Misplaced Pages

#568431

36-423: In 1452, a year after the completion of Goryeosa compilation, Kim Jong-seo and 27 other historians authored a 35-volume complementary summary of Goryeosa, Goryeosajeolyo (Essentials of Goryeo History). Goryeosajeolyo is written in chronological order, deviating from Chinese historiography that divides sections into important subjects (e.g., kings, traitors, notable officials, chronology, and monographs) and thus

72-418: A breach in his relations with his son ( Chungseon , r.   1298, r.  1308–1313 ). Repeated misfortunes occurred during the reign of King Chungseok ( r.  1313–1330 , r.  1332–1339 ) and after, slowly depleting the country until the reign of King Gongmin ( r.  1351–1374 ). Then, with the false kings, the country's very foundation fell into the utmost danger. At that hour,

108-629: A budget of ₩40 billion is needed to complete the project. It is a Korean historical informatization project that provides the public with search access to the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty and the Seungjeongwon Diary. Starting in 2015, two emeritus professors of history served as lead authors of state-compiled history textbooks which were used at secondary schools starting in 2017. The two professors include Choi Mong-ryong who led

144-555: A chronological order so that the public can search out the needed information. For the purpose of promoting the popularization of history, the NIKH has developed other websites, including Historynet and Korean History On-line. In January 2012, the NIKH announced that they will translate the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty into English by the year 2033. With an initial budget of ₩500 million, they planned to start work in 2014 but estimated that

180-418: A game of go ( baduk ) or chess ( janggi ). Savage foreign enemies invaded repeatedly, cutting the people down like grass. In this hard time, it fell to King Wonjong ( r.  1259–1274 ) to quell a large rebellion, preserving, albeit barely, the great calling of our ancestors. King Chungnyol ( r.  1274–1308 ) then frittered his time away playing games and banqueting with his sycophants, causing

216-411: A negative light. Despite the biases, Goryeosa is generally considered truthful to the original historical sources, and its writing maintains a matter-of-fact tone without embellishments. King Sejong in particular made efforts to shield Goryeosa from political biases. For example, he instructed the historians not to omit or alter historical facts to promote Confucian ideals or to please the new dynasty. As

252-534: A result, Chŏng Mong-ju and Kim Jin-yang remained loyal to Goryeo until the end and opposed Yi Sŏng-gye, yet they are recorded in Goryeosa as loyal honorable subjects. Goryeosa omits accounts of named Buddhist monks of the Goryeo dynasty. Kim Jong-seo (general) Kim Jong-seo ( Korean :  김종서 ; Hanja :  金宗瑞 ; 1383 – 10 November 1453) was a prominent military official and politician of

288-461: A result, King U and King Chang were taken out of the annals of kings ( sega ), put in as biographies ( yeoljeon ), and were treated as false kings with dubious lineage. According to Goryeosa, King U and King Chang were descended, not from the royal Wang family, but from Buddhist monk Shindon . The narrative of Goryeosa depicts early Goryeo as an era of good governance followed by turmoils toward late Goryeo and thus deserving of its overthrow to stabilize

324-506: Is a South Korean government organization in charge of researching, collecting, compiling, and promoting materials related to Korean history . It was established as the Office of National History ( Korean :  국사관 ; Hanja :  國史館 ; RR :  Guksagwan ) in March 1946, one year after the liberation of Korea. It changed its name to the current form in 1949. It

360-575: Is located in Gwacheon , Gyeonggi Province . As a branch of the Ministry of Education , the NIKH certifies and supervises drafts of history textbooks used in middle and high schools. It conducts educational programs for government officials and teachers of elementary, middle, and high schools. It also operates a school to train competent translators of historical documents written in classical Chinese and pre-modern Japanese. The NIKH holds and supervises

396-581: Is located near Sejong City . Kim Jong-seo was born in 1383 in Gongju , Yanggwang Province as the second son of Kim Su of the Suncheon Kim clan, and Lady Bae of the Seongju Bae clan. He was the third child; having two sisters and two brothers. Kim and his brothers achieved successful political careers: his older brother, Kim Jong-han was a high-ranking official, and his younger brother, Kim Jong-heung

SECTION 10

#1732772437569

432-520: Is prone to duplicate recording of the same event. The entire Goryeosa, in its original and in modern Korean translation, is currently available online by courtesy of the National Institute of Korean History . Immediately after the founding of Joseon, the compilation of Goryeo history began, a process that spanned 60 years until its completion in 1451. The first historiographical attempt at Goryeo history, Goryeoguksa ( 고려국사 ; 高麗國史 ),

