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125-694: Gateway Mall is a shopping mall in the Araneta City in Cubao , Quezon City , Philippines . Owned and operated by the Araneta City, Inc. (ACI, Inc.), a subsidiary of the Araneta Group , the mall was completed in 2004 and currently has 300,000 m (3,200,000 sq ft) of total floor area, making the mall one of largest in the Philippines . The Gateway Mall also currently sits on
250-556: A Fabergé egg -inspired glass pavilion located along General Aguinaldo Avenue. The pavilion is also surrounded by the al-fresco dining Coliseum Circle and the Courtyard, and connects the Araneta Coliseum through the mall's sidewalks and alleyways. The mall features an activity atrium; The Oasis, an indoor, air-conditioned open-roof garden; The Gateway Gallery; and The Topiary Garden, an open-air rooftop garden, both located at
375-674: A 286-room economy hotel. Gateway Mall 2 is a part of the Araneta Center Redevelopment Plan. The mall's construction began in the second quarter of 2017, where the foundations linking to the Farmers Plaza was constructed, and in August 2017, the former Gateway Food Park, as well as the former parking space located on the Coliseum's western Red Gate facade, were excavated to give way for the construction of
500-741: A Coliseum Plaza filled with restaurants at the Ground Level located adjacent to the Smart Araneta Coliseum Red Gate entrance; and a 700 m (7,500 sq ft) activity area atrium with ceiling LED screens, known as the Quantum Skyview located within Upper Ground-B Level. The Quantum Skyview is also the first wave-shaped, ceiling-installed LED screen in the country. The mall also includes an Asian Village food hub for restaurants based within
625-492: A few jurisdictions, notably California , have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls. The Supreme Court decision Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of
750-858: A fixed rate of 2:1. These were supplemented by banknotes of the Bank of the Philippine Islands in 1908, banknotes of the Philippine National Bank in 1916, and Treasury Certificates of the Philippine Treasury in 1918 backed by United States Government bonds. Only the latter remained legal tender after Philippine independence in 1946. The dimensions of all banknotes issued under the US-Philippine administration , 16 x 6.6 cm, has been used ever since on all Philippine banknotes (except pre-1958 centavo notes), and
875-947: A free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students. This is a list of the world's largest shopping malls based on their gross leasable area (GLA), with a GLA of at least 250,000 m (2,700,000 sq ft). Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export. Philippine peso The Philippine peso , also referred to by its Filipino name piso ( Philippine English : / ˈ p ɛ s ɔː / PEH -saw , / ˈ p iː -/ PEE - , plural pesos ; Filipino : piso [ˈpiso, pɪˈso] ; sign : ₱; code : PHP),
1000-489: A full scale skating rink , cineplexes , an IMAX Theater, a bowling alley , and a children and family entertainment center, which is aimed to have a total of 972,000 m (10,460,000 sq ft) of overall retail space in the Araneta City. The master plan commenced with the construction of the Gateway Mall on September 30, 2002, and the Gateway Mall 2 in 2017. Within the next few years, an additional expansion plan
1125-570: A hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile . Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as Times Square , Dragon Centre , Apm , Langham Place , ISQUARE , Hysan Place and The One . A vertical mall may also be built where
1250-493: A large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the MEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near Moscow . In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class. A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use
1375-413: A limited supply of dollars at ₱2 per dollar to purchase priority imports was exploited by parties with political connections. Higher black market exchange rates drove remittances and foreign investments away from official channels. By 1962 the task of maintaining the old ₱2 per dollar parity while defending available reserves has become untenable under the new Diosdado Macapagal administration, opening up
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#17327974488051500-534: A major competitor to shopping malls. In the United States , online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales. In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business. To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes. In the United States,
1625-955: A mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre in Epsom . Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, intu Properties renamed many of its centres to "intu (name/location)" (such as intu Lakeside ); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance The Glades in Bromley ). One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets or high streets . Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards , over central business districts (CBD) or downtowns , which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited police coverage. In response,
1750-465: A new decontrol era from 1962 to 1970 where foreign exchange restrictions were dismantled and a new free-market exchange rate of ₱3.90 per dollar was adopted since 1965. This move helped balance foreign exchange supply versus demand and greatly boosted foreign investment inflows and international reserves. However, a weak manufacturing base that can't capture market share in (mostly imported) consumer goods meant that devaluation only fueled inflation, and by
1875-634: A nuisance. Proposals to retire and demonetize all coins less than one peso in value have been rejected by the government and the BSP. In 1852, the Philippines first issued banknotes under El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II (the present Bank of the Philippine Islands ) in denominations of 10, 25, 50 and 200 pesos fuertes (strong pesos). By 1903, the American colonial Insular Government issued Silver Certificates in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 pesos, backed by silver coin or U.S. gold at
