A bottle wall is a wall made out of glass or plastic bottles and binding material.
52-431: A gate or gateway is a point of entry to or from a space enclosed by walls . The word derived from old Norse "gat" meaning road or path ; But other terms include yett and port . The concept originally referred to the gap or hole in the wall or fence, rather than a barrier which closed it. Gates may prevent or control the entry or exit of individuals, or they may be merely decorative. The moving part or parts of
104-422: A gatehouse . Today, many gate doors are equipped with self-closing devices that can improve safety, security, and convenience. It is important to choose a controlled gate closer to ensure a consistent closing speed, as well as safety and security. A self-closing gate can help prevent accidents by children or pets, particularly around swimming pools, spas, beaches and hot tubs. A self-closing gate can also improve
156-428: A moisture barrier such as housewrap or felt paper inside the cladding provides a second line of defense and sometimes a drainage plane or air gap allows a path for the moisture to drain down through and exit the wall. Sometimes ventilation is provided in addition to the drainage plane such as in rainscreen construction. Face-sealed also called barrier wall or perfect barrier cladding relies on maintaining
208-726: A barrier (to cattle, for example). Before the invention of artillery , many of the world's cities and towns, particularly in Europe and Asia, had defensive or protective walls (also called town walls or city walls). In fact, the English word "wall" derives from Latin vallum —a type of fortification wall. These walls are no longer relevant for defense, so such cities have grown beyond their walls, and many fortification walls, or portions of them, have been torn down—for example in Rome , Italy and Beijing , China . Examples of protective walls on
260-625: A bottle house, made from over 3,000 whiskey bottles, that it uses as an "Indian Trader" store today. The house is a remake of the Rhyolite Bottle House replicated from photos taken by Walter Knott in the early 1950s. Another famous bottle house site was built by the self-taught senior citizen Tressa "Grandma " Prisbrey. Located in Simi Valley, California , Bottle Village is lauded by art scholars, The State of California, The National Register of Historic Places and in exhibitions, as
312-455: A building facade that is not load-bearing but provides decoration, finish, front, face, or historical preservation. Precast walls are walls which have been manufactured in a factory and then shipped to where it is needed, ready to install. It is faster to install compared to brick and other walls and may have a lower cost compared to other types of wall. Precast walls are cost effective compare to Brick Wall compound wall. Mullion walls are
364-550: A building. The minimum fire resistance and sound resistance required for the party wall is determined by a building code and may be modified to suit a variety of situations. Ownership of such walls can become a legal issue. It is not a load-bearing wall and may be owned by different people. An infill wall is the supported wall that closes the perimeter of a building constructed with a three-dimensional framework structure. Fire walls resist spread of fire within or sometimes between structures to provide passive fire protection. A delay in
416-402: A colossal fortification, made of ice and fortified with magic spells; as a cultural barrier; and as a codification of assumptions. Breaches of the wall, who is allowed to cross it and who is not, and its destruction have important symbolic, logistical, and socio-political implications in the storyline. Reportedly over 700 feet high and 100 leagues (300 miles) wide, it divides the northern border of
468-502: A gateway may be considered " doors ", as they are fixed at one side whilst opening and closing like one. A gate may have a latch that can be raised and lowered to both open a gate or prevent it from swinging. Gate operation can be either automated or manual. Locks are also used on gates to increase security. Larger gates can be used for a whole building, such as a castle or fortified town . Actual doors can also be considered gates when they are used to block entry as prevalent within
520-481: A leak-free surface of the cladding. Examples of face sealed cladding are the early exterior insulation finishing systems , structural glazing, metal clad panels, and corrugated metal. Building walls frequently become works of art, externally and internally, such as when featuring mosaic work or when murals are painted on them; or as design foci when they exhibit textures or painted finishes for effect. In architecture and civil engineering , curtain wall refers to
