films have been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . Minnelli made his stage debut as an actor in

384-650: A "decadent" nature of gay men, but says "I think they're wrong. Promiscuous gay men are expressing an essentially masculine trait. They are doing what most heterosexual men would do if they could. They are in this way just like heterosexual men, except that they don't have women to constrain them." Regarding sexually transmitted infections (STIs), some researchers have said that the number of sexual partners had by gay men cannot fully explain rates of HIV infection in this population. Most gay men report having similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners as straight men on an annual basis. Unprotected receptive anal sex, which holds

512-692: A New York-bound fruit steamer . At three years old, Minnelli made his debut stage performance portraying Little Willie in East Lynne , alongside his mother performing dual roles as Lady Isabel and Madame Vine. During the performance, Minnelli broke character when his character was supposed to have died. His family moved to Delaware, Ohio , where he spent the first three years of high school at St. Mary's. Since St. Mary's had no twelfth grade, he spent his last year at Willis High School [1] in Delaware , graduating at 16 years of age. There, he appeared in

640-446: A black surrealist musical comedy, with Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart composing the score. Both men collaborated with David Freeman on the script, but Saroyan exited the project. During the spring of 1940, Harburg brought Arthur Freed into Minnelli's studio on East 54th Street. Minnelli remembered, "Then Arthur Freed came to see me at my studio and convinced me to come to MGM to do the kind of thing that I liked, you know?" After

768-429: A compulsive urge to engage in illicit sex with attached individuals is a common symptom of borderline personality disorder , histrionic personality disorder , narcissistic personality disorder , and antisocial personality disorder but most promiscuous individuals do not have these disorders. In 2008, a U.S. university study of international promiscuity found that Finns have had the largest number of sex partners in

896-406: A contract to produce and direct films. Although he was initially reluctant, Minnelli accepted the offer and was paid $ 2,500 a week. His first project was Times Squares , a mystery film set on Broadway. Leo Birinski was hired to write the script, with the plot detailing characters venturing throughout various musical numbers from Broadway shows to piece together vital clues. Minnelli also proposed

1024-551: A directing job by Lee Shubert for his stage company. Despite the offer, Minnelli continued working for Radio City Music Hall until he left in April 1935. After months of considering, he joined Shubert's organization, signing a contract to produce three musical shows over eighteen months. Minnelli was handed his first directorial project titled At Home Abroad , with music composed by Arthur Schwartz and Howard Dietz . Starring Beatrice Lillie , Ethel Waters , and Eleanor Powell ,

1152-407: A dirty trick that she had recently played on him as a man. George realizes that this must be a case of karmic retribution for all of the women that Charlie had used and betrayed. All manner of complications arise as Charlie decides to take advantage of the situation. George helps her by establishing her as Charlie's widow, figuring out their finances—they are both broke—and boosting her morale. From

1280-507: A discussion, Minnelli agreed to be paid $ 300 a week. On April 2, 1940, Minnelli began working for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1941, he did minor consulting work, which included critiquing Norman Z. McLeod 's Lady Be Good (1941) and advising Pandro Berman to change the beginning of Rio Rita (1942). Sometime later, McLeod had filmed Panama Hattie (1942) but received lackluster responses during test screenings. In reaction, Freed hired Roy Del Ruth to film reshoots and Minnelli to direct

1408-420: A grim role-reversal that she recognizes when it happens, Charlie is chased around the house by Leopold, who cheerfully spouts amorous nonsense and is intent on making love to her. Rusty arrives, gun in hand, and, just as Charlie climbs onto the terrace railing with intent to jump, Rusty shoots her, and she plunges into the ocean below. George, who has arrived in the midst of the melee, leaps after Charlie, but there

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1536-423: A median of 22 sexual partners in a lifetime ( sexual partner was defined as any sexual contact, kissing, touching or intercourse). 30% of gay respondents reported 0–9 partners in their lifetime. 50.1% of gay men reported having either 0 or 1 partner in the previous year, while 25.6% reported 10 or more partners in the previous year. Research on gay sexual behavior may overrepresent promiscuous respondents. This

1664-743: A median of 8 female sexual partners in their lifetime. For lifetime sexual partners: 5.8% had 0 partners, 10.3% had 1 partner, 6.1% had 2 partners, 33% had between 3 and 9 partners, 38.3% had between 10 and 49 partners and 6.6% had more than 50 female sexual partners. A 2014 representative study in Australia found that heterosexual men had a median of 7.8 female sexual partners in their lifetime. For lifetime sexual partners: 3.7% had 0 partners, 12.6% had 1 partner, 6.8% had 2 partners, 32.3% had between 3 and 9 partners, 36.9% had between 10 and 49 partners and 7.8% had more than 50 female sexual partners. Research by J. Michael Bailey found that heterosexual men had

1792-528: A much higher risk of HIV transmission, appears to be the major factor. In 1994, a study in the United States found almost all married heterosexual women reported having sexual contact only with their husbands, and unmarried women almost always reported having no more than one sexual partner in the past three months. Lesbians who had long-term partners reported having fewer outside partners than heterosexual women. More recent research, however, contradicts

1920-531: A musical during their honeymoon. The story tells of Manuela, a local Caribbean woman, who daydreams of the pirate Macoco, better known as Mack the Black. She is unknowingly engaged to him, now identifying as Don Pedro, the portly and elderly village mayor. Serafin, a traveling actor, roleplays as the pirate to win Manuela's affection. Freed initially resisted the idea but reluctantly agreed to produce it after reading

2048-536: A population or within their social groups . A 2006 systematic review analyzing data from 59 countries worldwide found no association between regional sexual behavior tendencies, such as number of sexual partners, and sexual-health status. Much more predictive of sexual-health status are socioeconomic factors like poverty and mobility. Other studies have suggested that people with multiple casual sex partners are more likely to be diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections. Severe and impulsive promiscuity, along with

2176-677: A production of East Lynne , staged by the Minnelli Brothers' Tent Theater (co-founded by his father and paternal uncle). After graduating from high school, he worked as an apprentice window designer at Marshall Field's department store in Chicago . There, he attended the Art Institute of Chicago and became a costume designer for the Balaban and Katz theater chain. By the early 1930s, he moved to New York City and served as

