Gordon Randolph Willey (7 March 1913 – 28 April 2002) was an American archaeologist who was described by colleagues as the "dean" of New World archaeology. Willey performed fieldwork at excavations in South America , Central America and the Southeastern United States ; and pioneered the development and methodology for settlement patterns theories. He worked as an anthropologist for the Smithsonian Institution and as a professor at Harvard University .
38-661: Gordon Randolph Willey was born in Chariton, Iowa . His family moved to California when he was twelve-years-old, and he completed his secondary education at Long Beach . Willey attended the University of Arizona where he earned Bachelors (1935) and Masters (1936) degrees in anthropology . He earned a PhD from Columbia University . After completing his studies at Arizona, Willey moved to Macon, Georgia to perform field work for Arthur R. Kelly . Along with James A. Ford , Willey helped implement and refine ceramic stratigraphy ,
76-531: A Superior Court and Sheriff (as an officer of the court ), both located in a designated "shire town". Bennington County, Vermont has two shire towns; the court for "North Shire" is in the shire town Manchester , and the Sheriff for the county and court for "South Shire" are in the shire town Bennington. In 2024, Connecticut , which had not defined their counties for anything but statistical, historical and weather warning purposes since 1960, along with ending
114-523: A county or civil parish . The term is in use in five countries: Canada , China , Hungary , Romania , and the United States . An equivalent term, shire town , is used in the U.S. state of Vermont and in several other English-speaking jurisdictions, such as Venezuela . In Canada , the provinces of Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia have counties as an administrative division of government below
152-594: A concept new to Georgian archaeological sites. Willey also worked at the historic site of Kasita, on the Georgia Piedmont near Fort Benning . In 1938, Willey published an article entitled "Time Studies: Pottery and Trees in Georgia." In the early part of 1939, Willey worked at the Lamar Mounds and Village Site (inhabited from c. 1350 to 1600 CE) near Macon and identified relationships between Lamar and
190-410: A county seat may be an independent city surrounded by, but not part of, the county of which it is the administrative center; for example, Fairfax City is both the county seat of Fairfax County, Virginia and completely surrounded by Fairfax County, but the city is politically independent of the county. When the county seat is in the independent city, government offices such as the courthouse may be in
228-409: Is known as the seat of its county. Generally, the county legislature, county courthouse, sheriff's department headquarters, hall of records, jail and correctional facility are located in the county seat, though some functions (such as highway maintenance, which usually requires a large garage for vehicles, along with asphalt and salt storage facilities) may also be located or conducted in other parts of
266-1075: The Archaeological Institute of America . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1952, a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1960, and the American Philosophical Society in 1984. He was also awarded the Kidder Award for Eminence in the Field of American Archaeology from the American Anthropological Association and the Huxley Medal from the Royal Anthropological Institute . He
304-671: The Swift Creek (around 100–800 CE) and Late Woodland period Napier Phase (900–1000 CE) sites. In the fall of 1939, Willey entered Columbia University for doctoral studies. After receiving his Ph.D., Willey worked as an anthropologist for the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. In 1941, together with Marshall T. Newman, Willey conducted research at Ancon (archaeological site) in Peru , including in
342-611: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.82 square miles (9.89 km ), all land. The Lucas County Courthouse is the highest point of elevation in the whole town. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Chariton has a hot-summer humid continental climate , abbreviated "Dfa" on climate maps. As of the census of 2020, there were 4,193 people, 1,834 households, and 1,048 families residing in
380-641: The Chargers. Owned by the City of Chariton and located 3 miles west of Chariton on US Highway 34, the Chariton Municipal Airport has served the city and Lucas County since April 1947. Chariton is located on [REDACTED] U.S. Route 34 , which runs east and west to each side of the state. The city is also served by Iowa Highway 14. County seat A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government , or capital city of
418-947: The United States, followed by Towson , the county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland . Likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey , though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township , an incorporated municipality. In some states, often those that were among the original Thirteen Colonies , county seats include or formerly included "Court House" as part of their name, such as Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia . Most counties have only one county seat. However, some counties in Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Iowa , Kentucky , Massachusetts , Mississippi , Missouri , New Hampshire , New York , and Vermont have two or more county seats, usually located on opposite sides of
