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54-409: In the 1970s, a government white paper recommended that members be given more control over running their pension scheme money, particularly by electing at least half the seats on pension trust boards. In the 1980s and 1990s a series of scandals and corporate collapses led to losses to occupational pension funds, and brought public pressure for changes to pension regulation. In particular, Robert Maxwell ,

108-620: A Labour Member of Parliament (MP) during the 1960s, Maxwell again put all his energy into business, successively buying the British Printing Corporation , Mirror Group Newspapers and Macmillan Publishers , among other publishing companies. Robert Maxwell led a flamboyant lifestyle, living in Headington Hill Hall in Oxford , from which he often flew in his helicopter, or sailing in his luxury yacht,

162-441: A sex trafficking ring with Jeffrey Epstein (who had already died in jail the previous year). She was convicted on 29 December 2021, and sentenced to 20 years in prison on 28 June 2022. Solotvyno Solotvyno (also Solotvina ; Ukrainian : Солотвино ; Romanian : Slatina ; Hungarian : Aknaszlatina or Faluszlatina ; Rusyn : Солотвино ; Yiddish : סעלאָטפֿינע , Selotfine ; Slovak : Slatinské Doly )

216-440: A British subject on 19 June 1946 and changed his name by deed of change of name on 30 June 1948. In 1945, Maxwell married Elisabeth "Betty" Meynard , a French Protestant , and the couple had nine children over the next sixteen years: Michael, Philip, Ann, Christine , Isabel , Karine, Ian , Kevin and Ghislaine . In a 1995 interview, Elisabeth talked of how they were recreating Maxwell's childhood family who were killed in

270-751: A former employee of Israel's Military Intelligence Directorate , approached a number of news organisations in Britain and the US with the allegation that Maxwell and the Daily Mirror ' s foreign editor, Nicholas Davies , were both long-time agents for Mossad. Ben-Menashe also claimed that, in 1986, Maxwell informed the Israeli Embassy in London that Mordechai Vanunu revealed information about Israel's nuclear capability to The Sunday Times , then to

324-492: A one-off spoof magazine called Not Private Eye . A hint of Maxwell's service to Israel was provided by John Loftus and Mark Aarons , who described Maxwell's contacts with Czechoslovak communist leaders in 1948 as crucial to the Czechoslovak decision to arm Israel in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . Czechoslovak military assistance was both unique and crucial for Israel in the conflict. According to Loftus and Aarons, it

378-419: A press conference to publicise his acquisition, Maxwell said his editors would be "free to produce the news without interference". Meanwhile, at a meeting of Maxwell's new employees, Mirror journalist Joe Haines asserted that he was able to prove that their boss was "a crook and a liar". Haines quickly came under Maxwell's influence and later wrote his authorised biography. In June 1985, Maxwell announced

432-399: A report that concluded: "We regret having to conclude that, notwithstanding Mr Maxwell's acknowledged abilities and energy, he is not in our opinion a person who can be relied on to exercise proper stewardship of a publicly quoted company." It was found that Maxwell had contrived to inflate Pergamon's share price through transactions between his private family companies. At the same time,

486-615: A rival of the Evening Standard , Maxwell eventually decided to make it the first 24-hour paper as well. In May 1987, Maxwell's BPCC made an unsolicited bid to acquire US publishing conglomerate Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (HBJ). HBJ defended itself from the hostile takeover attempt by going deeply into debt to make large cash payments to shareholders. The strain of the debt was a factor in HBJ's 1989 sale of its theme park holdings to Anheuser-Busch . These theme park assets included

540-844: A secret agent of a foreign government, possibly a double agent or a triple agent , and "a thoroughly bad character and almost certainly financed by Russia". He had known links to the British Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ), to the Soviet KGB , and to the Israeli intelligence service Mossad . Six serving and former heads of Israeli intelligence services attended Maxwell's funeral in Israel, while Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir eulogised him and stated: "He has done more for Israel than can today be told." Shortly before Maxwell's death, Ari Ben-Menashe ,

594-542: A suitcase owned by his former head of security, John Pole. Later in his life, Maxwell had become increasingly paranoid about his own employees and had the offices of those he suspected of disloyalty bugged so he could hear their conversations. After Maxwell's death, the tapes remained in Pole's suitcase and were discovered by the researchers only in 2007. Maxwell's death triggered instability for his publishing empire, with banks frantically calling in their massive loans. Despite