2304-518: A romantic and professional interest in Jerry. Meanwhile, Jerry romances Lise Bouvier ( Leslie Caron ), a young teen engaged to Henri Baurel ( Georges Guétary ), a friend of Jerry's. Filming began on August 1, 1950 at the MGM studios, though production was halted on September 15 to prepare for the ballet sequence. Minnelli left to direct another film, Father's Little Dividend (1951), the sequel to Father of

2432-489: A scandalous affair. Upon its release, critics praised the film's seedy depiction of Hollywood and the performances from the cast, most particularly Douglas, Turner and Gloria Grahame . The scene of Georgina's emotional breakdown inside a moving vehicle was highlighted. At the 1953 Academy Awards , The Bad and the Beautiful was nominated for six Oscars, winning five including Grahame for Best Supporting Actress . At

2560-720: A school production of H.M.S. Pinafore and starred in The Fortune Hunter at the Delaware Opera House. Following his high school graduation, Minnelli moved to Chicago, where he lived briefly with his maternal grandmother Le Beau and his aunt Amy. In search for a job, Minnelli took his portfolio of watercolor paintings to the Marshall Field's department store . Arthur Valair Fraser, the store's display director, reviewed his portfolio and hired him immediately as an apprentice window dresser . There,

2688-426: A sexual double standard in short-term or long-term mating contexts, nor in choosing a friend, except that women's self-stimulation was more acceptable than men's. Evolutionary psychologists propose that a conditional human tendency for promiscuity is inherited from hunter-gatherer ancestors. Promiscuity increases the likelihood of having children, thus "evolutionary" fitness. According to them, female promiscuity

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2816-421: A state of promiscuity or " hetaerism " before the advent of society as we understand it. Hetaerism is a theoretical early state of human society, as postulated by 19th-century anthropologists, which was characterized by the absence of the institution of marriage in any form and in which women were the common property of their tribe and in which children never knew who their fathers were. The reconstruction of

2944-406: A surrealist ballet featuring Paramount's contract actors, and held conversations with Kurt Weill about a potential musical film. Minnelli discussed the project with Adolph Zukor , the head of Paramount, but he was uninterested; discussions with William LeBaron , the studio's head of production, did not move the project forward. Meanwhile, Minnelli proposed the title Shall We Dance (1937) to

3072-425: A tabletop, while George Pal provided the stop motion animation of the musicians made of fruit. During filming, Minnelli met Garland, who had just turned 18 years old, for the first time. Minnelli subsequently worked on Busby Berkeley 's Babes on Broadway (1941), which also starred Rooney and Garland, for the "Ghost Theater" sequence. Minnelli suggested they imitate veteran Broadway stars, but Berkeley rejected

3200-538: A team of Tin Pan Alley lyricists. The show premiered on Christmas Day 1936 and ran for 237 performances during its initial run. A reprise opened in September 1937 and played for two weeks. Based on his Broadway success, Hollywood had taken notice of Minnelli as a rising director. Samuel Goldwyn tentatively approached Minnelli to direct The Goldwyn Follies (1938), and in 1937, Paramount Pictures offered him

3328-500: A treatment. To replicate the success of For Me and My Gal (1942), Gene Kelly was cast to reunite his pairing with Garland. On December 27, 1946, a recording session with Garland had to be cancelled due to her illness. Due to Garland's frequent absences, filming did not begin until February 1947. Out of 135 days for rehearsals, filming and reshoots, Garland was absent for 99. After a preview in October, Minnelli agreed to shorten

3456-461: A young heiress living a sheltered life in a convent and decide to con her. One night, Yolanda prays for a "guardian angel" which Astaire's character impersonates. Freed had come across the magazine story and hired Bemelmans and Théry to write a treatment, and Robert Nathan to write the final screenplay. Filming began on January 15, 1945 and wrapped four months later. Upon its release, the film received mixed reviews with criticism towards its script and

3584-443: Is a real person, Virginia Mason. She takes a look at him and decides that he needs food. She commands Charlie to sit and stay. Virginia and George talk in the kitchen; it is clearly love at first sight . The dog goes into the living room, to the bookcase, to Charlie's secret cache of vodka (behind War and Peace ). The bottle falls and breaks; Charlie laps a bit from the floor and, looking heavenward, begins to howl. Film rights to

3712-423: Is advantageous in that it allows females to choose fathers for their children who have better genes than their mates, to ensure better care for their offspring, have more children, and as a form of fertility insurance. Male promiscuity was likely advantageous because it allowed males to father more children. Primitive promiscuity or original promiscuity was the 19th-century hypothesis that humans originally lived in

3840-446: Is because gay men are a small portion of the male population, and thus many researchers have relied on convenience surveys to research behavior of gay men. Examples of this type of sampling includes surveying men on dating apps such as Grindr , or finding volunteers at gay bars, clubs and saunas. Convenience surveys often exclude gay men who are in a relationship, and gay men who do not use dating apps or attend gay venues. For example,

3968-487: Is common in many animal species. Some species have promiscuous mating systems , ranging from polyandry and polygyny to mating systems with no stable relationships where mating between two individuals is a one-time event. Many species form stable pair bonds , but still mate with other individuals outside the pair. In biology , incidents of promiscuity in species that form pair bonds are usually called extra-pair copulations . Accurately assessing people's sexual behavior

Goodbye Charlie - Misplaced Pages Continue

4096-483: Is difficult, since strong social and personal motivations occur, depending on social sanctions and taboos , for either minimizing or exaggerating reported sexual activity. American experiments in 1978 and 1982 found the great majority of men were willing to have sex with women they did not know, of average attractiveness, who propositioned them. No woman, by contrast, agreed to such propositions from men of average attractiveness. While men were in general comfortable with

4224-415: Is little to be said in favor of Charlie, whose final bad joke on George is making him executor of his estate, which is a mess of debts and unpaid taxes. Soon after the guests leave, an exhausted George is awakened by a knock at the terrace door and the appearance of Bruce Minton III assisting a petite blonde woman swathed in a huge brown overcoat. Bruce came to her aid when he found her dazed and wandering on

4352-481: Is no sign of a body. After admonishing the Sartoris for their actions, George orders them to leave and never tell anyone about it. The couple reconcile, and Leopold promises eternal gratitude to George. George is asleep in a chair; the sound of a woman's voice repeatedly calling "Charlie" wakes him. This time, there are two beings on the terrace: a woman and her Great Dane Charlie. George quickly establishes that she

