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56-585: Inuksuk High School is the high school of Iqaluit , the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut . The school opened in late 1971 as the Gordon Robertson Educational Centre with 278 students and 28 teachers. Don King was the first principal. The school was built by two companies, Maurice Carrier Inc. and Wilfrid Legars Inc., both of Sainte-Foy, Quebec , at a cost of $ 3.3   million. Canadian Industries Limited built

112-552: A Great Circle Route north through central and northern Canada from Southern California, the distance to Iceland might be cut by almost 600 miles. It was expected that much more favourable flying weather would be found than in Northeastern North America, that valuable experience with Arctic conditions of flight would be acquired, and that the experiment might lead to the development of a shorter airway into Russia (see: Northwest Staging Route ). In practice,

168-611: A tundra climate ( Köppen : ET , Trewartha : Ftkd ) typical of the Arctic region, although it is well outside the Arctic Circle . The city features long, cold winters and brief, cool summers. Average monthly temperatures are below freezing for eight months of the year. Iqaluit averages just over 400 mm (16 in) of precipitation annually, much wetter than many other localities in the Arctic Archipelago , with

224-680: A large collection of Inuit and Arctic objects. The museum is housed in a restored and extended Hudson's Bay Company building, clad in the HBC signature red and white, transported to Iqaluit from its original site on the Apex Beach. Just west of Iqaluit is the Sylvia Grinnell Territorial Park . This park is dominated by the valley of the Sylvia Grinnell River. A small visitor's centre with viewing platform

280-427: A population of 7,429 living in 2,708 of its 3,297 total private dwellings, a change of -4% from its 2016 population of 7,740. With a land area of 51.58 km (19.92 sq mi), it had a population density of 144.0/km (373.0/sq mi) in 2021. The median value of these dwellings is $ 376,639, quite a bit higher than the national median at $ 280,552. The average household has about 2.8 people living in it, and

336-414: A primary school ( Nanook Elementary School ), a design shop and a bed and breakfast in the community. Apex was where most Inuit lived when Iqaluit was a military site and off-limits to anyone not working at the base. Much of Iqaluit's architecture is functional—designed to minimize material costs, while retaining heat and withstanding the climate. Early architecture runs from the 1950s military barracks of

392-631: A single station on Niaqunngusiariaq. The emergency services fleet consists of: Iqaluit Airport Emergency Services is responsible for fire services at the airport. Following a fire at the airport in 1998, the Government of Nunavut re-opened the fire station at the airport. Their fleet consists of: Policing in Iqaluit, as with the rest of Nunavut, is contracted to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) V Division and

448-526: A traditional fishing location used by Inuit and their predecessors, the Paleo-Eskimo ( Dorset culture ) and Thule , for thousands of years. The name, Iqaluit, comes from Inuktitut Iqaluit (ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ), which means place of many fish . World War II resulted in an influx of non-Inuit to the area in 1942, when the United States built Frobisher Bay Air Base there, on a long-term lease from

504-493: A traditional master carpenter. It was shaped like a traditional Inuit sled, and the cross composed of two crossed narwhal tusks. In December 2010, the exterior of a similarly shaped replacement cathedral was completed, and interior work was planned for 2011 with a potential opening for Christmas 2011. The current building, informally referred to as the Igloo Cathedral, was opened on 3 June 2012. The unique building, in

560-640: A transatlantic route through the Azores would soon be possible brought the expensive and unlucky CRIMSON ROUTE project to an early end. On the recommendation of ATC, the Army Air Force in the spring of 1944 abandoned the airfields at The Pas, Churchill and Southampton Island while those at the CRYSTALS and Mingan were reduced to emergency status. Save for five RAF planes which followed the CRIMSON routes to

616-509: A volunteer-run annual spring festival. Called Toonik Tyme it involves a combination of traditional Inuit activities combined with more modern events, while the Alianait Music and Arts Festival is held for a week each 21 June. The festival has attracted Canadian and international artists such as Joshua Haulli , Quantum Tangle , Washboard Hank and Namgar . In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada , Iqaluit had

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672-535: Is St. Jude's Anglican Cathedral , see of the Anglican Diocese of The Arctic , which is a white building shaped like an igloo . The old St Jude's Cathedral, also in the shape of an igloo, was built in 1972 but arson severely affected the Cathedral structure and interior on 5 November 2005, and it was demolished on 1 June 2006. Its altar was built by the parishioners, under the guidance of Markoosie Peter,