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648-729: A takeover of Clive Sinclair 's ailing home computer company, Sinclair Research , through Hollis Brothers, a Pergamon subsidiary. The deal was aborted in August 1985. In 1987, Maxwell purchased part of IPC Media to create Fleetway Publications . The same year, he launched the London Daily News in February after a delay caused by production problems, but the paper closed in July after sustaining significant losses contemporary estimates put at £25 million. Originally intending it to be

702-722: Is a rural settlement in Tiachiv Raion in Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine, located adjacent to Romania , on the right bank of the Tisza River opposite the Romanian city of Sighetu Marmației . The village's name comes from the nearby salt mine . The current population is 8,391 (2022 estimate) . Solotvyno was first mentioned c.  1360 (the former one was burned down by the Tatars in 1241). In 1910,

756-675: The Lady Ghislaine , named after his daughter Ghislaine . Maxwell was litigious and often embroiled in controversy. In 1989, he had to sell successful businesses, including Pergamon Press, to cover some of his debts. In 1991, his body was discovered floating in the Atlantic Ocean, having apparently fallen overboard from his yacht. He was buried in Jerusalem . Maxwell's death triggered the collapse of his publishing empire as banks called in loans. His sons briefly attempted to keep

810-582: The 1964 general election , representing the Labour Party , Maxwell was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Buckingham and re-elected in 1966 . He gave an interview to The Times in 1968 in which he said the House of Commons provided him with a problem. "I can't get on with men", he commented. "I tried having male assistants at first. But it didn't work. They tend to be too independent. Men like to have individuality. Women can become an extension of

864-561: The Allied-occupation authorities to go into business, becoming the British and US distributor for Springer Verlag , a publisher of scientific books. In 1951, he bought three-quarters of Butterworth-Springer, a minor publisher; the remaining quarter was held by the experienced scientific editor Paul Rosbaud . They changed the name of the company to Pergamon Press and rapidly built it into a major academic publishing house. In

918-559: The Daily Mirror . Vanunu was subsequently kidnapped by Mossad and smuggled to Israel, convicted of treason and imprisoned for eighteen years. Ben-Menashe's story was ignored at first, but eventually journalist Seymour Hersh of The New Yorker repeated some of the allegations during a press conference in London held to publicise The Samson Option , Hersh's book about Israel's nuclear weapons. On 21 October 1991, Labour MP George Galloway and Conservative MP Rupert Allason (also known as espionage author Nigel West) agreed to raise

972-688: The London stock markets . Maxwell subsequently lost control of Pergamon and was expelled from the board in October 1969, along with three other directors in sympathy with him, by the majority owners of the company's shares. Steinberg purchased Pergamon. An inquiry by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) under the Takeover Code of the time was conducted by Rondle Owen Charles Stable and Sir Ronald Leach in mid-1971. The inquiry resulted in

1026-663: The SeaWorld chain, which the company had purchased in 1976. By 1988, Maxwell's various companies owned, in addition to the Mirror titles and Pergamon Press, Nimbus Records , Maxwell Directories, Prentice Hall Information Services and the Berlitz language schools . He also owned a half-share of MTV in Europe and other European television interests, Maxwell Cable TV and Maxwell Entertainment. Maxwell purchased Macmillan Publishers ,

1080-596: The United States Congress was investigating Leasco's takeover practices. Judge Thayne Forbes in September 1971 was critical of the inquiry: "They had moved from an inquisitorial role to accusatory one and virtually committed the business murder of Mr. Maxwell." He further continued that the trial judge would probably find that the inspectors had acted "contrary to the rules of natural justice". Pergamon performed poorly under Steinberg; Maxwell reacquired

1134-508: The 8,956 inhabitants spoke Romanian as their native language, while 14.54% spoke Ukrainian, 24.3% Hungarian, and 3.18% Russian. Until 26 January 2024, Solotvyno was designated urban-type settlement . On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Solotvyno became a rural settlement. The settlement is the final stop of the Ukrainian section of the railway, which runs from Lviv to Transcarpathia . Solotvyno has

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1188-551: The American firm, for $ 2.6 billion in 1988. That same year, he launched an ambitious new project, a transnational newspaper called The European . In 1991, Maxwell was forced to sell Pergamon and Maxwell Directories to Elsevier for £440 million to cover his debts; he used some of this money to buy an ailing tabloid, the New York Daily News . The same year Maxwell sold forty-nine per cent of Mirror Group's stock to