468-681: The Tumen and Yalu rivers and made marauding incursions through the Joseon border. Since the times of the Goryeo period, there were conciliatory efforts through trade as well as attempted suppression of the raiders by force, but the border conflicts did not cease. Early in the Joseon dynasty, the northern part of Yeongbyeon county was lost to the Jurchen invaders. To solve the issue once for all, in 1433, King Sejong sent General Choi Yun-deok to suppress

504-712: The 1613 edition as tangible cultural heritage ( 유형문화유산 ). Another surviving partial edition, housed in the Baeknyeon Buddhist Temple in Nam-gu, Busan , was designated as a cultural heritage material ( 문화유산자료 ) in 2014. Several other editions have survived and are dispersed worldwide, including the one held in Collège de France and another in Cambridge University Library . The modern Korean translation of Goryeosa began in 2001 under

540-473: The Goryeo dynasty. Meanwhile, historians were split over whether to preserve the imperial language used in the Kingdom of Goryeo or to revise it, aligning with Confucian principles, to that of a tributary state. Sejong was in favor of being truthful to historical facts and ordered the historians not to alter Goryeo lexicon (i.e., 이실직서 ; 以實直書 ). Goryeosajeonmun ( 고려사전문 ; 高麗史全文 ), completed in 1442,

576-563: The Joseon Dynasty . Goryeosa was first printed in 1454, the second year of Danjong 's reign, and widely distributed, but this initial edition did not survive. A remarkably well-preserved complete edition, currently housed in the Seokdang Museum of Dong-a University , is a woodblock-printed replica dating to 1613. It is based on an earlier edition estimated to have been printed in 1482, using 42 metal movable type blocks known as Eulhae-ja ( 을해자 ; 乙亥字 ). In 2010, Busan designated

612-575: The Korean History Proficiency Test four times a year, and sponsors the annual Korean History Competition among middle and high school students. The NIKH has established a systematic database and internet service network for the purpose of facilitating the investigation, collection, exhibition, and release of historical materials in cooperation with related institutions. The Korean history database provides original text of important historical materials, which are digitalized in

648-598: The Wild Jurchens in the Yalu River Basin. In October of the same year, Kim Jong-seo led another expedition to the northern part of Hamgyeong province , where he defeated the Jurchens and strengthened the borders against future attacks. Following King Sejong's death, Grand Prince Suyang 's ill brother, Munjong took the throne but soon died. The crown passed to his 12-year-old son, Danjong . The new king

684-678: The auspices of the National Research Foundation of Korea by the Seokdang Academy of Dong-a University. In 2009, the National Institute of Korean History began providing the gujeom (verbatim) edition ( 구점본 ; 句點本 ), making it accessible online with original images from Kyujanggak . The website expanded in 2010 to include the pyojeom (annotated) edition ( 표점본 ; 標點本 ), which incorporates sentence punctuation, index tags (personal names, place names, titles, official positions), and article titles. During

720-402: The chronicle, especially about his political rival, Chŏng Mong-ju , and suggested the chronicle was not even worth preserving. In 1418, the year of Sejong's coronation, Sejong ordered the revision of Goryeoguksa . He believed that the chronicles of Goryeo history from Taejo's reign had errors and omissions, especially regarding the details and accounts of the periods around the rise and fall of

756-418: The content, and other historical agencies edited the content as necessary. In the past, schools selected from history textbooks written by eight private publishers who were approved by the government. The government pushed ahead the plan to adopt the single state-authored textbooks, suggesting the old ones were too left-leaning with pro-North Korean descriptions. Many others claimed this project will monopolize

SECTION 20

#1732772437569

792-535: The early Joseon dynasty . His ancestral home was Suncheon . He was also known under the names Gukgyeong (國卿) and Jeoljae (節齋), and his posthumous name is Chungik (忠翼). In 1405, he passed the state examination and became a rank 13 official. He served King Sejong the Great as a general during the campaign against the Jurchens . In 1453, he was assassinated on the order of Prince Suyang along with his two sons. His tomb

828-496: The fate of Goryeo passed to its true ruler. Despite the self-serving narrative, particularly regarding late Goryeo society, it provides insight into early Joseon's official stance on the Goryeo dynasty. Another source of bias was neo-Confucianism that started dominating Joseon literati society, although Buddhism continued to have influence in Joseon society well into the mid-1400s. Joseon society's views on family relationships differed from those of Goryeo society. For example, incest

864-411: The final phase between 2014 and 2015, the website began offering a modern Korean translation of Goryeosa. Because Goryeosa was written by the scholar-officials of Goryeo's successor state, Joseon, whose founding monarch deposed King U and assassinated both King U and King Chang , the historians who authored Goryeosa worked intently on creating a narrative arc that legitimized the founding of Joseon. As