728-502: Is also colder than Gulf Stream locations on the same latitude. For example, the Norwegian city of Trondheim has an annual mean temperature that is 15.2 °C (27.4 °F) milder. The lowest temperature ever recorded was −45.6 °C (−50.1 °F) on 10 February 1967. The highest temperature ever recorded in Iqaluit was 26.8 °C (80.2 °F) on 21 July 2008. Apex (Niaqunngut) , officially and functionally part of

784-588: Is located on top of a hill overlooking scenic waterfalls, tidal flats and traditional fishing sites. Nearby on an island near Peterhead Inlet, is the Qaummaarviit Territorial Park . It is a site with a long Inuit history and numerous artifacts have been recovered, including the remains of 11 semi-buried sod houses . A little farther, across Frobisher Bay, are the Katannilik Territorial Park Reserve and

840-592: The Canadian territory of Nunavut . It is the territory's largest community and its only city. It was known as Frobisher Bay from 1942 to 1987, after the large bay on the coast on which the city is situated. The northernmost city in Canada, its traditional Inuktitut name was restored in 1987. In 1999, Iqaluit was designated the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories. Before this event, Iqaluit

896-698: The Crimson Route and operates today as Iqaluit Airport . It had long been used as a campsite and fishing spot by the Inuit, who called it Iqaluit – "place of many fish" in Inuktitut . The US and Canadian authorities named it Frobisher Bay , after the name of the body of water it borders. In 1949, after the war, the Hudson's Bay Company moved its south Baffin operations to the neighbouring valley of Niaqunngut , officially called Apex , in order to use

952-465: The Government of Canada , in order to provide a stop-over and refuelling site for the short-range aircraft being ferried to Europe to support the war effort. Iqaluit's first permanent resident was Nakasuk , an Inuk guide who helped United States Army Air Forces planners to choose a site with a large flat area suitable for a landing strip. The wartime airstrip was known as Crystal Two, was part of

1008-553: The Labrador Current just off Baffin Island —this makes the city of Iqaluit cold, although it is well south of the Arctic Circle . As of the 2021 Canadian census , the population was 7,429 ( population centre : 6,991 ), a decrease of 4.0 percent from the 2016 census . Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada. Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqalummiut (singular: Iqalummiuq ). Iqaluit has been

1064-874: The Portuguese government only allowed German U-boats and navy ships to refuel in the Azores . However diplomatic efforts in 1943 persuaded Portuguese dictator Salazar to lease bases on Azores Islands to the British. This represented a change in policy and was a key turning point in the Battle of the Atlantic allowing the Allies to provide aerial coverage in the middle of the Atlantic. This helped allies to hunt U-boats, protect vital convoys and support mid-Atlantic Air Transport Command ferry efforts. This new prospect in 1943 that

1120-545: The Soper River , a Canadian Heritage River , forming a park corridor linking Iqaluit along traditional overland travel routes with Kimmirut (formerly Lake Harbour). Frobisher Bay extends for almost 110 km (70 mi) to the east, with moderate hills, glaciers and traditional and summer camp sites, opening into the Davis Strait , which divides Nunavut from Greenland. Iqaluit, like many Nunavut communities, has

1176-621: The tree line is much further south in the eastern part of Canada, being as southbound, in spite of low elevation, as northern Labrador . Although it is north of the natural tree line, there are some short, south-facing imported black spruce ( Picea mariana ) specimens protected by snowdrifts in the winter, in addition to a few shrubs , which are woody plants . These include the Arctic willow ( Salix arctica ). The Arctic willow may be up to around 7.6 m (25 ft) horizontally, but only 150 mm (6 in) tall. The climate of Iqaluit

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1232-474: The "North East Staging Route" it eventually became known as the "Crimson Project" or "Crimson Route", with Crimson being the code-name for Canada. [Many have suggested that the Crimson moniker referred to the sanguinary expectation of a back-flow of killed and wounded from Europe. However, while this was expected and base hospitals built on many fields, it does not account for the name. ] The project came under

1288-937: The Arctic. With the fall of Denmark in April, Greenland came under U.S. protection, and an inconclusive survey for airfields was made there that summer. With the passage of the Lend-Lease act in March 1941, large numbers of American-built aircraft were to be ferried to the United Kingdom . Joint American-British-Canadian-Free Danish efforts resulted in airfields being built or expanded on Newfoundland ( Argentia , Gander , Stephenville , St. John's , and Torbay ), in Labrador ( Goose Bay ), and by that summer, Greenland ( Bluie West One ). The British field in Reykjavík , Iceland,