2000-1047: A pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming increasingly commonplace. In the United Kingdom and other countries, shopping malls may be called shopping centres . In recent decades, malls have declined considerably in North America , particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called " dead malls ". Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added big-box stores as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as power centers , lifestyle centers , factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces . In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities. In many European countries and Asian countries , shopping malls continue to grow and thrive. In
2125-591: A peso). The absence of officially minted cuartos in the 19th century was alleviated in part by counterfeit two-cuarto coins made by Igorot copper miners in the Cordilleras . A currency system derived from coins imported from Spain, China and neighboring countries was fraught with various difficulties. Money came in different coinages, and fractional currency in addition to the real and the cuarto also existed. Money has nearly always been scarce in Manila, and when it
2250-806: A popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl. Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples included Main Place Mall in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, now Fashion District Philadelphia ) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-air pedestrian malls . In
2375-511: A proper gold standard . The Philippine peso and the Spanish duro (Spain's "peso" or five-peseta coin ) thus went on a fiduciary coin (or fiat coin) standard; while worth more than the Mexican peso due to its scarcity in circulation, both coins traded at a fluctuating discount versus the gold peso. While pre-1877 Mexican pesos were reminted into Philippine 10-, 20- and 50-céntimo coins until
2500-537: A pure nickel 5-piso coin which rarely circulated. In 1983, the Flora and Fauna Series was introduced. It consisted of aluminum 1, 5 and 10-sentimo, brass 25-sentimo, and cupro-nickel 50-sentimo, 1-piso and a new 2-piso coin . From 1991 to 1994 the sizes of coins from 25-sentimo to 2-piso were reduced under the Improved Flora and Fauna Series , and a new nickel-brass 5-piso coin was introduced. In 1995,
2625-549: A similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, The Mall Fund changes the name of any center it buys to "The Mall (location)" , using its pink-M logo; when it sells
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#17327974488052750-676: A year before the Great Recession , no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years. City Creek Center Mall in Salt Lake City , which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession. Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without
2875-607: Is a 4,200 m (45,000 sq ft) food alley, located along the mall's Upper Ground B floor, after being relocated from the 4th floor. The Filipino-themed food hall will various local dishes in the country, in association with Claude Tayag , which also has an establishment in the alley named Bale Dutung. Other tenants include Tindeli by Chef Tatung, B.E.L ILOCO by Al Puruganan, Palm Grill by Chef Miguel Cabel Moreno, Sa Salt by Davao Grill, and Chicken Fundian. The Palenque alsos feature Filipino culture, cuisine varieties, seasonal festivities and handicrafts. The Sagrada Familia Church
3000-535: Is a much busier pattern, and widely considered less attractive. In 1942, at the height of the resistance against the Japanese invasion in Corregidor island, US-Philippine forces managed to ship off to Australia most of the gold and significant assets held in reserve by Manila's banks, but they had to discard an estimated ₱ 15 million worth of silver pesos into the sea off Caballo Bay rather than surrender it to
3125-615: Is a rooftop Roman Catholic church located along the 5th floor of the mall, located to the adjacent Sensory Gardens. The church was inspired from the Mitre and features an all-white architectural design, with its curved interiors inspired from the Oculus Building in New York City , which stretches upwards to the sky, and features high ceilings and modern church glass windows emphasizing natural light. The church's hanging cross
3250-757: Is currently on the conceptual stage, set to rise within the Telus House and will also occupy an open lot located behind the building, located at the Cyberpark Tower 3 . The planned mall will also connect all 5 office towers of the Cyberpark and features an outdoor park, underground parking spaces, and additional eco-friendly initiatives. Once completed, Gateway Malls 1, 2 and 3 will have an overall floor area of 390,000 m (4,200,000 sq ft) and will have approximately more than 800-1000 shops upon completion. Gateway Mall received critical acclaim from
3375-419: Is set to house over 500 shops, including over 100 food and beverage shops and restaurants, and will also include retail, dining, nightlife, and leisure spaces, along with a supermarket, with Shopwise occupying the lower ground floor of the mall, as the supermarket transfers in a new location, occupying at least 3,760 m (40,500 sq ft) of retail space in the mall, which opened on July 28, 2023, which
3500-537: Is the establishment of the Casa de Moneda de Manila in the Philippines in 1857, the mintage starting 1861 of gold 1, 2 and 4 peso coins according to Spanish standards (the 4-peso coin being 6.766 grams of 0.875 gold), and the mintage starting 1864 of fractional 50-, 20- and 10-céntimo silver coins also according to Spanish standards (with 100 céntimos containing 25.96 grams of 0.900 silver; later lowered to 0.835 silver in 1881). In 1897 Spain introduced 1-peso silver coins with
3625-431: Is the most widespread preferred term over sentimo in other Philippine languages, including Abaknon , Bikol , Cebuano , Cuyonon , Ilocano , and Waray , In Chavacano , centavos are referred to as céns (also spelled séns ). Tagalog language words for the different centavo-denominated coins were more common in the 20th century before the decrease in their use afterwards. The Spanish administration opened
3750-546: Is the official currency of the Philippines . It is subdivided into 100 sentimo , also called centavos . The peso has the symbol "₱", introduced during American rule in place of the original peso sign "$ " used throughout Spanish America . Alternative symbols used are "PHP", "PhP", "Php", or just "P". The monetary policy of the Philippines is conducted by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), established on January 3, 1949, as its central bank. It produces