4480-549: Is suspected of murdering, and investigates his disappearance. Robert Mitchum , who portrayed the missing brother, was loaned out to MGM by RKO Radio Pictures to co-star in the film. During filming, Hepburn was initially displeased with Minnelli as her director, though both became cordial as production continued. Meanwhile, Taylor grew irritated at their developing friendship and was feeling overshadowed by Mitchum. The idea to adapt S. N. Behrman's play The Pirate originated with Minnelli, with Garland suggesting it be adapted into

4608-428: Is the practice of engaging in sexual activity frequently with different partners or being indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners. The term can carry a moral judgment. A common example of behavior viewed as promiscuous by many cultures is the one-night stand , and its frequency is used by researchers as a marker for promiscuity. What sexual behavior is considered promiscuous varies between cultures, as does

4736-515: The Fred Astaire – Ginger Rogers film. He consulted on Raoul Walsh 's 1937 film Artists and Models devising the "Public Melody No. 1" number, featuring Louis Armstrong and Martha Raye . After six months of negotiating, Minnelli was released from his contract and returned to Broadway. Lee Shubert offered him the musical Hooray for What! , which starred Ed Wynn and featured music and lyrics by Harold Arlen and E. Y. Harburg. Minnelli

4864-607: The Ziegfeld Follies musical revues, starring many of MGM's contracted talents. Midway through filming, Sidney asked to leave the production and Minnelli was hired to finish filming. Garland's segment was shot in July 1944, with principal photography concluding in August. Minnelli directed a total of ten segments, with the remaining four directed by Sidney, Lemuel Ayers , Roy Del Ruth, and Robert Lewis . The Clock (1945)

4992-527: The dailies . At the time, Garland was married to David Rose , but after they divorced, she began dating Joseph L. Mankiewicz . Premiering in November 1944, the film received universal critical acclaim and exceeded box office expectations, earning $ 7.56 million worldwide during its initial run. Meanwhile, the 1945 musical Ziegfeld Follies was in production with George Sidney as the film's initial director. The film featured several musical numbers from

5120-617: The 2017 survey of 42 nations surveyed only 33,000 people. In India, data was collected from less than 0.000001% of the total population at that time. According to the 2012 General Social Survey in the United States by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Protestants on average had more sex partners than Catholics. Similarly, a 2019 study by the Institute for Family Studies in

5248-660: The Bride (1950), An American in Paris (1951), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), Lust for Life (1956) and Gigi (1958). An American in Paris and Gigi respectively both won the Academy Award for Best Picture , with Minnelli winning the Best Director for the latter film. For over 26 years, Minnelli became the longest-tenured film director for MGM. By 1962, Minnelli's relationship with MGM worsened due to

Goodbye Charlie - Misplaced Pages Continue

5376-426: The Bride . Filming began on October 9 and was finished 23 days later. After this, Minnelli returned to film the ballet sequence, starting on December 6 and wrapping on January 8, 1951. The film proved popular with audiences, earning over $ 8 million in the United States. Kelly and Caron were praised by film critics, though the film's dramatic continuity was criticized. At the 1952 Academy Awards , An American in Paris

5504-669: The British and European convenience surveys included approximately five times as many gay men who reported "5 or more sexual partners" than the nationally representative NATSAL study did. Probability sample surveys are more useful in this regard, because they seek to accurately reflect the characteristics of the gay male population. Examples include the NATSAL in the United Kingdom and the General Social Survey in

5632-663: The Broadway musical centered on a married couple who flee the United States, and travel across Europe, Africa, Japan , and the West Indies . The musical had a try-out in Boston and opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on September 19, 1935. In his New York Times review, Brooks Atkinson praised Minnelli's efforts, writing: "Without resorting to opulence he has filled the stage with rich, glowing colors that give

5760-601: The Family, Private Property and the State . In the first half of the 20th century, this notion was rejected by a number of authors, e.g. Edvard Westermarck , a Finnish philosopher, social anthropologist and sociologist with in-depth knowledge of the history of marriage, who provided strong evidence that, at least in the first stages of cultural development, monogamy has been a perfectly normal and natural form of man-woman coexistence. Modern cultural anthropology has not confirmed

5888-496: The Good Old Summertime (1949). Pandro Berman phoned Minnelli at his office, offering him to direct a film adaptation of Gustave Flaubert 's novel Madame Bovary . Minnelli accepted as it was one of his favorite novels. Lana Turner was initially offered the lead role but Minnelli rejected the idea as Turner was perceived as a sex symbol . The Production Code also warned that Turner's onscreen image, along with

6016-444: The Minnelli Brothers' Tent Theater, serving as the musical conductor . Both had met each other at a musical revue; although they initially argued over her accompaniment, they grew closer and were married in November 1894. Following the marriage, she joined the Minnelli Brothers troupe. His paternal grandfather, Vincenzo Minnelli, and grand-uncle, Domenico Minnelli, both Sicilian revolutionaries , were forced to leave Sicily after

6144-581: The Sky (1943). A year later, Minnelli directed Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) starring Judy Garland . He married Garland a year later, and their daughter Liza was born in 1946. He subsequently directed Garland in The Clock (1945), Ziegfeld Follies (1945) and The Pirate (1948). He divorced Garland in 1951. Throughout the 1950s, Minnelli directed numerous comedies, dramas and musicals, including Father of

6272-479: The Streeter treatise much beloved." The film was nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Screenplay. The basis for An American in Paris (1951) began from Freed's friendship with Ira Gershwin at his residence. Freed told Ira he wanted to adapt his brother George 's orchestral piece An American in Paris into a film and potentially include a ballet sequence. In 1949, MGM and

6400-722: The US found that of never married young people, Protestants have more sexual partners than Catholics. A 1994 study in the United States, which looked at the number of sexual partners in a lifetime, found 20% of heterosexual men had one partner, 55% had two to 20 partners, and 25% had more than 20 sexual partners. More recent studies have reported similar numbers. In the United Kingdom, a nationally representative study in 2013 found that 33.9% of heterosexual men had 10 or more lifetime sexual partners. Among men between 45 and 54 years old, 43.1% reported 10 or more sexual partners. A 2003 representative study in Australia found that heterosexual men had

6528-414: The United Kingdom was the country with the most sex partners with an average of 7, while Austria had around 6.5. The 2012 Trojan Sex Life Survey found that African American men reported an average of 38 sex partners in their lifetime. A study funded by condom -maker Durex , conducted in 2006 and published in 2009, measured promiscuity by a total number of sexual partners. The survey found Austrian men had