1344-508: The City of Iqaluit, is a small community about 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast ( 63°43′20″N 068°26′56″W  /  63.72222°N 68.44889°W  / 63.72222; -68.44889  ( Apex ) ) from Iqaluit's centre and is known in Inuktitut as Niaqunngut . It is located on a small peninsula separating Koojesse Inlet from Tarr Inlet. There is a women's shelter, a church,

1400-494: The Frobisher Inn Fitness Centre, in the W.G. Brown Building/Astro Hill Complex , a golf course, outdoor basketball courts, soccer nets, seasonal outdoor ice rinks, a shooting range, a skatepark, and more. The city's infrastructure is stressed by growth and lack of means to upgrade. Waste from the city is disposed of into an open air dump on Akilliq Drive (West 40) located south of the city. Although

1456-595: The HBC buildings as an art gallery). The newer buildings are more colourful and diverse, and closer to the norms of southern architecture. The principal exception is the Nunavut Legislative Assembly Building , which is remarkable for its colourful interior, adorned with some of the very best in Inuit art. A new legislative building is in planning to be developed and built outside the city on the Apex Road. Another distinctive building

1512-600: The North Atlantic Transport Route had been virtually closed down for the winter ATC traffic to Great Britain was diverted to the South Atlantic Transport Route. The distance to Britain by this route was double that of the projected CRIMSON route, but distance dis-advantage was eclipsed by the fact that operations that could be maintained on a year-round basis. Efforts on another front were also productive. Prior to 1943

1568-572: The access to jobs and medical care provided by the base operations. By 1957, 489 of the town's 1,200 residents were reported to be Inuit. After 1959, the Canadian government established permanent services at Frobisher Bay, including full-time doctors, a school, and social services. The Inuit population grew rapidly in response, as the government encouraged Inuit to settle permanently in communities supported by government services. Naval Radio Station (NRS) Frobisher Bay (HMCS Frobisher Bay), callsign CFI,

1624-508: The airfield. In the mid-1950s, the population of Frobisher Bay increased rapidly during the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW line), a system of defensive radar stations—see North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Hundreds of mostly non-Inuit construction workers, military personnel, and administrative staff moved into the community, and several hundred Inuit followed, to take advantage of

1680-590: The area. Nanook Elementary School , located in Apex, Nakasuk School and Joamie Ilinniarvik School offer kindergarten to grade 5. Aqsarniit Ilinniarvik School offers grades 6 to 8 and Inuksuk High School offers grades 9 to 12. The Commission scolaire francophone du Nunavut runs École des Trois-Soleils and offers kindergarten to grade 12. At the post-secondary level there are two, Nunavut Arctic College (Nunatta Campus) and Akitsiraq Law School . Emergency services (fire and ambulance) are provided by city from

1736-419: The average family has 1.4 children living at home with them. The median (after-tax) household income in Iqaluit is quite high, $ 98,921, almost double the national rate at $ 54,089. The median income for an individual in the city, is also high, $ 60,688. 5.9 per cent of people (over 15 years old) are either divorced or separated, which is quite a bit lower than the national rate at 8.6 per cent. Also, 53.3 per cent of

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1792-577: The city has water treatment facilities, raw sewage from the city is often dumped untreated into nearby Frobisher Bay . Crimson Route The 1940 fall of France and the Battle of Britain alarmed Americans who feared that Great Britain might also fall, bringing the Axis one step closer to the United States. Eschewing direct involvement in the war, in 1940, the United States concentrated on "hemisphere defense" and began planning for airfields and air routes in

1848-633: The city is home to the divisional headquarters. Qikiqtani General Hospital is the primary care facility in the city. There is also a Family Practice Clinic providing primary care services by Nurse Practitioners. Two dental clinics exist in the city. Iqaluit features two arenas, the Arctic Winter Games Arena and Arnaitok, the Iqaluit Aquaplex, a curling rink, the Timmianut Pikiuqarvik disc golf course ,