3875-584: Is thought to be from Malay perak (silver), which also has a direct cognate or adaptation in Tagalog/Filipino as pilak . Alternately, it could be from 10 and 5 céntimo coins of the Spanish peseta , known as the perra gorda and perra chica . The Spanish dollar or silver peso worth eight reales was first introduced by the Magellan expedition of 1521 and brought in large quantities after
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4000-543: The New Design coin series was introduced with the aim of replacing and demonetizing all previously issued coin series on January 3, 1998. It initially consisted of copper-plated steel 1, 5 and 10-sentimo, brass 25-sentimo, copper-nickel 1-piso and nickel-brass 5-piso. In 2000, the bimetallic 10-piso coin was added to the series. In 2003, the composition of the 25-sentimo and 1-piso was changed to brass-plated steel and nickel-plated steel, respectively. The current series,
4125-569: The New Generation Currency Series was introduced in 2017, consisting of nickel-plated steel 1, 5 ,25 sentimo and 1, 5 and 10-piso. In December 2019 the bimetallic plated-steel 20-piso coin was introduced, together with a modified nine-sided 5-piso coin issued in response to numerous complaints that the round steel 5-piso coin looked too much like the 1-piso and 10-piso. Denominations worth P0.25 (~$ 0.005) and below are still issued but have been increasingly regarded as
4250-737: The Araneta Center–Cubao Line 2 station, around the west side of the Smart Araneta Coliseum , up to the Farmer's Market and General McArthur Avenue, with connections to the adjacent Farmers Plaza . The planned mall is included within the master plan of various developments covering malls and commercial buildings with retail spaces, which aims to have a total floor area of 600,000 m (6,500,000 sq ft) for retail spaces, with plans including an additional 340,000 m (3,700,000 sq ft) of entertainment spaces,
4375-715: The Casa de Moneda de Manila (or Manila mint) in 1857 in order to supply coins for the Philippines, minting silver coins of 10 céntimos , 20 céntimos , and 50 céntimos ; and gold coins of 1 peso , 2 pesos and 4 pesos. The American government minted currency under the Philippine Coinage Act of 1903 in its mints in the United States , in base-metal denominations of half centavo , one centavo and five centavos ; and in silver denominations of 10 centavos , 20 centavos , 50 centavos and 1 peso . They eventually deemed it more economical and convenient to mint coins in
4500-682: The Ibis Styles Araneta City within the development. The Gateway Mall was once known as the "Millenium Mall" project, a planned 7-storey mall adjacent to the Araneta Coliseum in the early stages of planning of the Araneta Center Redevelopment Master Plan. The redevelopment plan also included the "Manhattan Mall", a 200,000 m (2,200,000 sq ft) mixed-use development with retail and residential components, which became
4625-726: The Piloncitos , small bead-like gold bits considered by the local numismatists as the earliest coin of the ancient peoples of the Philippines, and gold barter rings. The original silver currency unit was the rupya or rupiah, brought over by trade with India and Indonesia. Two native Tagalog words for money which survive today in Filipino were salapi and possibly pera . Salapi is thought to be from isa (one) + rupya which would become lapia when adapted to Tagalog. Alternately, it could be from Arabic asrafi (a gold coin, see Persian ashrafi ) or sarf (money, money exchange). Pera
4750-707: The Second World War , no coins were minted from 1942 to 1943 due to the Japanese Occupation . Minting resumed in 1944–45 for the last time under the Commonwealth. Coins only resumed in 1958 after an issuance of centavo-denominated fractional banknotes from 1949 to 1957. In 1958, the new English coinage series entirely of base metal was introduced, consisting of bronze 1 centavo , brass 5 centavos and nickel-brass 10 centavos , 25 centavos and 50 centavos . The 20-centavo denomination
4875-400: The Spanish dollar coin, most commonly into eight wedges each worth one Spanish real . Locally produced crude copper or bronze coins called cuartos or barrillas (hence the Tagalog/Filipino words cuarta or kwarta , "money" and barya "coin" or "loose change") were also struck in the Philippines by order of the Spanish government, with 20 cuartos being equal to one real (hence, 160 cuartos to
5000-468: The overhead of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors). Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shop—far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010. Thus,
5125-473: The 1565 conquest of the Philippines by Miguel López de Legazpi . The local salapi continued under Spanish rule as a toston or half-peso coin. Additionally, Spanish gold onzas or eight- escudo coins were also introduced with identical weight to the Spanish dollar but valued at 16 silver pesos. The earliest silver coins brought in by the Manila galleons from Mexico and other Spanish American colonies were in
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5250-486: The 1890s, these coins were continuously smuggled in connivance with Customs officials due to their higher fiat value in the Philippines. After 1898 the United States colonial administration repealed this "fictitious gold standard" in favor of the unlimited importation of Mexican pesos , and the Philippine peso became a silver standard currency with its value dropping to half a gold peso. Concurrent with these events
5375-603: The 19th century. In the 1850s the low price of gold in the international markets triggered the outflow of silver coins. In 1875 the adoption of the gold standard in Europe triggered a rise in the international price of gold and the replacement of gold coins with silver Mexican pesos. As the price of silver fell further, Mexican peso imports were forbidden from 1877, and only Mexican pesos dated 1877 or earlier were legally equivalent to Philippine-minted pesos and peso fuerte banknotes. However, Spain and its colonies failed to establish
5500-687: The 5th level. The 3rd level of the mall houses The Food Express food court, and the 4th level of the mall contains a 10-cinema cineplex , known as the Gateway Cineplex 10, which includes the 500-seater Cinema 5 and the Platinum Cinema. Gateway 1 is directly connected to the lower six retail levels of the adjacent Gateway Tower , known as the Gateway Tower Mall. The expansion increased the mall's space with additional 15,000 m (160,000 sq ft) of retail space, and