1242-583: The British government. This replenishment was limited and also supported by a surplus in the printers' fund, which was taken by the government in part payment of £100 million required to support the workers' state pensions. The rest of the £100 million was waived. Maxwell's theft of pension funds was therefore partly repaid from public funds. The result was that in general, pensioners received about half of their company pension entitlement. The Maxwell companies filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992. Kevin Maxwell

1296-483: The Holocaust . Five of his children—Christine, Isabel, Ian, Kevin and Ghislaine—were later employed within his companies. Karine died of leukaemia at age three, while Michael was severely injured in a car crash in 1961, at age 15, when his driver fell asleep at the wheel and crashed headlong into another vehicle. Michael never regained consciousness and died seven years later. After the war, Maxwell used contacts in

1350-653: The PROMIS software to Sandia National Laboratories and Los Alamos National Laboratory , two of the most important nuclear research and national security facilities in the United States. Maxwell allegedly employed John Tower , Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services , to facilitate the sales of the bugged Israeli version of the PROMIS software to Sandia and Los Alamos. The Foreign Office suspected Maxwell of being

1404-687: The World ' s editor, Stafford Somerfield , opposed Maxwell's bid in an October 1968 front-page opinion piece in which he referred to Maxwell's Czechoslovak origins and used his birth name. He wrote, "This is a British paper, run by British people ... as British as roast beef and Yorkshire pudding ... Let us keep it that way". The paper was later purchased by the Australian tycoon, Rupert Murdoch , who later that year acquired The Sun , which had also previously interested Maxwell. In 1969, Saul Steinberg , head of "Leasco Data Processing Corporation",

1458-519: The boss." Maxwell lost his seat in 1970 to Conservative challenger William Benyon . He contested Buckingham again in both 1974 general elections , but without success. At the beginning of 1969, it emerged that Maxwell's attempt to buy the tabloid newspaper News of the World had failed. The Carr family, which owned the newspaper, was incensed at the thought of a Czechoslovak immigrant with socialist views gaining ownership. The board voted against Maxwell's bid without any dissent. The News of

1512-471: The business together, but failed as the news emerged that the elder Maxwell had embezzled hundreds of millions of pounds from his own companies' pension funds . The Maxwell companies applied for bankruptcy protection in 1992. After Maxwell's death, large discrepancies in his companies' finances were revealed, including his fraudulent misappropriation of the Mirror Group pension fund. Robert Maxwell

1566-832: The company in 1974 after borrowing funds. Maxwell established the Maxwell Foundation in Liechtenstein in 1970. He acquired the British Printing Corporation (BPC) in 1981 and changed its name first to the British Printing and Communication Corporation (BPCC) and then to the Maxwell Communication Corporation (MCC). The company was later sold in a management buyout and is now known as Polestar. In July 1984, Maxwell acquired Mirror Group Newspapers ,

1620-454: The efforts of his sons Kevin and Ian, the Maxwell companies soon collapsed. It emerged that, without adequate prior authorisation, Maxwell had used hundreds of millions of pounds from his companies' pension funds to shore up the shares of the Mirror Group to save his companies from bankruptcy. Eventually, the pension funds were replenished with money from investment banks Lehman Brothers , Coopers & Lybrand , and Goldman Sachs , as well as

1674-519: The ground". Maxwell also bought into Derby County in 1987. He attempted to buy Manchester United in 1984 but refused owner Martin Edwards 's asking price. Pergamon Press, a Soviet -friendly firm, published numerous Soviet science books in the West. A bugged version of the intelligence spy software PROMIS was sold in the mid-1980s for Soviet government use, with Maxwell as a conduit. Maxwell

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1728-638: The issue in the House of Commons under parliamentary privilege protection, which in turn allowed British newspapers to report events without fear of libel suits . Maxwell called the claims "ludicrous, a total invention" and fired Davies. A year later, in Galloway's libel settlement against Mirror Group Newspapers, Galloway's counsel announced that the MP accepted that the group's staff had not been involved in Vanunu's abduction. Galloway referred to Maxwell as "one of