572-452: A major artistic achievement. Beginning construction in 1956 at age 60, and working until 1981, Tressa "Grandma" Prisbrey transformed her 1/3 acre lot into Bottle Village, an otherworld of shrines, wishing wells, walkways, random constructions, plus 15 life size structures all made from found objects placed in mortar. The name "Bottle Village" comes from the structures themselves - made of tens of thousands of bottles unearthed via daily visits to
SECTION 10
#1732765177049624-720: A metaphorical wall to represent the isolation felt by the protagonist of their 1979 concept album The Wall . The American poet laureate Robert Frost describes a pointless rock wall as a metaphor for the myopia of the culture-bound in his poem " Mending Wall ", published in 1914. Walls are a recurring symbol in Ursula K. Le Guin 's 1974 novel The Dispossessed '. In some cases, a wall may refer to an individual's debilitating mental or physical condition, seen as an impassable barrier. In George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones , The Wall plays multiple important roles: as
676-460: A much larger scale include the Great Wall of China and Hadrian's Wall . Some walls formally mark the border between one population and another. A border wall is constructed to limit the movement of people across a certain line or border . These structures vary in placement with regard to international borders and topography . The most famous example of border barrier in history is probably
728-520: A pleasant feature for colder climates - but can turn a room into an oven in hotter climates. A typical mortar mix is 3:1 mason sand to a pozzolan ( fly ash ) cement mix. Other mixtures could be made from mortar and clay, adobe, cob, sand or cement. Bottle walls are extremely versatile and could be bonded with pretty much anything that can endure its given climate. The use of empty vessels in construction dates back at least to ancient Rome, where many structures used empty amphorae embedded in concrete. This
780-404: A reinforced partition wall. Partition walls constructed from fibre cement backer board are popular as bases for tiling in kitchens or in wet areas like bathrooms. Galvanized sheet fixed to wooden or steel members are mostly adopted in works of temporary character. Plain or reinforced partition walls may also be constructed from concrete, including pre-cast concrete blocks. Metal framed partitioning
832-411: A series of individual toughened glass panels mounted in wood or metal framing. They may be suspended from or slide along a robust aluminium ceiling track. The system does not require the use of a floor guide, which allows easy operation and an uninterrupted threshold. A timber partition consists of a wooden framework, supported on the floor or by side walls. Metal lath and plaster, properly laid, forms
884-410: A ship, a wall that separates major compartments is called a bulkhead . A thinner wall between cabins is called a partition . Boundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls on property, and town walls. These intergrade into fences . The conventional differentiation is that a fence is of minimal thickness and often open in nature, while a wall is usually more than a nominal thickness and
936-452: A small amount of insulation. Filling glass with liquid that will be subjected to freezing and thawing is not a good idea, but is useful if the glass is protected from temperature extremes. When the bottles are filled with a (dark) liquid, or other dark material, the wall can function as a thermal mass , absorbing solar radiation during the day and radiating it back into the space at night, thus dampening diurnal temperature swings. This may be
988-481: A solution of 47% alcohol. The Peck house was demolished in the early 1980s. Around 1905, Tom Kelly built his house in Rhyolite, Nevada , using 51,000 beer bottles bonded with adobe. Kelly chose bottles because trees were scarce in the desert. Most of the bottles were Busch beer bottles collected from the 50 bars in this Gold Rush town. Rhyolite became a ghost town by 1920. In 1925, Paramount Pictures discovered
1040-463: A space as part of the building envelope along with a roof to give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security. In addition, the wall may house various types of utilities such as electrical wiring or plumbing . Wall construction falls into two basic categories: framed walls or mass-walls . In framed walls the load is transferred to the foundation through posts, columns or studs. Framed walls most often have three or more separate components:
1092-517: A structural system that carries the load of the floor slab on prefabricated panels around the perimeter. A partition wall is a usually thin wall that is used to separate or divide a room , primarily a pre-existing one. Partition walls are usually not load-bearing , and can be constructed out of many materials, including steel panels, bricks, cloth, plastic , plasterboard , wood , blocks of clay, terracotta , concrete , and glass. Some partition walls are made of sheet glass. Glass partition walls are
SECTION 20
#17327651770491144-439: A wall on one side will break the wall on the other side. Portable walls, such as room dividers or portable partitions divide a larger open space into smaller rooms. Portable walls can be static, such as cubicle walls, or can be wall panels mounted on casters to provide an easy way to reconfigure assembly space. They are often found inside schools, churches, convention centers, hotels, and corporate facilities. A temporary wall
1196-477: Is a structure and a surface that defines an area; carries a load; provides security , shelter , or soundproofing ; or, is decorative. There are many kinds of walls, including: The term wall comes from the Latin vallum meaning "an earthen wall or rampart set with palisades , a row or line of stakes, a wall, a rampart, fortification", while the Latin word murus means a defensive stone wall. English uses
1248-529: Is also available. This partition consists of track (used primarily at the base and head of the partition) and studs (vertical sections fixed into the track typically spaced at 24", 16", or at 12"). Internal wall partitions, also known as office partitioning, are usually made of plasterboard (drywall) or varieties of glass. Toughened glass is a common option, as low-iron glass (better known as opti-white glass ) increases light and solar heat transmission. Wall partitions are constructed using beads and tracking that
1300-466: Is completely closed, or opaque. More to the point, an exterior structure of wood or wire is generally called a fence —but one of masonry is a wall. A common term for both is barrier , which is convenient for structures that are partly wall and partly fence—for example the Berlin Wall . Another kind of wall-fence ambiguity is the ha-ha —which is set below ground level to protect a view, yet acts as
1352-620: Is constructed for easy removal or demolition. A typical temporary wall can be constructed with 1⁄2" (6 mm) to 5⁄8" (16 mm) sheet rock (plasterboard), metal 2 × 3s (approx. 5 × 7 cm), or 2 × 4s, or taped, plastered and compounded. Most installation companies use lattice (strips of wood) to cover the joints of the temporary wall with the ceiling. These are sometimes known as pressurized walls or temporary pressurized walls. Walls are often seen in popular culture, oftentimes representing barriers preventing progress or entry. For example: The progressive/psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd used
1404-463: Is either hung from the ceiling or fixed into the ground. The panels are inserted into the tracking and fixed. Some wall partition variations specify their fire resistance and acoustic performance rating. Movable partitions are walls that open to join two or more rooms into one large floor area. These include: Party walls are walls that separate buildings or units within a building. They provide fire resistance and sound resistance between occupants in
1456-604: Is listed on the National Register of Historical Places. Boston Hills Pet Memorial Park in Boston, Massachusetts , has a bottle wall from 1942. It is part of a small building used for storage. The Wimberley Bottle House in Wimberley, Texas , was constructed using over 9,000 soda bottles. It was built in the early 1960s as part of a pioneer town, a simulated Old West town set to be a tourist attraction/theme park. The house
1508-566: Is to make the bottle wall from glass jugs filled with ink and set them up by supporting them between 2 windows. Although bottle walls can be constructed in many different ways, they are typically made on a foundation that is set into a trench in the earth to add stability to the wall. The trench is filled with a rubble of pea gravel and then filled in with cement. Rebar can be set into the foundation to add structural integrity. Bottle walls range one bottle to two bottles thick. Primitive mixture, such as cob or adobe can be used as mortar to bind
1560-587: The Great Wall of China , a series of walls that separated the Empire of China from nomadic powers to the north. The most prominent recent example is the Berlin Wall , which surrounded the enclave of West Berlin and separated it from East Germany for most of the Cold War era. The US-Mexico border wall, separating the United States and Mexico, is another recent example. In areas of rocky soils around