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6656-426: The United States. According to John Corvino , opponents of gay rights often use convenience sample statistics to support their belief that gay men are promiscuous, but that larger representative samples show that the difference is not so large, and that extreme promiscuity occurs in a minority of gay men. Psychologist J. Michael Bailey has stated that social conservatives use promiscuity among gay men as evidence of

6784-609: The art direction for the operetta, The Dubarry . During rehearsals, Minnelli and Moore had creative differences but remained cordial. The operetta had tryouts in Boston , and premiered in New York in November 1932 where it ran for 87 performances. Based on his success, Paramount executives selected him for costume and set design for the 1933 edition of Ziegfeld Follies . However, by 1933, Paramount-Publix filed for bankruptcy protection, in which Adolph Zukor fired B. P. Schulberg as

6912-636: The art director for the Radio City Music Hall . In 1935, Minnelli became a theatre director with At Home Abroad (1935), starring Beatrice Lillie and Eleanor Powell . In 1937, Minnelli moved to Hollywood and served a brief stint at Paramount Pictures before returning to Broadway. In 1940, Minnelli was hired by Arthur Freed to work for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , where he directed sequences in Babes on Broadway (1941) and Panama Hattie (1942). He made his directorial film debut with Cabin in

7040-400: The assertion that heterosexual women are largely monogamous. A 2002 study estimated that 45% to 55% of married heterosexual women engage in sexual relationships outside of their marriage, while the estimate for heterosexual men engaging in the same conduct was 50–60% in the same study. One possible explanation for hyper sexuality is child sexual abuse (CSA) trauma. Many studies have examined

7168-411: The beginning, Charlie finds herself subject to a whole new set of emotions and sensations. Her masculine mannerisms begin to fade, partly because Charlie is a consummate actor, but also because the change is more than skin deep. At one point, she bursts into uncontrollable tears. George comforts her as he would a weeping girl, wiping her tears and stroking her hair to calm her, then pulls back, disturbed at

7296-640: The behest of Sidney Franklin , Minnelli was approached to direct two segments ("Mademoiselle" and "Why Should I Cry") for the 1953 anthology film The Story of Three Loves . Minnelli agreed to direct the segment "Mademoiselle," adapted from the short story "Lucy and the Stranger" by Arnold Phillips . Reuniting with Leslie Caron, the segment featured Ricky Nelson , Zsa Zsa Gabor , Farley Granger , and Ethel Barrymore . Filming lasted for three weeks before wrapping in February 1952. The segment "Why Should I Cry"

7424-468: The bride and her mother respectively. Filming began on January 16, 1950 and wrapped a month and a day later. Released in May 1950, the film earned $ 4.15 million in distributor rentals at the box office. Critical reception was positive, with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling the film "equally wonderful" when compared to the book, with "all the warmth and poignancy and understanding that makes

7552-655: The collapse of the provisional Sicilian government that arose from the 1848 revolution against Ferdinand II and Bourbon rule . Domenico Minnelli had been Vice-Chancellor of the Gran Corte Civile in Palermo at the time he helped organize the January 12, 1848, uprising there. After the Bourbon return to power Vincenzo reportedly hid in the catacombs of Palermo for 18 months before being successfully smuggled onto

7680-595: The commercial failures of The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and Two Weeks in Another Town . He formed his production company called Venice Productions, partnering with MGM and 20th Century Fox on The Courtship of Eddie's Father (1963) and Goodbye Charlie (1964). He directed his final film A Matter of Time (1976), starring his daughter Liza. Ten years later, in 1986, Minnelli died at his Beverly Hills residence, at age 83. Lester Anthony Minnelli

7808-849: The correlation between CSA and risky sexual behavior . Rodriguez-Srednicki and Ofelia examined the correlation of CSA experienced by women and their self-destructive behavior as adults using a questionnaire. The diversity and ages of the women varied. Slightly fewer than half the women reported CSA while the remainder reported no childhood trauma. The results of the study determined that self-destructive behaviors, including hypersexuality, correlates with CSA in women. CSA can create sexual schemas that result in risky sexual behavior. This can play out in their sexual interactions as girls get older. The sexual behaviors of women that experienced CSA differed from those of women without exposure to CSA. Studies show CSA survivors tend to have more sexual partners and engage in higher risk sexual behaviors. Since at least 1450,

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7936-848: The curriculum. While working at Marshall Field's, a blind female customer arrived to rent stage props for the Radical Playhouse. She asked Minnelli to join their acting group where they were performing one-act plays by Eugene O'Neill . Minnelli agreed, and read for the part of a retired sea captain in O'Neill's Where the Cross is Made . He disliked this acting job, but Minnelli remained a frequent attendee of Chicago's theatre district . In his spare time, he painted watercolor sketches of contemporary theatre actors, including Ina Claire and Mary Nash . Encouraged by his friends, he sold his paintings backstage, and earned enough money to live on his own. One night, while selling his artwork backstage, he

8064-479: The estate of George Gershwin entered negotiations, by which the studio acquired the rights to Gershwin's catalogue for $ 158,750 (equivalent to $ 2,032,888 in 2023). The story was inspired by a Life magazine article of American G.I.s studying art in Paris on sponsorship from the G.I. Bill , which Freed had remembered. In the film, Jerry Mulligan (Kelly) is an artist studying in Paris. He meets Milo Roberts ( Nina Foch ), an heiress and arts patron who expresses

8192-416: The existence of a complete promiscuity in any known society or culture. The evidence of history is reduced to some texts of Herodotus , Strabo , and Solinus , which have been hard to interpret. Christianity , Judaism , and Islam condemn promiscuity and instead advocate lifelong monogamous marriage (although Islam allows polygamy for men). The perspectives on promiscuity vary significantly depending on

8320-609: The experimental films of Jean Cocteau and Luis Buñuel , and the writings of Sigmund Freud . Around this time, Minnelli dropped Lester from his name, replacing it with "Vincente"; the final "e" was added in order to seem more sophisticated and elegant. One day, Minnelli approached Frank Cambria, who headed the Chicago Theatre , which was a part of the Balaban and Katz theater chain. He told Cambria that he should open his own costume department, and allow him to run it. Cambria took Minnelli to A. J. Balaban 's office, where he