5625-610: The 600,000 square foot Highland Mall will be a campus for Austin Community College . In France , the So Ouest mall outside of Paris was designed to resemble elegant, Louis XV -style apartments and includes 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft) of green space. The Australian mall company Westfield launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products. The COVID-19 pandemic also significantly impacted
5750-647: The American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe). In 2019, The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a ' Fifth Avenue ' mix of shops", such as H&M , Zara , and Sephora below them. This is one of the first two malls built recently, along with American Dream in which both opened in 2019 since City Creek Center . Online shopping has also emerged as
5875-538: The Asia-Pacific region, occupying the 2nd floor; a Pop Culture Center housing a K-Pop and P-Pop themed Cafe, and a Bowling Center named Paeng's Gateway Bowl at the third floor; a 18-cinema cineplex and a "Boqueria-inspired" organic culinary garden both located at the 4th floor. The Ibis Styles Hotel's restaurants, StrEats and Le Bistro, are also accessible within the mall's walkways. The new mall has 200,000 m (2,200,000 sq ft) of total retail space and
6000-491: The BSP's reestablishment in 1993 involved a managed float system with no more fixed parity commitments versus the dollar. The CBP only committed to maintain orderly foreign exchange market conditions and to reduce short-term volatility . Difficulties continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s in managing inflation and keeping exchange rates stable, and was complicated further by the CBP lacking independence in government especially when
6125-410: The CBP, taking away the rights of the banks such as Bank of the Philippine Islands and the Philippine National Bank to issue currency. The Philippines faced various post-war problems due to the slow recovery of agricultural production, trade deficits due to the need to import needed goods, and high inflation due to the lack of goods. The CBP embarked on a fixed exchange system during the 1950s where
6250-533: The Gateway Mall 2 and Ibis Styles Araneta City , and the Cyberpark Tower 2 . The ACI filed a permissive counterclaim for the complaint filed by Megawide and has asked the Construction Industry Arbitration Commission (CIAC) to intervene and hasted the ongoing case, as Megawide was said to have violated the construction contract amounting to ₱1.53 billion, while ACI was also said to have violations worth ₱339.65 million, and
6375-745: The Gateway Mall 2 was awarded as the country's New Mall of the Year Award. The Gateway Mall 2 was also awarded the Mall Innovation Award by the Philippine Retailers Association during the 2024 Outstanding Filipino Retailers (OFR) Awards held at the Solaire Resort North . Shopping mall A shopping mall (or simply mall ) is a large indoor shopping center , usually anchored by department stores . The term mall originally meant
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#17327974488056500-529: The Gateway Square complex, a 5-hectare (12-acre) superblock within the Araneta City, offering retail, dining, leisure, lodging, and entertainment facilities. The complex is also set to have 400,000 m (4,300,000 sq ft) of floor area, and a total of 3,100 parking spaces. The complex is also connected to other buildings and developments via sky bridges and walk paths. The ₱ 2.5 billion , 85,000 m (910,000 sq ft) shopping complex
6625-677: The Gruen-designed Southdale Center , which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota , United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell . The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey 's Bergen Mall , which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957, and
6750-401: The Ibis Styles Hotel. The new expansion of the mall stands at the former Gateway Food Park, the former Gateway-Farmers Plaza elevated walkway and an open lot parking space, located at the west side of the Smart Araneta Coliseum (Red Gate), giving easy and direct access to the Farmers Plaza , the Smart Araneta Coliseum , the Araneta Center–Cubao MRT Station and the Ibis Styles Araneta City ,
6875-597: The International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel , and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located. Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as strip malls and neighborhood shopping centers , and specialized formats such as power centers , festival marketplaces , and outlet centers . Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in
7000-450: The Japanese. After the war these assets would be returned to Philippine banks, and most of the discarded pesos would be recovered but in badly corroded condition. The Japanese occupiers of the Philippines then introduced fiat notes for use in the country. Emergency circulating notes (also termed "guerrilla pesos") were also issued by banks and local governments, using crude inks and materials, which were redeemable in silver pesos after
7125-450: The Middle East, covered bazaars . In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the Passage du Caire . The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island , built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States. Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, which opened in 1877,
7250-471: The Philippine peso on a fully floating exchange rate system. The market decides on the level in which the peso trades versus foreign currencies based on the BSP's ability to maintain a stable inflation rate on goods and services as well as sufficient international reserves to fund exports. Black market exchange rates as seen in the past are now nonexistent since official markets now reflect underlying supply and demand. The Philippine peso has since traded versus
7375-400: The Philippines became a U.S. Commonwealth in 1935, the coat of arms of the Philippine Commonwealth was adopted and replaced the arms of the U.S. Territories on the reverse of coins while the obverse remained unchanged. This seal is composed of a much smaller eagle with its wings pointed up, perched over a shield with peaked corners, above a scroll reading "Commonwealth of the Philippines". It