900-483: The founding of the Joseon dynasty. Sejong died a year before the completion of Goryeosa. Since Sejong did not see the completed Goryeosa, it is unknown whether he would have been content with the work; nevertheless, the compilation project ended in 1451, the year of Munjong 's coronation. None of Goryeosa's predecessors are available today, except their forewords that are recorded in the Veritable Records of

936-525: The kingdom. Suyang surrounded himself with trusted allies, including his famous adviser, Han Myeong-hoe , who was the father of two queens: Queen Jangsun , the daughter-in-law of Queen Jeonghui and King Sejo , and Queen Gonghye , the daughter-in-law of Queen Insu and King Deokjong . Han was also an 8th cousin of Queen Insu . Han advised Suyang to take over the government in a coup, and in October 1453, he killed Kim Jongseo and his faction, thereby taking

972-413: The projects, the prospect of fulfilling his promise was not bright. Approximately 60,000 people, including superintendents of regional education offices, professors and middle and high school teachers, had signed a petition against the plan. These people said that the government needs to give more – not less – freedom to textbook producers in terms of determining what content should be included in books. Only

1008-466: The reins of power into his own hands. After the coup he arrested his own brother, Anpyong, first sending him into exile, then putting him to death. After death, he received posthumous name of Chungik in 1746 during Yeongjo's reign. This Korean biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . National Institute of Korean History The National Institute of Korean History ( NIKH ; Korean :  국사 편찬 위원회 )

1044-488: The society, as shown in the foreword of Goryeosa: But later kings lost their way and powerful subjects did as they pleased, raising their own armies to lust after the throne. This began during the reign of King Injong ( r.  1122–1146 ), when the ruler's power was first contested, and it worsened in the reign of King Uijong ( r.  1146–1170 ). After that, heinous traitors cloaked as subjects rose one after another to feign kingship and were removed like pieces in

1080-459: The textbooks and throw the nation into an ideological war over how students should learn modern history. The decision drew fierce protests from opposition political parties, historians and educators. Education Minister Hwang Woo-yea pledged that the ministry will ensure diverse views are included in the new textbooks, saying that experts from many different backgrounds will participate in producing it. But as most liberal historians refused to be part of

1116-502: The writing on Korean archeology, and Shin Hyung-sik who led the writing on ancient Korean history. Lead writers who are top-class scholars in their respective fields were selected for other eras as well. In total the project consisted of a 36-member team. In addition, history teachers participated as advisers and wrote some parts as necessary. After writing was completed, a review team of experts specializing in each historical era examined

Goryeosa - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-431: Was commonplace, and even preferred, among Goryeo's royal family, because marrying non-royals was seen as damaging to the bloodline. Additionally, while both Goryeo and Joseon practiced polygyny, Goryeo's polygyny involved multiple wives of equal status, whereas Joseon's consisted of one wife and many concubines. As a result, Goryeosa portrays certain Goryeo kings who did not fit into Joseon literati's neo-Confucian values in

1188-524: Was led by Chŏng To-jŏn and completed in 1396. However, following Chŏng 's death during the First Strife of the Princes , Jeong's chronicle, Goryeoguksa , faced criticism and controversy for its alleged misrepresentation of Goryeo history. This led to several rounds of revision, years into Sejong 's reign. Sejong in particular criticized Goryeoguksa that Chŏng To-jŏn introduced personal biases into

1224-522: Was the first to result from Sejong's order; however, it became known that Gwon Je, the chief scholar-official responsible for the revision, had tampered with records of his ancestors, especially those of Gwon Su-pyeong. Sejong ordered a revision and required that the revised edition be in the format established by Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian . Sejong also believed the historians portrayed Goryeo unfairly in order to further legitimize

1260-473: Was the magistrate of Yangju . He passed the state examination in 1405 and in 1411 he was posted as a royal inspector to Gangwon Province . In 1433, he was sent by King Sejong the Great to conquer the Manchu . Kim's military campaign captured several castles, pushed north, and restored Korean territory roughly to the present-day border between North Korea and China. The tribe of Wild Jurchens often crossed

1296-498: Was too young to rule the nation and all political processes were controlled by then- Chief State Councilor Hwangbo In and General Kim Jongseo. As Kim Jongseo and his faction, which included Danjong's guardian Princess Gyeonghye , used the chance to extend the power of court officials against many royal family members, the tension between Kim and Suyang greatly increased; not only Suyang himself, but his younger brother, Grand Prince Anpyeong, also sought an opportunity to take control of

#568431