8448-794: The family's celebration of the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair . Judy Garland was cast as Esther Smith, though she felt her role would be overshadowed by Margaret O'Brien , who was portraying Tootie. Principal photography began on December 7, 1943 though continued filming was frequently delayed by Garland's tardiness and claims of illness. Determined to have Garland's physical beauty showcased, he requested make-up artist Dorothy Ponedel be assigned to Garland. Ponedel refined her appearance, which included extending and reshaping her eyebrows, changing her hairline, modifying her lip line and removing her nose discs and dental caps. Filming wrapped on April 7, 1944. During filming, Garland and Minnelli had some creative differences, though Garland grew closer to him after watching

8576-403: The fertile phase of the menstrual cycle than the luteal phase , whereas attraction to the primary partner does not change depending on the menstrual cycle . A 2004 study by Pillsworth, Hasselton and Buss contradicted this, finding greater in-pair sexual attraction during this phase and no increase in attraction to extra-pair men. In Norwegian students, Kennair et al. (2023) found no signs of

8704-557: The film and Jones's performance, though it earned $ 2 million at the box office. That same year, Minnelli reportedly directed the climax sequence in Robert Z. Leonard 's The Bribe (1949). Minnelli's subsequent collaboration with Berman was Father of the Bride (1950) based on the bestselling 1949 novel by Edward Streeter . Jack Benny pursued the lead role and was given a screen test, but Minnelli wanted Spencer Tracy and cast him. Elizabeth Taylor and Joan Bennett were cast as

8832-492: The film has a certain style and pace. But it is much more vulgar than stylish, much more sluggish and dull than fast." In 2019, Stephen Vagg reviewed the film in Diabolique magazine: "It's not that shocking to see the star of Spartacus (1960)... make moves on a woman not knowing she's a man, but it is a surprise to see Boone to do it. He later admitted to having a drinking problem around this time and shot some scenes for

8960-556: The film unfinished, and MGM dissatisfied with his cut. The film's producer Jack Cummings hoped Minnelli would inject his style into the film. Onboard as director, Minnelli hired Sig Herzig and Fred Saidy to rewrite the script. A loose remake of Spite Marriage (1929), Skelton plays Joseph Renolds, a tailor's assistant, who becomes enamored with Constance Shaw (Powell), a Broadway star, and attends every performance of her Civil War melodrama. Shaw impulsively marries Renolds to spite her lover ( Richard Ainley ). Herzig and Saidy updated

9088-474: The film's run time. Between October 21 and December 19, reshoots were taken with the musical number "Voodoo" replaced with a livelier reshoot of "Mack the Black". When filming concluded, the film had gone over budget, costing $ 3.7 million. The film earned over $ 2.9 million at the box office, but posted a net loss of $ 2.2 million. Despite the financial failure of The Pirate , Minnelli was slated to direct Easter Parade (1948) with Garland and Gene Kelly cast in

9216-635: The form of copulation outside the pair bond . In the animal world, some species, including birds such as swans and fish such as Neolamprologus pulcher , once believed monogamous , are now known to engage in extra-pair copulations . One example of extra-pair fertilization (EPF) in birds is the black-throated blue warblers . Though it is a socially monogamous species, both males and females engage in EPF. The Darwin-Bateman paradigm, which states that males are typically eager to copulate while females are more choosy about whom to mate with, has been confirmed by

9344-448: The highest number of sex partners globally, with 29.3 sexual partners on average. New Zealand women had the highest number of sex partners for females in the world with an average of 20.4 sexual partners. In all of the countries surveyed, except New Zealand, men reported more sexual partners than women. One review found the people from developed Western countries had more sex partners than people from developing countries in general, while

9472-421: The idea. In 1942, Minnelli was called to Freed's office where he was offered to direct Cabin in the Sky (1943). Minnelli accepted, writing he "interpreted the assignment, with more freedom than I'd dreamed possible, as just reward for past contributions." Based on the 1940 musical by Vernon Duke and John La Touche , Cabin in the Sky tells the story of Petunia ( Ethel Waters ), a devout woman, who prays for

9600-465: The industrialized world, and British people have the largest number among big western industrial nations. The study measured one-night stands, attitudes to casual sex , and number of sexual partners . A 2014 nationwide survey in the United Kingdom named Liverpool the country's most promiscuous city. Britain's position on the international index "may be linked to increasing social acceptance of promiscuity among women as well as men". Britain's ranking

9728-446: The lead roles (though Kelly was later replaced by Fred Astaire after a rehearsal injury). Rehearsals began on September 5, 1947, but five days later, Minnelli was called into Freed's office and removed from the film. Freed had cited Minnelli's removal based on the advice of Garland's psychiatrist. Charles Walters was hired to replace him. For almost a year, Minnelli was without a film project while Garland filmed Easter Parade and In

9856-429: The look, Minnelli used the 1880s as inspiration for the hair styles and elegant costumes. Opening on January 30, 1936, the Ziegfeld Follies was a commercial success, running for five months and reopened for another five months after a summer hiatus. Minnelli was not involved in the revival, but instead chose to direct a musical revue titled The Show Must Go . Minnelli devised an original story, featuring new songs from

9984-664: The mean number of sexual partners between gay and straight men "did not appear very large". A 2007 study reported that two large population surveys found "the majority of gay men had similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners annually as straight men and women." The 2013 British NATSAL study found that gay men typically had 19 sexual partners in a lifetime (median). In the previous year, 51.8% reported having either 0 or 1 sexual partner. A further 21.3% reported having between 2 and 4 sexual partners, 7.3% reported having between 5 and 9, and 19.6% reported having 10 or more sexual partners. A 2014 study in Australia found gay men had

10112-411: The movie while drunk.... This film remains resolutely undiscovered by queer/feminist film analysts, despite its subject matter and bisexual director... I think this is in part because Reynolds's performance is so utterly sexless. It holds any feeling of kinkiness at bay. However, there's no denying it because Boone plays a guy who effectively tries to make out with a dude." The magazine also points out that

10240-467: The musical numbers featuring Lena Horne . Meanwhile, Minnelli visited the set for Strike Up the Band (1940), starring Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland . Freed mentioned they needed a musical number for a scene where Rooney's character aspires to be like Paul Whiteman , a bandleader. Minnelli suggested using a bowl of fruits, having spotted one on set. Freed liked the idea and hired Henry Fox to create

10368-516: The musical's first act, Minnelli unsuccessfully tried to rearrange the second act. The musical opened at the Alvin Theatre on November 17, 1939, with musical critic Brooks Atkinson writing in his review that Minnelli had not "solved the confusion of the story." Adjacent of this time, William Saroyan 's play The Time of Your Life had opened three weeks before and was well-regarded. Minnelli became friends with Saroyan and they partnered on