7500-414: The Philippines, hence the re-opening of the Manila Mint in 1920, which produced coins until the Commonwealth Era excluding 1 ⁄ 2 centavo and regular-issue 1-peso coins (commemorative 1-peso coins were minted in 1936). In 1937 the eagle-and-shield reverse design was changed into the coat-of-arms of the Commonwealth of the Philippines while retaining the legend "United States of America". During
7625-493: The Skyview Atrium, Classic Savory and Burgoo opened their new branch in the mall on May 26, 2023. On May 23, 2023, the Araneta Group and Wolfgang's Steakhouse Philippines signed a contract to launch a its fifth branch, located in the mall's upper ground level. It will feature a grill concept, which serves as the second branch to have the concept following the opening of the steakhouse's branch in City of Dreams Manila . On 25 August 2023, Wolfgang's unveiled their preview display to
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#17327974488057750-611: The U.S. dollar in a range of ₱24–46 from 1993 to 1999, ₱40–56 from 2000 to 2009, and ₱40–54 from 2010 to 2019. The previous 1903–1934 definition of a peso as 12.9 grains of 0.9 gold (or 0.0241875 XAU) is now worth ₱2,266.03 based on gold prices as of November 2021. The smallest currency unit is called centavo in English (from Spanish centavo ). Following the adoption of the "Pilipino series" in 1967, it became officially known as sentimo in Filipino (from Spanish céntimo ). However, "centavo" and its local spellings, síntabo and sentabo , are still used as synonyms in Tagalog . It
7875-405: The United States after World War II , with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m ) Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles , built in 1947 and anchored by a five-story Broadway and a May Company California . In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of
8000-406: The United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed". By the time shopping mall operator Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield decided to exit
8125-432: The United States, Persian Gulf countries , and India, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply mall ), while shopping center usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots , face major traffic arterials , and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods. Outside of North America,
8250-400: The United States, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept further in 1980, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey , indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels
8375-424: The basement dining rooms. A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area. When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to
8500-443: The bust of King Alfonso XIII , as well as 5- and 10- céntimo de peseta coins for circulation in the Philippines as 1- and 2- céntimo de peso coins. The Spanish-Filipino peso remained in circulation and were legal tender in the islands until 1904, when the American authorities demonetized them in favor of the new US-Philippine peso. The first paper money circulated in the Philippines was the Philippine peso fuerte issued in 1851 by
8625-442: The central bank of objectives that are inconsistent with keeping inflation stable. The New Central Bank Act (Republic Act No 7653) of June 14, 1993 replaces the old CBP with a new Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas mandated explicitly to maintain price stability, and enjoying fiscal and administrative autonomy to insulate it from government interference. This, along with the further liberalization of various foreign exchange regulations, puts
8750-423: The cinema was made in time for the 2023 Metro Manila Film Festival , where 6 out of the 8 cinemas were opened. The cineplex will also include two additional Platinum Cinemas set to be completed within 2024. On April 18, 2023, a case was filed between the Araneta City Inc. (ACI) of the Araneta Group and Megawide Construction Corporation regarding costing issues in various projects within the complex, which included
8875-419: The coins bearing the face of Isabel II were nicknamed Isabelinas and that the perra coins were only introduced to the Philippines in 1897. Asserting its independence after the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898, the República Filipina (Philippine Republic) under General Emilio Aguinaldo issued its own coins and paper currency backed by the country's natural resources. The coins were
9000-421: The construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks , which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Westfield London ( White City ) is the largest shopping centre in Europe. In Russia , on the other hand, as of 2013
9125-475: The country's banknotes and coins at its Security Plant Complex, which is set to move to New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac . The Philippine peso is derived from the Spanish peso or pieces of eight brought over in large quantities from Spanish America by the Manila galleons of the period from the 16th century to the 19th. From the same Spanish peso or dollar is derived the various pesos of Spanish America,
9250-591: The country's first bank, the El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II . Convertible to either silver pesos or gold onzas, its volume of 1,800,000 pesos was small relative to about 40,000,000 silver pesos in circulation at the end of the 19th century. A fanciful etymology for the term pera holds that it was inspired by the Carlist Wars where Queen Isabel II was supposedly called La Perra (The Bitch) by her detractors, and thus coins bearing
9375-499: The creation of a gold-standard fund to maintain the parity of the coins so authorized to be issued and authorized the insular government to issue temporary certificates of indebtedness bearing interest at a rate not to exceed 4 percent per annum, payable not more than one year from date of issue, to an amount which should not at any one time exceed 10 million dollars or 20 million pesos. The US territorial administration also issued Culion leper colony coinage between 1913 and 1930. When
9500-614: The dollars of the US and Hong Kong , as well as the Chinese yuan and the Japanese yen . Pre-colonial trade between tribes of what is now the Philippines and with traders from the neighboring islands was conducted through barter . The inconvenience of barter, however, later led to the use of some objects as a medium of exchange. Gold , which was plentiful in many parts of the islands, invariably found its way into these objects that included