1904-496: The government's commitment to the community as an administrative centre. At the time of its founding, this was the sole high school operating in what constituted more than one-seventh of Canadian territory. On 1 January 1987, the name of the municipality was changed from "Frobisher Bay" to "Iqaluit" – aligning official usage with the name that the Inuit population had always used, although many documents were made that referred to Iqaluit as Frobisher Bay for several years after 1987. In

1960-916: The jurisdiction of the Air Transport Command North Atlantic Division. Originally there were to be three routes making up the Crimson Route: Eastern, Western and Central. This route was referred to by the American military as the "North Atlantic Ferrying" or "Staging Route." Most of the Canadian airfields were newly and expressly constructed for the purpose of the Crimson Route. served as aerial port for personnel and cargo moving between CONUS and Alaskan bases. Postwar became major SAC bomber and missile base. Malmstrom AFB today Minuteman ICBM missile base part of Air Force Strike Command. This

2016-436: The most Inuit in both numbers (3,900) and per centages (59.1 per cent), of all Canadian cities with populations greater than 5,000. There is no "majority mother tongue " in Iqaluit, as 45.4 percent reported their mother tongue as being English, and 45.4 percent also reported their mother tongue as Inuktitut . English is spoken by 97.2 percent of Iqaluit residents, however, whereas only 53.1 percent can speak Inuktitut. French

2072-528: The non-binding 1995 Nunavut capital plebiscite , held 11 December, the residents of what would become the new territory selected Iqaluit (over Rankin Inlet ) to serve as the future capital. On 19 April 2001, it was designated a city. Canada designated Iqaluit as the host city for the 2010 meeting of the Group of Seven finance ministers, held on 5–6 February. The requirements for the international meeting strained

2128-468: The northern alternate route would suffer from extended darkness and extreme cold in winter, and difficult resupply and sparse infrastructure in summer. With the greater success of the southern route and the defeat of the U-boats in 1943, the Crimson concept fell into disfavor, but not until the fields and considerable support facilities had been constructed. Download coordinates as: First referred to as

2184-535: The northern communications technology infrastructure and required supplemental investment. Iqaluit is the northernmost city in Canada, at 63 degrees north of the Equator . Iqaluit is located in the Everett Mountains , which rise from Koojesse Inlet, an inlet of Frobisher Bay, on the southeast part of Baffin Island. It is well to the east of Nunavut's mainland, and northeast of Hudson Bay . Iqaluit has

2240-544: The original DEW line installation, through the 1970s white hyper-modernist fibreglass block of the Nakasuk School and Municipal Offices and Arena, to the lines of the steel-reinforced concrete high-rise complex on the hill above it. A number of older Hudson's Bay Company and early 1950s buildings have been retained and restored in Apex (the former nursing station has been revived as the Rannva Bed and Breakfast,

2296-421: The population is either married or living with a common law partner. Iqaluit has quite a young population, the median age of the population is more than 10 years younger than the national rate, 30.1 years old compared to 40.6 years old. For those over the age of 25: The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 750 persons or 10.3% of the total population of Iqaluit. Of

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2352-406: The school's exterior walls from prefabricated glass-fiber reinforced plastic, a light-weight material that would reduce shipping costs. The panels were designed to withstand winds of 100 miles per hour (161 km/h), which sometimes occur in the area. Exterior windows were made of three layers of glass, similar to the type used on airplanes, in order to provide thermal insulation. Before the school

2408-531: The shape of an igloo, has traditionally been a landmark and tourist attraction in Iqaluit, besides its important spiritual role for Iqalummiut (people of Iqaluit). On a ridge overlooking the city is the distinctive blue and white Inuksuk High School . The school is made up of four square sections joined that give a cloverleaf shape when viewed from the air. The city is also the location of the Nunatta Sunakkutaangit Museum , which houses

2464-688: The southern route. For this purpose the Crystal stations ( Fort Chimo , Frobisher Bay , and Padloping Island ) were surveyed and begun in northern Quebec and Baffin Island. That October, the important airport at Bluie West Eight (Sondrestrom) was founded in Greenland. During the Argentia conference in August, USAAF Captain Elliott Roosevelt (who had surveyed the Crystal stations) briefed

2520-545: The strategic value of the DEW line and Arctic airbases. Canada continued to operate an administrative and logistical centre for much of the eastern Arctic at Frobisher Bay. In 1964, the first local elections were held for a community council, and in 1979 for the first mayor. The founding of the Gordon Robertson Educational Centre, now Inuksuk High School , in the early 1970s at Iqaluit confirmed