1782-683: The name "Ivan du Maurier", or "Leslie du Maurier", the surname taken from the name of a popular cigarette brand ) took part in a protest against the leadership of the Czechoslovak Army, and with 500 other soldiers he was transferred to the Pioneer Corps and later to the North Staffordshire Regiment in 1943. He was then involved in action across Europe, from the Normandy beaches to Berlin , and achieved

1836-564: The proprietor of the Mirror News Group had suddenly died and it was then revealed that he had been stealing millions of pounds from his employees' pension schemes. The Goode Report recommended legislation for the participation of scheme members in pensions. Trusts were a sound legal vehicle for ‘protecting the pension promise’. In trust documents, employers write the scheme to themselves and nominate all trustees, even in defined contribution schemes where members bear all risks, and this

1890-420: The public. Maxwell's links with Eastern European totalitarian regimes resulted in several biographies of those countries' leaders, with interviews conducted by Maxwell, for which he received much derision. At the beginning of an interview with Romania 's Nicolae Ceaușescu , then the country's communist leader, he asked, "How do you account for your enormous popularity with the Romanian people?" Maxwell

1944-567: The publisher of six British newspapers, including the Daily Mirror , from Reed International plc . for £113 million. This led to a media war between Maxwell and Murdoch, the proprietor of the News of the World and The Sun . Mirror Group Newspapers (formerly Trinity Mirror, now part of Reach plc ), published the Daily Mirror , a pro-Labour tabloid; Sunday Mirror ; Sunday People ; Scottish Sunday Mail and Scottish Daily Record . At

1998-580: The rank of sergeant . Maxwell gained a commission in 1945 and was promoted to the rank of captain . In January 1945, Maxwell's heroism in "storming a German machine-gun nest" won him the Military Cross (MC), presented by Field Marshal Sir Bernard Law Montgomery . Attached to the Foreign Office , he served in Berlin during the next two years in the press section. Maxwell naturalised as

2052-524: The situation in the Soviet Union during the attempted coup of 1991 . He was a "great character", Major added. Neil Kinnock , then Labour Party leader, spoke of him as a man with "a zest for life" who "attracted controversy, envy and loyalty in great measure throughout his rumbustious life." A production crew conducting research for Maxwell , a 2007 biographical film by the BBC , uncovered tapes stored in

2106-488: The town had a population of 2,330, the majority of whom were Hungarian. In 1920, the town became part of the newly formed Czechoslovakia , in 1939 it returned to Hungary . Many of the large Jewish population died in the Holocaust . After World War II , Solotvino became part of Ukraine in the Soviet Union . According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the majority of the population in the city is Romanian. In 2001, 56.97% of

2160-712: The wishes and concerns of the employer. In the Pensions Act 1995 sections 16 to 21, the Conservative government required that employees and beneficiaries had the right to elect representatives to trust boards, unless the employer opted out. In the Pensions Act 2004 the opt out was removed so that one-third of pension trusts or corporations were elected, and the minister could raise this to one-half. Robert Maxwell Ian Robert Maxwell MC (born Ján Ludvík Hyman Binyamin Hoch ; 10 June 1923 – 5 November 1991)

2214-560: The worst criminals of the century". On 4 November 1991, Maxwell had an argumentative phone call with his son Kevin over a meeting scheduled with the Bank of England on Maxwell's default on £50 million in loans. Maxwell missed the meeting, instead travelling on his yacht, the Lady Ghislaine , to the Canary Islands , Spain. On 5 November, Maxwell was last in contact with the crew of Lady Ghislaine at 4:25 a.m. local time, but

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2268-406: Was Maxwell's covert help in smuggling aircraft parts into Israel that led to the country having air supremacy during the war. Maxwell is alleged to have distributed a bugged version of a software, PROMIS , to a plethora of national governments and global financial institutions that enabled mass spying by the government of Israel. Maxwell was allegedly able to sell the bugged Israeli version of

2322-578: Was a Czechoslovak -born British media proprietor , politician and fraudster . After escaping the Nazi occupation of his native country, Maxwell joined the Czechoslovak Army in exile during World War II and was decorated after active service in the British Army . In subsequent years he worked in publishing, building up Pergamon Press to a major academic publisher. After six years as