9625-523: The emergency guerrilla notes were considered illegal and were no longer legal tender. Republic Act No. 265 created the Central Bank of the Philippines (now the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) on January 3, 1949, in which was vested the power of administering the banking and credit system of the country. Under the act, all powers in the printing and mintage of Philippine currency was vested in
9750-547: The end of the war. The puppet state under José P. Laurel outlawed possession of guerrilla currency and declared a monopoly on the issuance of money and anyone found to possess guerrilla notes could be arrested or even executed. Because of the fiat nature of the currency, the Philippine economy felt the effects of hyperinflation . Combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth military forces including recognized guerrilla units continued printing Philippine pesos, so that, from October 1944 to September 1945, all earlier issues except for
9875-652: The equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include Westquay in Southampton ; Manchester Arndale ; Bullring Birmingham ; Liverpool One ; Trinity Leeds ; Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow ; St James Quarter in Edinburgh ; and Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne . In addition to
10000-543: The first to use the name centavo instead of céntimo for the subdivision of the peso. The island of Panay also issued revolutionary coinage. After Aguinaldo's capture by American forces in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901, the revolutionary peso ceased to exist. After the United States took control of the Philippines, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Coinage Act of 1903, established
10125-414: The form of roughly-cut cobs or macuquinas . These coins usually bore a cross on one side and the Spanish royal coat-of-arms on the other. These crudely-made coins were subsequently replaced by machine-minted coins called Columnarios (pillar dollars) or "dos mundos (two worlds)" in 1732 containing 27.07 grams of 0.917 fine silver (revised to 0.903 fine in 1771). Fractional currency was supplied by cutting
10250-481: The general consultant of the project. The new mall will comply with basic LEED development standards. The New Gateway Mall officially topped off on February 11, 2020, and is originally scheduled for completion in the 4th quarter of 2020, to commemorate the 60th anniversary opening of the Araneta Coliseum . However, due to the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the country , the construction and opening of
10375-815: The geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significant archeology . The Darwin Shopping Centre and associated malls in Shrewsbury , UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls; consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former McDonald's , split into four stories with multiple mezzanines which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with arrowslits – in
10500-438: The image of Isabel II were supposedly called perras , which became pera . A less outlandish Spanish origin, if the term is indeed derived from Spanish, could be the Spanish coins of 10 and 5 céntimos de peseta (valued locally at 2 and 1 céntimos de peso ) which were nicknamed perra gorda and perra chica , where the "bitch" or female dog is a sarcastic reference to the Spanish lion. Arguments against either theory are that
10625-851: The inner city shopping centres, large UK conurbations will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the Metrocentre in Gateshead ; Meadowhall Centre , Sheffield serving South Yorkshire ; the Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester ; White Rose Centre in Leeds ; the Merry Hill Centre near Dudley ; and Bluewater in Kent . These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit
10750-594: The late 1960s. The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin , which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year
10875-519: The latter incurs fiscal shortfalls. The worst episode occurred when a confidence crisis in the Ferdinand Marcos administration triggered a capital flight among investors between August 1983 to February 1986, nearly doubling the exchange rate from ₱11 to ₱20 per dollar and also doubling the prices of goods. Positive political and economic developments in the 1990s paved the way for further economic liberalization and an opportunity to unburden
11000-742: The main architect of the project, and Ralph Peter Jentes of Hyatt International Hotels for the services offered in the mall. The Gateway Mall 1 has five levels above ground primarily for retail use and three levels of basement parking space, for a total floor area of 100,000 m (1,100,000 sq ft) before expansion. The mall has a total of 197 shops, with Rustan's as the primary anchor tenant and 72 restaurants and food stalls, and hosts primarily upscale, electronics, and fashion shops, such as Automatic Centre Digital Plaza, H&M , Uniqlo , Miniso , Samsung , Apple Store , Lacoste , Xiaomi , Robinsons Supermarket and other retail shops, restaurants, and dining outlets. Gateway 1 also highlights
11125-522: The main building of the mall, while the official groundbreaking ceremony followed in July 2018. Megawide Construction Corporation served as the general contractor of the project, while the Araneta Group tapped Aidea as the main architectural firm. The Araneta Group also hired Stages, Design and Construction (SDC) for the ending phases of construction and finishing works, and AMCOM & Company Inc. as
11250-556: The mall opened on October 15, 2004, tapping CE Construction Corporation as the project's general contractor. However, the mall encountered construction and funding issues with its contractor, and the Araneta Group was forced to pay ₱114 million for the issues caused by the mall's construction. The mall was also a part of the Metro Centro Project of Quezon City Mayor Feliciano Belmonte Jr. . The mall's owner, Jorge L. Araneta , hired Sudhakar Thakurdesai of RTKL Associates as
11375-557: The mall to the New Frontier Theater . In 2018, the Araneta Group announced renovation plans for the Gateway Mall 1. The New Gateway (Gateway Mall 2) is an 8-storey topped-off expansion project of the Gateway Mall. Plans for the Gateway Mall 2 complex were laid out in 2014, and construction commenced in 2017 at a cost of ₱6.5 billion, wherein ₱5 billion were spent for the New Gateway Mall and ₱1.5 billion for