1612-572: The Bottle House and had it restored for use in a movie. It then became a museum, but tourism was slow, causing it to close. From 1936-1954, Lewis Murphy took care of the house and hosted tourists. From 1954-1969, Tommy Thompson occupied the house. He tried to make repairs to the house with concrete which, when mixed with the desert heat, caused many bottles to crack (Kelly had used adobe mud). Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California , has
Gate - Misplaced Pages Continue
1664-600: The Seven Kingdoms realm from the domain of the wildlings and several categories of undead who live beyond it. In a real-life example, the Berlin Wall , constructed by the Soviet Union to divide Berlin into NATO and Warsaw Pact zones of occupation, became a worldwide symbol of oppression and isolation. Another common usage is as a communal surface to write upon. For instance the social networking site Facebook previously used an electronic "wall" to log
1716-443: The bottles. It is thickly spread on the previous layer of bottles followed by the next layer which is pressed into the mixture. Typically, two fingers of separation are used as a means of spacing although any kind of spacing can be achieved. Bottles can also be duct taped together to create a window-type effect. Two similar size bottles can be taped together with the openings allowing a light passageway. This also traps air and creates
1768-465: The builder could not work out how to resolve the junction between necks and bases running in the same direction. Later, a timber double garage was renovated with WOBO siding. Alfred Heineken did not develop the WOBO concept further and the idea never got a chance to materialize. Rinus van den Berg, a Dutch industrial & architectural designer, designed several buildings while working with John Habraken in
1820-564: The dump. The Washington Court Bottle House in Ohio was made with 9,963 bottles of all sizes and colors. The builder was a bottle collector and, to display his collection, he had them built into this house which was on display at Meyer's Modern Tourist Court. In Alexandria, Louisiana , there is a bottle-house gift shop that still stands today. The bottle house was constructed by Drew Bridges who used bottles from his drugstore. There are about 3,000 bottles used as masonry units with railroad ties used as
1872-405: The early designs were of interlocking and self-aligning bottles. The idea derived from a belief that the need for mortar would add complexity and expense to the bottle wall's intended simplicity and affordability. Some designs proved to be effective building materials, but too heavy and slow-forming to be economically produced. Other designs were rejected by Heineken based on aesthetic preferences. In
1924-544: The end, the bottle that was selected was a compromise between the previous designs. The bottle was designed to be interlocking, laid horizontally and bonded with cement mortar with a silicon additive. The necks were short and fitted into a large recess in the base, the bottles were square section with dimpled sides to bond with the mortar. A 10 ft (3.0 m) x 10 ft (3.0 m) shack would take approximately 1,000 bottles to build. In 1963, 100,000 WOBOs were produced in two sizes, 350 and 500 mm. This size difference
1976-547: The framing structure. The Kaleva Bottle House in Kaleva, Michigan , was built by John J. Makinen, Sr.(1871-1942) using over 60,000 bottles laid on their sides with the bottoms toward the exterior. The bottles were mostly from his company, The Northwestern Bottling Works. The house was completed in 1941, but he died before he could move in. The building was purchased by the Kaleva Historical Museum in 1981 and
2028-534: The inadequate living conditions plaguing Curaçao's lower-class. Envisioning a solution for these problems, he asked Dutch architect N. John Habraken to design what he called "a brick that holds beer ." A similar project was the Block-o-beer-bottle developed in 1959 by the east German Radeberger Brewery . Over the next three years, the Heineken WOBO went through a design process. Some of
2080-413: The local building and/or fire codes. There are three basic methods walls control water intrusion: moisture storage, drained cladding, or face-sealed cladding. Moisture storage is typical of stone and brick mass-wall buildings where moisture is absorbed and released by the walls of the structure itself. Drained cladding also known as screened walls acknowledges moisture will penetrate the cladding so
2132-412: The other side. A dike is a retaining wall, as is a levee , a load-bearing foundation wall, and a sea wall . Special laws often govern walls that neighbouring properties share. Typically, one neighbour cannot alter the common wall if it is likely to affect the building or property on the other side. A wall may also separate apartment or hotel rooms from each other. Each wall has two sides and breaking
Gate - Misplaced Pages Continue