10496-565: The musicals Pins and Needles and Four Saints in Three Acts , Minnelli began developing a surrealist fantasy titled The Light Fantastic , with Beatrice Lillie in mind to star. He offered her four musical numbers and four sketches outlining his vision, but Lillie, then in England, had not responded in time. He then shifted to a musicalization of S. N. Behrman 's play Serena Blandish , wanting to feature Black American actors. Cole Porter

10624-499: The novel's portrayal of marriage infidelity, would violate its guidelines. Jennifer Jones was considered but was under contract to her husband David O. Selznick , but MGM executive Benjamin Thau successfully negotiated a stipulation deal to borrow her. James Mason had wanted to play the role of Flaubert, while Louis Jourdan and Alf Kjellin (billed as Christopher Kent) were lent onto the film courtesy of Selznick. Madame Bovary

10752-506: The offer to direct Lili (1953). During a lunch meeting at the Romanoff's, MGM producer John Houseman showed Minnelli a screenplay draft titled Memorial to a Bad Man based on a short story by George Bradshaw . It was later retitled The Bad and the Beautiful (1952). Minnelli agreed to direct, with Kirk Douglas as his sole choice to portray ruthless film producer Jonathan Shields. However, MGM production head Dore Schary had offered

10880-441: The opening scene features a tracking shot at a party where a man gets upset and shoots the man sleeping with his wife, similar to Boogie Nights (1997). On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has 50% rating, based on 8 contemporary and modern reviews. In 1985, Goodbye Charlie was made into a TV series (starring Suzanne Somers as the reincarnated Charlie), but only the pilot episode was broadcast. Philandering Promiscuity

11008-568: The original state of primitive society or humanity was based on the idea of progress, according to which all cultures have degrees of improvement and becoming more complicated. It seemed logical to assume that never before the types of families developed did they simply exist, and in primitive society, sexual relations were without any boundaries and taboos. This view is represented, inter alia, by anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan in Ancient Society and Friedrich Engels ' work The Origin of

11136-479: The play were bought by 20th Century Fox before it premiered for $ 150,000 plus a percentage of the profits. James Garner and Marilyn Monroe were discussed as stars. Darryl F. Zanuck offered the project to Billy Wilder after he returned to Fox, but Wilder turned it down, saying that "no self-respecting picture maker would ever want to work for your company". (Zanuck had just forced Joseph L. Mankiewicz to re-cut Cleopatra (1963)). Playwright Harry Kurnitz

11264-585: The plot by having Skelton's character reveal John Hodiak 's character to be a spy for the Axis powers . Between projects, Minnelli directed Lena Horne in her " Honeysuckle Rose " segment in Thousands Cheer (1943). For Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), Freed again hired Minnelli to direct. Framed around the four seasons, the film tells of the Smith family and their conflicts, with the conclusion focused on

11392-680: The prevalence of promiscuity. Different standards are often applied to different genders and civil statutes. Feminists have traditionally argued a significant double standard exists between how men and women are judged for promiscuity. Historically, stereotypes of the promiscuous woman have tended to be pejorative, such as "the slut " or "the harlot", while male stereotypes have been more varied, some expressing approval, such as "the stud" or "the player", while others imply societal deviance, such as "the womanizer" or "the philanderer". A scientific study published in 2005 found that promiscuous men and women are both prone to derogatory judgment. Promiscuity

11520-508: The rate of STIs was higher in developing countries. According to the 2005 Global Sex Survey by Durex, people have had on average nine sexual partners, the most in Turkey (14.5) and Australia (13.3), and the fewest in India (3) and China (3.1). In many cases, the population of each country that participates is approximately 1000 people and can equate to less than 0.0003% of the population, e.g.

11648-421: The region. Every country has different values and morals pertaining to sexual life. Promiscuity has been practiced in hippie communities and other alternative subcultures since the 1960s cultural revolution . Sex and Culture is a book by J. D. Unwin concerning the correlation between a society's level of 'cultural achievement' and its level of sexual restraint. Published in 1934, the book concluded with

11776-401: The requests, regardless of their willingness, women responded with shock and disgust. The number of sexual partners people have had in their lifetimes varies widely within a population. We see a higher number of people who are more comfortable with their sexuality in the modern world. A 2007 nationwide survey in the United States found the median number of female sexual partners reported by men

11904-442: The road, completely naked. She does not remember much, but she recognized Charlie's house as they drove past it and it made her feel safe. Bruce rushes off to a dinner engagement, leaving a sleep-deprived George to cope with the delirious woman. The next morning, George awakes to her screams. She recalls that she is Charlie, reincarnated as a woman. After getting over the shock, she convinces George of her identity by telling him about

12032-571: The role to Clark Gable but he declined. Douglas read the script and accepted the role. Lana Turner was hired to portray Georgina Lorrison, the "beautiful"; when both casting choices were announced, the trades questioned: "when these two get together..." The story focuses on Jonathan Shields (Douglas) and his Hollywood rise by manipulating three individuals: actress Georgina (Turner) whom he deceives by professing his love, director Fred Amiel ( Barry Sullivan ) whose picture he expropriates, and screenwriter James Bartlow ( Dick Powell ) who loses his wife to

12160-525: The same level of interest in casual sex as gay men. However he found straight men were limited in their ability to acquire high numbers of female partners. According to Bailey, "These facts suggest that women are responsible for the pace of sex. Gay and straight men both want casual sex, but only straight men have the brake of women’s sexually cautious nature to slow them." A 1989 study found having over 100 partners to be present though rare among homosexual males. An extensive 1994 study found that difference in

12288-486: The scene which then was excised from the film. Modestly budgeted at $ 679,260 (in 1942 dollars), Cabin in the Sky earned $ 1.6 million at the box office. Three weeks after he finished filming Cabin in the Sky , Minnelli was assigned to direct I Dood It (1943), starring Red Skelton and Eleanor Powell . Del Ruth was the film's original director but he had been drafted into the United States Army , leaving

12416-482: The screenwriting team of Betty Comden and Adolph Green to devise the script. The film tells of Tony Hunter, an aging musical star who hopes a Broadway show will restart his career. He meets with two writer friends and a Broadway producer who stage a musical, starring Hunter and a ballerina. Fred Astaire was cast as Troy Hunter, while the writers Lester and Lilly Marton (portrayed by Oscar Levant and Nanette Fabray ) were loosely based by Comden and Green. Cyd Charisse