11500-621: The mall was eventually moved thrice from its original opening date within December 2022, and was initially moved on the first quarter of 2023 and to November 2023. The Gateway Mall 2 features a nature-inspired design within the mall's interiors and exteriors. Gateway Mall 2 also contains the Lagoon Restaurant Collection, a restaurant row located at the Lower Ground and Ground floors surrounding The Lagoon fountain;
11625-528: The mall, along with the adjacent Ibis Styles Hotel was delayed, and the construction cost of the entire complex grew from ₱6.5 billion to ₱7 billion, wherein ₱2 billion were allocated for the Ibis Styles Hotel. The new complex is expected to embark its grand opening within 2024, after being partially opened on April 9, 2023 (Easter Sunday), before being fully opened in September 2023. The opening of
11750-571: The mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards. The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co. The Water Tower Place skyscraper in Chicago , Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains
11875-629: The name of the complex (such as Toronto Eaton Centre ). The term mall is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex. The International Council of Shopping Centers , based in New York City , classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls. A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m ) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores . A super-regional mall, per
12000-463: The northern area of the Araneta City, located at the northern end of the Araneta Coliseum and attracts over 220,000 shoppers daily, due to its close proximity to transport terminals and train stations. The Gateway Mall underwent an expansion project which was completed in 2023 named the Gateway Mall 2, located along the western side of the Araneta Coliseum. The expansion will feature a variety of shops, restaurants and leisure amenities and also includes
12125-499: The number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in
12250-580: The overall worth of the contract is worth ₱4.25 billion. The case was also the reason that the mall and hotel's construction was delayed and caused ACI to switch their general contractor to Stages, Design and Construction (SDC). In a disclosure to the Philippine Stock Exchange , the ruling regarding the case was released on January 11, 2024, which favored Megawide's case and has resulted to the Araneta Group being responsible to pay Megawide ₱180.2 million with 6% interest per annum. Based on
12375-466: The peso's convertibility was maintained at ₱2 per U.S. dollar by various measures to control and conserve the country's international reserves. This system, combined with other "Filipino First" efforts to curtail importations, helped reshape the country's import patterns and improve the balance of payments. Such restrictions, however, gave rise to a black market where dollars routinely traded for above ₱3 per dollar. The CBP's allocation system which rations
12500-559: The present Manhattan Gardens complex, a 400-room business hotel now known as the Novotel Manila Araneta City , and the "Manila Tower", a 300 m (984.3 ft) planned mixed-use tower with communication facilities, as part of the Araneta Center Master Plan in the year 2000, and was established in 2002, under a ₱ 66.25 billion ( US$ 1.25 billion ) budget. For the full commencement of
12625-432: The prior year. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as shopping centres . Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. The majority of British enclosed shopping centres,
12750-487: The project, the Araneta Group tapped Felino Palafox of Palafox Associates and Sudhakar Thakurdesai of RTKL Associates as the main architects and urban planners of the project, along with the Deshazo Starek and Tang (now Deshazo Group), Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated and Colliers International as main consultants of the master plan. The plans for the mall contains a large part of the Araneta City, spanning from
12875-558: The retail and developer industries. The Philippine Retailers Association named the shopping mall as the Shopping Center of the Year twice, in 2006 and 2007. At the 30th Innovative Design and Development Awards of the International Council of Shopping Centers, the mall is a recipient of a Merit Award. It was also a finalist for the 2008 Urban Land Institute Awards for Excellence. During the 2024 Retail Asia Awards held at Singapore ,
13000-403: The retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements. High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by elevators and/or escalators (usually both) linking the different levels of
13125-417: The smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor stores or draw tenants. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another. There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$ 12.47 billion. This represented a 10% bump in revenues from
13250-544: The terms shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the UK, such complexes are considered shopping centres though shopping centre covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American mall . Other countries follow UK usage. In Canadian English , and often in Australia and New Zealand, the term mall may be used informally but shopping center or merely center will feature in
13375-534: The time the decontrol era ended in 1970 another devaluation to ₱6.43 per dollar was needed. In 1967, coinage adopted Filipino language terminology instead of English, banknotes following suit in 1969. Consecutively, the currency terminologies as appearing on coinage and banknotes changed from the English centavo and peso to the Filipino sentimo and piso . However, centavo is more commonly used by Filipinos in everyday speech. The CBP's final era from 1970 until
13500-459: The unit of currency to be a theoretical gold peso (not coined) consisting of 12.9 grains of gold 0.900 fine (0.0241875 XAU). This unit was equivalent to exactly half the value of a U.S. dollar. Its peg to gold was maintained until the gold content of the U.S. dollar was reduced in 1934. Its peg of ₱ 2 to the U.S. dollar was maintained until independence in 1946. The act provided for the coinage and issuance of Philippine silver pesos substantially of