2576-497: The summer being the wettest season. Temperatures of the winter months are comparable to other northern communities further west on the continent such as Yellowknife and to some extent even Fairbanks, Alaska , even though Iqaluit is a few degrees colder than the latter. Summer temperatures are, however, much colder due to its easterly maritime position affected by the waters of the cold Baffin Island Current . This means that

2632-461: The summer of 1942. The project received a severe setback in late summer (27 August 1942) when an enemy U-boat operating off the Labrador coast sank a ship carrying some 6,000 tons of cargo, including vital construction equipment intended for use at CRYSTAL I, CRYSTAL II, and Coral Harbour on Southampton Island Hudson Bay. The winter of 1942-43 presented major problems all along the North Atlantic Transport Route. A high accident rate due to weather

2688-619: The top decisionmakers on the concept for the alternate route, which was accepted and given high priority. The network was now extended to include Crimson West, extending from Edmonton to Frobisher, and Crimson East, which used new bases east of Hudson Bay. This meant that the aircraft could be flown across the United States and Canada, where they would then be flown across the North Atlantic via Greenland and Iceland, never exceeding about 700 nautical miles in needed range. A much shorter route from Southern California could be used by flying

2744-455: The total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (195 persons or 26.0%), Cameroon (50 persons or 6.7%), United Kingdom (40 persons or 5.3%), Nigeria (40 persons or 5.3%), Zimbabwe (40 persons or 5.3%), United States of America (35 persons or 4.7%), India (25 persons or 3.3%), Pakistan (20 persons or 2.7%), China (20 persons or 2.7%), Jamaica (20 persons or 2.7%), and Ethiopia (20 persons or 2.7%). As of 2016, Iqaluit has

2800-485: Was a small city and not well known outside the Canadian Arctic or Canada, with population and economic growth highly limited. This is due to the city's isolation and heavy dependence on expensive imported supplies, as the city, like the rest of Nunavut, has no road or rail, and only has ship connections for part of the year to the rest of Canada. The city has a polar climate , influenced by the cold deep waters of

2856-411: Was built, students were sent to Churchill, Manitoba , for high school. This Nunavut school-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Iqaluit Iqaluit ( / i ˈ k æ l u ɪ t / ee- KAL -oo-it ; Inuktitut syllabics : ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ , [iqaluit] , lit.   ' place of many fish ' ; French: [i.ka.lu.it] ) is the capital of

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2912-569: Was established in July 1954 as a result of the closure of NRS Chimo, Quebec. Station CFI was part of the Supplementary Radio network. Because of its remoteness and size, it was very expensive to operate. Renamed CFS Frobisher Bay in 1966, advancing technology eventually forced the closure of CFI later that year. The American military left Iqaluit in 1963, as their development of the intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) diminished

2968-418: Was expanded and supplemented by the American built airfield at Keflavík . Because of the urgency of the situation and heavy losses at sea, interest developed in creating an alternate air ferry route further north. It would have better weather conditions and would be on a great-circle route from the aircraft factories on the west coast. It could also serve as overflow or alternate destinations for air traffic on

3024-567: Was experienced beginning in September 1942 and it continued to climb. On 22 November Air Transport Command suspended the transportation of passengers across the North Atlantic for the duration of the winter. The operation of two-engine transports beyond Iceland already had been forbidden. Some ferrying, chiefly of long-range aircraft, continued into December, as did the transport operations of C-54 Skymasters and C-87 Liberators under contract with TWA and American Airlines , but by mid-December

3080-559: Was the mother tongue of 4.8 percent of the population, which is the same figure of the population who can speak the language. As of 2012, "Pirurvik, Iqaluit's Inuktitut language training centre, has a new goal: to train instructors from Nunavut communities to teach Inuktitut in different ways and in their own dialects when they return home." According to the 2021 census , religious groups in Iqaluit included: The Qikiqtani School Operations based in Pond Inlet operates five schools in

3136-592: Was the route that the American military directly referred to using the term Crimson Route. A directive issued by the United States Chief of Staff on 24 May 1942 ordered construction of landing strips at The Pas and Churchill in Manitoba, at Coral Harbour Southampton Island on Hudson Bay , along with weather stations and runways at Fort Chimo Quebec (CRYSTAL I), on Frobisher Bay (CRYSTAL II), and on Padloping Island (CRYSTAL III) to begin during

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