12544-571: The soul of her gambler-husband "Little" Joe Jackson ( Eddie "Rochester" Anderson ). Filming began in August 1942, with only Waters and Rex Ingram reprising their Broadway roles. Lena Horne was cast as Georgia Brown, a seductive woman who tempts Jackson. During production, Minnelli had shot a musical number "Ain't It the Truth," featuring Horne in a bubble bath. Joseph Breen of the Motion Picture Production Code objected to

12672-411: The spread of sexually transmitted infections consistently demonstrate a small percentage of the studied population has more partners than the average man or woman, and a smaller number of people have fewer than the statistical average. An important question in the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections is whether or not these groups copulate mostly at random with sexual partners from throughout

12800-474: The store windows were changed four times a year with elaborate themes matched to each corresponding season. Minnelli was first assigned to design the men's store, but he instead asked to design windows on Wabash Avenue where furniture and decorative antique items were frequently rearranged. Meanwhile, Minnelli enrolled in the Art Institute of Chicago with personal ambitions to become a painter. However, he dropped out due to his work schedule and lack of interest in

12928-775: The studio's head of production and began a corporate restructuring. Paramount's East Coast studios were relocated to Astoria, New York , but it was decided their touring theatre unit was no longer profitable and was closed down in favor of touring big bands . Minnelli was eventually employed as a set designer at Radio City Music Hall , after it opened in December 1932. During rehearsals, theatre businessman Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel harshly criticized Minnelli, art director Clark Robinson, and dance director Russell Markert. Following another heated discussion, Robinson immediately resigned, to which Minnelli assumed Robinson's former position. In July 1933, Minnelli's first art direction assignment

13056-400: The tenderness. Although Charlie has changed her gender, she is unable to change her ways. She decides to solve her money problems by using her intimate knowledge for blackmail and by marrying Bruce for money. The plans fall apart when Bruce, on the verge of passing out, reveals the depth of his love for her. Charlie takes pity on him and slips the engagement ring into his hand. Eventually, in

13184-512: The theory that as societies develop, they become more sexually liberal, accelerating the social entropy of the society, and thereby diminishing its "creative" and "expansive" energy. Many animal species, such as spotted hyenas , pigs , bonobos and chimpanzees , are promiscuous as a rule, and do not form pair bonds . Although social monogamy occurs in about 90% of avian species and about 3% of mammalian species, an estimated 90% of socially monogamous species exhibit individual promiscuity in

13312-520: The whole work an extraordinary loveliness. Nothing quite so exhilarating as this has borne the Shubert seal before." While At Home Aboard continued its Broadway run, Minnelli returned to costume and scenic design for the Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 , starring Fannie Brice . John Murray Anderson was the director, but during rehearsals, he transferred directing duties to Minnelli. To update

13440-559: The word ' slut ' has been used, often pejoratively, to describe a sexually promiscuous woman. In and before the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras , terms like "strumpet" and "whore" were used to describe women deemed promiscuous, as seen, for example, in John Webster 's 1612 play The White Devil . Thornhill and Gangestad found that women are much more likely to sexually fantasize about and be attracted to extra-pair men during

13568-526: Was Yolanda and the Thief (1945) starring Fred Astaire and Lucille Bremer . Before he was hired for The Clock , Yolanda and the Thief was intended to be Minnelli's next film. Adapted from the 1943 magazine short story by Ludwig Bemelmans and Jacques Théry , the film tells of two con men (Astaire and Frank Morgan ) who are hiding from extradition in South America . Both men learn about Yolanda,

13696-547: Was "ascribed to factors such as the decline of religious scruples about extramarital sex, the growth of equal pay and equal rights for women, and a highly sexualized popular culture". The top-10-ranking OECD nations with a population over 10 million on the study's promiscuity index, in descending order, were the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Czechia, Australia, the United States, France, Turkey, Mexico, and Canada. A 2017 survey by Superdrug found that

13824-510: Was Garland's first straight dramatic film after starring in several musical films. Fred Zinnemann was initially hired to direct the film. By August 1944, he was removed at Garland's request after they could not get along and the dailes proved disappointing. When Freed asked who she wanted to replace him, Garland requested Minnelli to direct. Minnelli accepted the assignment on two conditions: Zinnemann would not object to his hiring and he would have creative control over Garland. Zinnemann's footage

13952-523: Was a commercial disappointment. By this point, Garland had become pregnant with her first daughter, Liza . A musicalized biopic of Jerome Kern titled Till the Clouds Roll By (1946) was scheduled to begin production in October 1945. Garland had been cast as Marilyn Miller and Minnelli had been assigned to direct Garland's scenes. Her scenes took two weeks to complete and were finished on November 8, 1945. However, one number "D'Ya Love Me?"

14080-600: Was approached by Paul Stone, who admired Minnelli's pictorial composition. "If you can do this sort of thing, you can become a fine photographer," Stone told him. Minnelli left his Marshall Field's job, and worked for Stone as an assistant photographer. Stone specialized in photographing actors and socialites from Chicago's theater district at theatrical luminaries, society matrons and wedding parties. At Stone's Raymor studio, Minnelli photographed numerous celebrities, including Ina Claire, where he coaxed them into capturing their best angles. Minnelli reflected, "Stone's photography

14208-426: Was asked to work on New York stage productions for $ 150 a week. He left Chicago and rented a tiny Greenwich Village apartment. At Paramount, Minnelli worked exclusively in costumes, and restricted from designing sets because he wasn't in the set designers' union. He was eventually accepted into the union membership thanks to sponsorship from J. Woodman Thompson, a prominent stage designer. His first Broadway assignment

14336-500: Was born on February 28, 1903, to Marie Émilie Odile Lebeau and Vincent Charles Minnelli. He was baptized in Chicago, and was the youngest of four known sons, only two of whom survived to adulthood. His mother, whose stage name was Mina Gennell, was born in Chicago. She was of French-Canadian descent, and there is a likelihood of Anishinaabe lineage through her mother, who was born on Mackinac Island, Michigan . His father co-founded