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#1732776661304456-425: The age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.4% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.99. The median age in
494-518: The age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.92. Age spread: 24.6% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 22.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
532-451: The age of 89. Chariton, Iowa Chariton ( / ˈ ʃ ɛər ɪ t ən / SHAIR -it-ən ) is a city in, and the county seat of, Lucas County, Iowa , United States. The population was 4,193 at the 2020 census . Lucas is the primary distribution center for and the former corporate headquarters of the Hy-Vee supermarket chain. Chariton was platted in 1850. Chariton was
570-582: The area of Las Colinas. In 1950, he accepted the Bowditch Professorship of Mexican and Central American Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University . Willey headed archaeological expeditions in Peru, Panama , Nicaragua , Belize and Honduras . He discovered Monagrillo ceramics , the earliest known pottery in Panama. He became widely cited for his study and development of theories about
608-400: The city was 42.1 years. 24.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.5% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 21.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,573 people, 1,936 households, and 1,192 families living in the city. The population density
646-440: The city. The population density was 1,112.7 inhabitants per square mile (429.6/km ). There were 2,072 housing units at an average density of 549.8 per square mile (212.3/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 93.1% White , 0.4% Black or African American , 0.1% Native American , 0.5% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 2.0% from other races and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race comprised 3.7% of
684-476: The city. The population density was 1,131.2 inhabitants per square mile (436.8/km ). There were 2,114 housing units at an average density of 553.4 per square mile (213.7/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 98.7% White , 0.2% African American , 0.2% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 0.2% from other races , and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population. There were 1,861 households, of which 28.6% had children under
722-526: The counties after his unification, there were about 1,000. Under the Eastern Han dynasty , the number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when the Sui dynasty abolished the commandery level (郡 jùn), which was the level just above counties, and demoted some commanderies to counties. In Imperial China, the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of
760-418: The county, especially if it is geographically large. A county seat is usually an incorporated municipality . The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia , where the county seat is the entire county. Ellicott City , the county seat of Howard County, Maryland , is the largest unincorporated county seat in
798-420: The county. Examples include Harrison County, Mississippi , which has both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats, and Hinds County, Mississippi , which has both Raymond and the state capital of Jackson . The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult. There have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of civic pride for
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#1732776661304836-424: The imperial bureaucratic structure; in other words, it was the lowest level that the government reached. Government below the county level was often undertaken through informal non-bureaucratic means, varying between dynasties. The head of a county was the magistrate , who oversaw both the day-to-day operations of the county as well as civil and criminal cases. The current number of counties mostly resembled that of
874-585: The increase of Han Chinese population in Taiwan, the number of counties also grew by time. By the end of Qing era, there were 11 counties in Taiwan. Protestant missionaries in China first romanized the term as hien . When Taiwan became a Japanese colony in 1895, the hierarchy of divisions also incorporated into the Japanese system in the period when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. By September 1945, Taiwan
912-625: The independent city under an agreement, such as in Albemarle , or may in be enclaves of the county surrounded by the independent city, such as in Fairfax . Others, such as Prince William , have the courthouse in an enclave surrounded by the independent city and have the county government, the Board of Supervisors, in a different part of the county, far from the county seat. The following counties have their county seat in an independent city: Bedford
950-758: The later years of the Qing dynasty . Changes of location and names of counties in Chinese history have been a major field of research in Chinese historical geography, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s. There are 1,355 counties in Mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions. In Taiwan , the first counties were first established in 1661 by the Kingdom of Tungning . The later ruler Qing empire inherited this type of administrative divisions. With
988-721: The name of a French trader. Designed by local architect William L. Perkins and listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its role in the development of Chariton as a county seat, the Hotel Charitone is listed by the Iowa Historic Preservation Alliance as one of the most endangered sites in Iowa. The hotel is currently undergoing restoration with the majority of the hotel being converted into apartments. According to