2184-481: The same word to mean an external wall and the internal sides of a room, but this is not universal. Many languages distinguish between the two. In German, some of this distinction can be seen between Wand and Mauer , in Spanish between pared and muro . The word wall originally referred to defensive walls and ramparts . The purposes of walls in buildings are to support roofs , floors and ceilings ; to enclose
2236-459: The scrawls of friends until it was replaced by the "timeline" feature. Bottle wall This is a building construction style which usually uses glass bottles (although mason jars , glass jugs , and other glass containers may be used also) as masonry units and binds them using adobe , sand , cement , stucco , clay , plaster , mortar or any other joint compound . This results in an intriguing stained-glass like wall. An alternative
2288-416: The security of the property by ensuring that the gate is closed and latched properly. There are various types of gate closers available, including exposed spring devices, gate closers, spring hinges, and self-closing hinges. The appropriate type of closer will depend on the weight and size of the gate, as well as other factors like speed control, weather resistance, and ADA compliance . Wall A wall
2340-422: The spread of fire gives occupants more time to escape and fire fighters more time to extinguish the fire. Some fire walls allow fire resistive window assemblies, and are made of non-combustible material such as concrete, cement block, brick, or fire rated drywall. Wall penetrations are sealed with fire resistive materials. A doorway in a firewall must have a rated fire door . Fire walls provide varying resistance to
2392-474: The spread of fire, (e.g., one, two, three or four hours). Firewalls can also act as smoke barriers when constructed vertically from slab to roof deck and horizontally from an exterior wall to exterior wall subdividing a building into sections. Shear walls resist lateral forces such as in an earthquake or severe wind. There are different kinds of shear walls such as the steel plate shear wall . Knee walls are short walls that either support rafters or add height in
2444-473: The structural elements (such as 2×4 studs in a house wall), insulation , and finish elements or surfaces (such as drywall or panelling ). Mass-walls are of a solid material including masonry , concrete including slipform stonemasonry , log building , cordwood construction , adobe , rammed earth , cob , earthbag construction , bottles , tin cans , straw-bale construction , and ice . Walls may or may not be leadbearing. Walls are required to conform to
2496-404: The top floor rooms of houses. In a 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story house, the knee wall supports the half story . Cavity walls are walls made with a space between two "skins" to inhibit heat transfer. Pony wall (or dwarf wall) is a general term for short walls, such as: Demountable walls fall into 3 different main types: A trombe wall in passive solar building design acts as a heat sink . On
2548-416: The world, farmers have often pulled large quantities of stone out of their fields to make farming easier and have stacked those stones to make walls that either mark the field boundary, or the property boundary, or both. Retaining walls resist movement of earth, stone, or water. They may be part of a building or external. The ground surface or water on one side of a retaining wall is typically higher than on
2600-546: Was modeled after Knott's Berry Farm bottlehouse in California. [1] While on a world tour of Heineken factories in 1960, Alfred Heineken had an epiphany on the Caribbean island of Curaçao , where he saw many bottles littering the beach because the island had no economic means of returning the bottles to the bottling plants from which they had come. He was also concerned with the lack of affordable building materials and
2652-559: Was necessary in order to bond the bottles when building a wall, in the same way as a half brick is necessary when building with bricks. Unfortunately, most of them are destroyed and as such, they are now very rare and have become a collector's item. Only two WOBO structures exist and they are both on the Heineken estate in Noordwijk , near Amsterdam . The first was a small shed which had a corrugated iron roof and timber supports where
SECTION 50
#17327651770492704-518: Was not done for aesthetic reasons, but to lighten the load of upper levels of structures, and also to reduce concrete usage. This technique was used for example in the Circus of Maxentius . It is believed that the first bottle house was constructed in 1902 by William F. Peck in Tonopah, Nevada . The house was built using 10,000 bottles of J. Hostetter's Stomach Bitters which consisted of various herbs in
#48951