2376-654: Was afforded a lavish funeral in Israel, attended by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir , Israeli President Chaim Herzog , at least six serving and former heads of Israeli intelligence and many dignitaries and politicians, both government and opposition, and was buried on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem . Herzog delivered the eulogy, and the Kaddish was recited by his fellow Holocaust survivor, friend and longtime attorney Samuel Pisar . British Prime Minister John Major said Maxwell had given him "valuable insights" into

2430-516: Was also the chairman of Oxford United , saving them from bankruptcy and attempting to merge them with Reading in 1983 to form a club he wished to call " Thames Valley Royals ". He took Oxford into the top flight of English football in 1985, and the team won the League Cup a year later. Maxwell used the club's old grounds , close to his office at Headington Hill Hall , to land his helicopter—fans would chant, "He's fat, he's round, he's never on

2484-526: Was born Ján Ludvík Hyman Binyamin Hoch in the small town of Slatinské Doly, in the region of Carpathian Ruthenia in Czechoslovakia (now Solotvyno , Ukraine) on 10 June 1923. Like the rest of the then-newly formed Czechoslovakia, the area of Maxwell's birth and upbringing had been part of the Austria-Hungary until early November 1918. The area was annexed by Hungary in 1939. Maxwell

2538-572: Was born into a poor Yiddish -speaking Orthodox Jewish family and had six siblings. Most of Maxwell's relatives were murdered in Auschwitz after Hungary was occupied in 1944 by Nazi Germany , but years earlier he had escaped to France . In May 1940, Maxwell joined the Czechoslovak Army in exile in Marseille . After the fall of France and the British retreat to Britain , Maxwell (using

2592-474: Was death by a heart attack combined with accidental drowning , although three pathologists had been unable to agree on the cause of his death at the inquest; he had been found to suffer from serious heart and lung conditions. Murder was ruled out by the judge and, in effect, so was suicide. His son discounted the possibility of suicide, saying, "I think it is highly unlikely that he would have taken his own life, it wasn't in his makeup or his mentality." Maxwell

2646-402: Was declared bankrupt with debts of £400 million. In 1995, Kevin, Ian and two other former directors went on trial for conspiracy to defraud , but were unanimously acquitted by a 12-person jury the following year. In November 1994, Maxwell's widow Elisabeth published her memoirs, A Mind of My Own: My Life with Robert Maxwell , which sheds light on her life with him, when the publishing magnate

2700-631: Was found to be missing later in the morning. It has been speculated that Maxwell was urinating into the ocean nude at the time, as he often did. He was presumed to have fallen overboard from the vessel, which was cruising off the Canary Islands, south-west of Spain. Maxwell's naked body was recovered from the Atlantic Ocean and taken to Las Palmas . Besides a "graze to his left shoulder", there were no noticeable wounds on Maxwell's body. The official ruling at an inquest held in December 1991

2754-471: Was interested in a strategic acquisition of Pergamon Press. Steinberg claimed that during negotiations, Maxwell falsely stated that a subsidiary responsible for publishing encyclopedias was extremely profitable. At the same time, Pergamon had been forced to reduce its profit forecasts for 1969 from £2.5 million to £2.05 million during the period of negotiations, and dealing in Pergamon shares was suspended on

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2808-471: Was known to be litigious against those who would speak or write against him. The satirical magazine Private Eye lampooned him as "Cap'n Bob" and the "bouncing Czech", the latter nickname having originally been devised by Prime Minister Harold Wilson (under whom Maxwell was an MP). Maxwell took out several libel actions against Private Eye , one resulting in the magazine losing an estimated £225,000 and Maxwell using his commercial power to hit back with

2862-657: Was ranked as one of the richest people in the world. Having earned her degree from Oxford University in 1981, Elisabeth devoted much of her later life to continued research on the Holocaust and worked as a proponent of Jewish-Christian dialogue. She died on 7 August 2013. In July 2020, Maxwell's youngest child, his daughter Ghislaine Maxwell , was arrested and charged in New Hampshire with six federal crimes, involving minors' trade, travel, and seduction to engage in criminal sexual activity, and conspiracy to entice children to engage in illegal sex acts, allegedly linked to

2916-463: Was unsatisfactory since: members earn their benefits by their work and their contributions. It is their scheme in a very real sense and they have a legitimate interest in its management. ... But however scrupulous the employer may be, there is no substitute for the discipline of another voice in the decision-making process, who can ensure that the employer-appointed trustees do not allow themselves, consciously or unconsciously, to be unduly influenced by

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