13625-658: The upcoming branch in the mall up to 3 September 2023, while Shake Shack simultaneously opened their latest branch located at the Coliseum Plaza, and serves as the first "stadium shack" to open in the country and the Asia-Pacific Region. On October 3, 2023, Wolfgang's began their partial operations and on October 10, 2023, Wolfgang's made their grand opening in the mall, which was graced by Wolfgang's Steakhouse owner Wolfgang Zwiener and Quezon City Mayor Joy Belmonte , along with other officials. The Palenque
13750-543: The verdict of the CIAC, Megawide was also awarded ₱596.9 million for the damages under the deal while the Araneta Group was awarded ₱416.7 million. In the aftermath of the case, Megawide commented that the case "will not have a significant impact" on the company's operations. The Gateway Mall 3 is a planned multi-level retail podium expansion project of the Gateway Mall, covering a total floor area of 100,000 m (1,100,000 sq ft) of retail space upon completion. The mall
13875-464: The weight and fineness as the Mexican peso, which should be of the value of 50 cents gold and redeemable in gold at the insular treasury, and which was intended to be the sole circulating medium among the people. The act also provided for the coinage of subsidiary and minor coins and for the issuance of silver certificates in denominations of not less than 2 nor more than 10 pesos (maximum denomination increased to 500 pesos from 1905). It also provided for
14000-681: The word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in Toledo , Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach , Santa Monica Mall (1965). Although Bergen Mall opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until
14125-554: The world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå , in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine ) and was named Shopping ; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe. The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen . This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with
14250-401: Was abundant it was shipped to the provinces or exported abroad to pay for exports. An 1857 decree requiring the keeping of accounts in pesos and céntimos (worth 1 ⁄ 100 of a peso) was of little help to the situation given the existence of copper cuartos worth 1 ⁄ 160 of a peso. The Spanish gold onza (or 8- escudo coin) was of identical weight to the Spanish dollar but
14375-697: Was being laid out for the upcoming Gateway Mall 3, planned to be built along the Cyberpark Tower 3 site. The Gateway Mall 1, along with the Gateway Mall 2 (New Gateway), and other nearby propoerties such as the Gateway Tower , the Gateway Office Building, the Araneta Coliseum , the Araneta Coliseum Parking Garage, the Novotel Manila Araneta City , and the Ibis Styles Hotel are situated within
14500-572: Was completed in 2013. The mall is also directly connected to the Farmers Plaza , and the Smart Araneta Coliseum previously via footbridge, giving direct access to the MRT 3 Cubao Station . The mall is also directly connected to the LRT 2 Cubao Station , the 11-storey Gateway Office Building located adjacent to the LRT 2 Cubao Station Concourse ,the Gateway Mall 2 and the Ibis Styles Araneta City . Other direct connections include an elevated link bridge connecting
14625-589: Was discontinued. In 1967, the Pilipino-language coin series was introduced with the peso and centavo renamed into piso and sentimo . It consisted of aluminum 1-sentimo, brass 5-sentimo, and nickel-brass 10, 25 and 50 sentimo. The 1-piso coin was reintroduced in 1972. In 1975, the Ang Bagong Lipunan Series was introduced. It consisted of aluminum 1-sentimo, brass 5-sentimo, cupro-nickel 10-sentimo, 25-sentimo and 1-piso, and
14750-480: Was followed by the opening of Sunnies Studios , Daiso , and Foot Locker . On April 9, 2023, the mall became partially opened with Botejyu as its first restaurant tenant, followed with the opening of Dairy Queen , Manam, BLK 513, Pizza Hut , and Anta Sports . The Quantum Skyview Atrium was opened in a soft opening on May 20, 2023, during the Exo-SC Fancon Tour, while the first two restaurants within
14875-518: Was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls. In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtowns . Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square , Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza , Kansas City, Missouri (1924). The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in
15000-768: Was later enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center , significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois. Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became
15125-420: Was officially valued at 16 silver pesos, thus putting the peso on a bimetallic standard, worth either the silver Mexican peso (27.07 g 0.903 fine, or 0.786 troy ounce XAG) or 1 ⁄ 16 the gold onza (1.6915 g 0.875 fine, or 0.0476 troy ounce XAU), with a gold–silver ratio of 16. Its divergence with the value of gold in international trade featured prominently in the continued monetary crises of
15250-453: Was opened and is located at the 4th Level. The opening of the additional cinemas has made the Gateway Cineplex the largest cineplex in the Philippines with 18 cinemas, including the first 10 cinemas at Gateway Mall 1, surpassing SM Megamall , which has 14 cinemas. The Gateway Cineplex features an upward wave ceiling design within the main lobby, while the cinemas are also equipped with Dolby Atmos technology with La-Z-Boy seats. The opening of
15375-691: Was originally occupied by the Aurora Shopping Arcade, which became the Gateway-LRT 2 concourse, the Quezon Arcade and Plaza Fair, one of the main department stores in the area, until the building was demolished within 2001. The mall became the first property to break ground under the Araneta Center Redevelopment Plan, in which the project broke ground and commenced construction in October 2002 before
15500-402: Was sculpted and designed by Wilfredo Layug. The church is also air-conditioned and has a total capacity of 1,000 people. On September 16, 2023, the chapel was baptized by Luis Antonio Cardinal Tagle . One day later, the first Sunday Mass was held at the chapel, with Cubao Bishop Honesto Ongtioco presiding the mass. On Christmas 2023 (December 25, 2023), an expansion of the Gateway Cineplex
15625-426: Was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger. In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year. But in 2001, a PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007,
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