14464-579: Was designing a "Water Lily" ballet, a Cuban potpourri illustrated with a backdrop of fighting cocks , a Big Top interior for a circus number, and a Rue de la Paix dress shop to display the Roxettes . In December 1933, Minnelli art-directed a production of the Scheherazade suite by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov . His efforts were applauded in the mainstream press, including The New York Times and New York Herald Tribune . Despite this, Rothafel

14592-614: Was designing the show curtain for Earl Carroll 's 1931 edition of the Vanities musical revue. Taking inspiration from Léon Bakst 's designs for the Ballets Russes , Minnelli fashioned a 300 feet (91 m)–tall green and silver curtain to accompany the Art Deco theatrical style. Impressed, Carroll rehired Minnelli as a costume and set designer for the 1932 Vanities . By this time, Grace Moore asked Minnelli to supervise

14720-472: Was discarded aside from exterior shots of New York. The Pennsylvania Station was recreated on the MGM soundstage while local New York sites were filmed using rear projection . On January 9, 1945, before Garland was to film The Harvey Girls (1946), Minnelli and Garland were engaged to be married. The two married on June 15, inside Garland's mother's house in Wilshire, Los Angeles . Minnelli's next film

14848-484: Was dropped and reworked into Torch Song (1953), starring Joan Crawford . Because of the success of An American in Paris (1951) and Singin' in the Rain (1952), Freed decided to produce another film adapting the musical catalogue of renowned composers. For The Band Wagon (1953), it was decided to adapt the music and lyrics by Arthur Schwartz and Howard Dietz . To write a suitable storyline, Minnelli turned to

14976-502: Was enlisted to film the fashion show finale for Mervyn LeRoy 's Lovely to Look At (1952). Adrian Greenburg (also known as "Adrian") and Tony Duquette had designed costumes for the sequence, costing over $ 100,000 (equivalent to $ 1,147,368 in 2023). Minnelli declined to be credited for the film. On September 21, production on Huckleberry Finn was postponed indefinitely due to Kelly and Kaye's withdrawal. Due to similarities with An American in Paris (1951), Minnelli turned down

15104-413: Was excised from the film. Minnelli was next approached to direct Undercurrent (1946) by Pandro Berman with Katharine Hepburn and Robert Taylor cast in the lead roles. Based on a story by Thelma Strabel , the film is about the daughter of a small-town college professor who marries an industrialist and moves into the city with him. She soon learns about her missing brother-in-law, whom her husband

15232-401: Was given only three months for preparation before its premiere on December 1, 1937. The musical was well-received, with Life magazine calling it "the funniest show of the year." Time magazine also applauded: "Sharing credit with Wynn for the show's success is able Vincente Minnelli, trained in the hard school of movie stage-shows, who directed it and designed the scenery." Inspired by

15360-613: Was hired as a costume and set designer . Assigned to give the stage productions "a custom touch", Minnelli was shocked the costume department operated on meager budgets. At the time, theatre productions ran one week at the Chicago Theatre where the sets and costumes were disassembled and reused at the Tivoli and Uptown Theatre . In 1931, Balaban and Katz merged with the Paramount-Publix theater chain, and Minnelli

15488-473: Was hired to write the musical score. Sid Perelman wrote the libretto, while Lena Horne read for the title role. After six months of development, Minnelli abandoned the project. Exhausted, Minnelli took a sabbatical break until producer Max Gordon offered him to direct Very Warm for May . Oscar Hammerstein II and Jerome Kern were hired to write the lyrics and compose the musical score, respectively. Pleased with

15616-509: Was hired to write the script, and Tony Curtis was attached early. Vincente Minnelli was hired to direct, his first movie away from MGM since 1942. According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $ 7 million in rentals for the studio to financially break even on its release. The film ultimately failed to make this goal, earning $ 4,555,000. George Axelrod's play debuted on Broadway in 1959 starring Lauren Bacall and Sydney Chaplin , produced by Leland Hayward , and directed by Axelrod. It

15744-597: Was later fired and was replaced by W. G. Van Schmus. In 1934, Schmus selected Minnelli to produce his first stage show titled Coast to Coast , which opened on October 25. Accompanied with music from E. Y. Harburg and Duke Ellington , the show displayed several sets, illustrating the French Riviera , the British Gold Coast , Ivory Coast and the Barbary Coast . Backstage, Minnelli was offered

15872-453: Was nominated for eight Oscars, winning six including Best Picture. On January 18, 1951, Minnelli was announced to direct a musical film adaptation of Mark Twain 's Huckleberry Finn . Dean Stockwell was cast in the title role. William Warfield was cast as Jim, along with Gene Kelly and Danny Kaye as the Duke and Dauphin respectively. Rehearsals began in August; simultaneously, Minnelli

16000-517: Was not a success, running for 109 performances. The New York Times critic Bosley Crowther led his review of the film by panning the play and the movie: "… ' Goodbye, Charlie ,' was bad enough on the stage. On the screen, it is a bleak conglomeration of outrageous whimsies and stupidities. And it has Debbie Reynolds and Tony Curtis so sadly cast in distasteful roles that it causes even a hardened moviegoer to turn away from it in pain and shame." Crowther concluded, "Under Vincente Minnelli's direction,

16128-463: Was seven and the median number of male partners reported by women was four. The men possibly exaggerated their reported number of partners, women reported a number lower than the actual number, or a minority of women had a sufficiently larger number than most other women to create a mean significantly higher than the median, or all of the above. About 29% of men and 9% of women reported to have had more than 15 sexual partners in their lifetimes. Studies of

16256-536: Was shot from mid-December 1948 to February 1949. During production, Minnelli notably filmed an elaborate waltz sequence, utilizing 360-degree pan camera movements accompanied to Miklós Rózsa 's pre-recorded instrumental score. Biographer Stephen Harvey called it "one of the audacious epiphanies in any Minnelli movie." Released in August 1949, critics deemed Madame Bovary as an unusually distinguished film, adapting its source material with considerable drama and atmosphere. Sneak preview audiences responded favorably to

16384-614: Was soft, but in sharp focus, so that it could reproduce on the printed page. This taught me a way of creating mood." Months later, Stone suffered a nervous breakdown , and Minnelli assumed his photography duties. Feeling photography was not his suited profession, Minnelli grew dissatisfied and began reading Elizabeth and Joseph Pennell 's 1911 biography of James McNeill Whistler , an American painter. Inspired by Whistler's art techniques, Minnelli immersed himself in impressionist and surrealist painters, such as Henri Matisse , Marcel Duchamp , Max Ernst and Salvador Dalí . He also admired

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