1026-527: The pattern of settlements of native societies. In particular, his study of settlement patterns in the Viru Valley of Peru exemplified Processual archaeology because it focused on the function of small satellite settlements and ceramic scattered across a landscape rather than pottery chronologies. In 1973, Willey received the Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Archaeological Achievement from
1064-450: The population. Of the 1,834 households, 26.8% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, 6.4% were cohabitating couples, 29.6% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 21.1% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 42.9% of all households were non-families. 37.6% of all households were made up of individuals, 18.4% had someone living alone who
1102-554: The poverty line, including 14.5% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over. The Chariton School District is the only school district in the county since 2008, when the Russell School District closed. There are two elementary schools, Columbus Elementary (K-2 grades) and Van Allen Elementary (3–5 grades); one middle school, Chariton Middle School (6–8 grades); and one high school, Chariton High School (9–12). The high school athletic teams are called
1140-775: The provincial level, and thus county seats. In the provinces of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia the term "shire town" is used in place of county seat. County seats in China are the administrative centers of the counties in the People's Republic of China . Xian have existed since the Warring States period and were set up nationwide by the Qin dynasty . The number of counties in China proper gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As Qin Shi Huang reorganized
1178-777: The state's area, has no borough government or borough seat. One borough, the Lake and Peninsula Borough , has its borough seat located in another borough, namely King Salmon in Bristol Bay Borough . In Louisiana , which is divided into parishes rather than counties, county seats are referred to as "parish seats". In New England , counties have served mainly as dividing lines for the states' judicial systems. Rhode Island has no county level of government and thus no county seats, and Massachusetts has dissolved many but not all of its county governments. In Vermont , Massachusetts , and Maine county government consists only of
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1216-416: The towns involved, along with providing employment opportunities. There are 33 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states: Alaska is divided into boroughs rather than counties; the county seat in these case is referred to as the "borough seat"; this includes six consolidated city-borough governments (one of which is styled as a "municipality"). The Unorganized Borough, Alaska , which covers 49% of
1254-544: The use of county seats in particular, will fully transition with the permission of the United States Census Bureau to a system of councils of government for the purposes of boundary definition and as county equivalents. Two counties in South Dakota , Oglala Lakota and Todd , have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county. Their county-level services are provided by Fall River County and Tripp County , respectively. In Virginia ,
1292-453: Was 1,238.2 inhabitants per square mile (478.1/km ). There were 2,155 housing units at an average density of 583.5 per square mile (225.3/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 98.88% White , 0.15% African American , 0.09% Native American , 0.15% Asian , 0.26% from other races , and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population. There were 1,936 households, out of which 27.4% had children under
1330-405: Was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 27,844, and the median income for a family was $ 37,935. Males had a median income of $ 32,265 versus $ 21,981 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 15,553. About 6.6% of families and 12.7% of the population were below
1368-420: Was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 41.0 years. 24.8% of the residents were under the age of 20; 5.5% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 23.7% were from 25 and 44; 24.6% were from 45 and 64; and 21.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,321 people, 1,861 households, and 1,109 families living in
1406-573: Was divided into 8 prefectures ( 州 and 廳 ), which remained after the Republic of China took over. There are 13 county seats in Taiwan, which function as county-administered cities , urban townships , or rural townships . In most of the United States , a county is an administrative or political subdivision of a state that consists of a geographic area with specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government
1444-854: Was given honorary doctorates by the University of Arizona and the University of Cambridge . In 1987, Willey received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . Add in: He was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London from 1956, and its first Honorary Vice-President. He was awarded the Society's gold medal in 2000. (See obituary in The Times, London, May 1, 2002) Willey married Katharine W. Whaley in 1939. They were married for 63 years and had two daughters. Willey died of heart failure in Cambridge, Massachusetts at
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