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21-413: According to Henri Gaussen (French botanist and biogeographer ), a given period is said to be arid, when: P < 2 × T {\displaystyle P<{2\times T}} . (P: total precipitation in millimeters over the given period, T: average temperature in °C over the given period) The resulting index number indicates the number of biologically dry days in

42-591: A planh to the seven maintainers for judgement. The planh (lament) is that of a faithful woman for her lover, who has been absent several years. It was in order to judge these contests that the Consistori first commissioned an Occitan grammar, including the laws of poetry, be written up. The first compiler was Guilhem Molinier , whose Leys d'amor was completed between 1328 and 1337. It went through two subsequent redactions. Several other grammatical treatises and glosses were produced by poets associated with

63-449: A prize at the jeux . It still exists today. The Consistori, in its nostalgic attempt to preserve what had gone out of style, is often credited with fostering a monotonous form of poetry devoid of vibrance and feeling. Courtly love , with some adulterous and extramarital connotations, was a rarer theme with troubadours associated with Toulouse than religious themes, especially Marian . Even on religious themes, however, their work lacks

84-589: A regional adviser for France. Henri Gaussen spent his entire career as a professor at Toulouse, where he was also in 1958 elected as a " mainteneur " (council member) of the Académie des Jeux floraux . Having accumulated an impressive number of personal photographs, he donated his collection to the archives of the department of Haute-Garonne , where they can still be viewed. Acad%C3%A9mie des Jeux floraux The Consistori del Gay Saber ( Occitan: [kunsisˈtɔɾi ðel ˈɣaj saˈβe] ; "Consistory of

105-491: A vegetation map of France at a scale of 1/200 000 (completed after his death by the service of the CNRS , but which he had created and directed) and many similar projects in other countries. His work led to many advanced phytogeographic tools such as the xerothermic or Gaussen Index , and the " ombrothermic diagram  [ fr ] ". As recognition for his scientific work in mapping of vegetation cover and ecology , he received

126-399: A year for a given location (it therefore ranges between 0 and 365). The data includes not only precipitation stricto sensu but also fog , dew and humidity of the air. In general, it is accepted that an environment is non-arid when the index is less than 100, semi-arid between 100 and 290, arid between 290 and 350, and hyperarid between 350 and 365. This index is very useful for

147-526: The violeta d'aur (golden violet) for the poem or cançó judged the best. The other prizes, awarded for particular poetic forms, were similarly floral, leading later scholars to label the competitions the Jocs Florals . The best dança earned its creator a flor de gaug d'argen fi (a fine silver marigold), and the best sirventés , pastorèla or vergièra garnered a flor d'ayglentina d'argen (a silver dog rose). The first prize

168-537: The "force" of the last troubadours of the thirteenth century, like Cerverí de Girona , who wrote much on such themes. The Toulousains lacked originality and for that reason their accomplishments have been undervalued by later generations. Their isolation and their classicism cut them off from the literary movements giving life to other vernaculars, such as the dolce stil novo and the Renaissance in Italian and

189-602: The College awarded a silver eglantine rose to none other than Pierre de Ronsard , the greatest French poet of his generation, for his Amours . During the Enlightenment , Fabre d'Églantine received his name from the dog rose the academy bestowed on him at the jeux floraux (floral games). In 1694 the Consistori was reborn as the Académie des Jeux Floraux , founded by Louis XIV . Later, Victor Hugo received

210-490: The Consistori. By 1471 the Consistori was losing its Occitan character. It awarded the golden violet to Peire de Janilhac n'ostan qu'el fos Francés, per so que dictec e·l lengatge de Tholosa : notwithstanding that he was French, because he composed in the language of Toulouse. In 1513 the Consistori was transformed into the Collège de rhétorique et de poésie françaises : the College of French Rhetoric and Poetry. In 1554

231-774: The Gay Science") was a poetic academy founded at Toulouse in 1323 to revive and perpetuate the lyric poetry of the troubadours . Also known as the Acadèmia dels Jòcs Florals or Académie des Jeux Floraux ("Academy of the Floral Games"), it is the most ancient literary institution of the Western world. It was founded in 1323 in Toulouse and later restored by Clémence Isaure as the Consistori del Gay Saber with

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252-732: The Grand Prix of the Geographical Society for geographical research and publications in 1971. He was also responsible for the creation of the Arboretum de Jouéou in 1922, and for the strength and reputation of teaching and research in botany at the University of Toulouse . A great traveller, he was also the creator of a science section at the French Institute of Pondicherry . He worked with Flora Europaea as

273-530: The goal of encouraging Occitan poetry. The best verses were given prizes at the floral games in the form of different flowers, made of gold or silver, such as violets , rose hips , marigolds , amaranths or lilies . The Consistori eventually became gallicised. It was renewed by Louis XIV in 1694 and still exists today. The Académie des Jeux Floraux has had such prestigious members as Ronsard , Marmontel , Chateaubriand , Voltaire , Alfred de Vigny , Victor Hugo and Frédéric Mistral . The Consistori

294-631: The level of humidity in a region of Mediterranean climate but does not support precisely this Mediterranean climate. The calculation does not reflect reality because it is based on averages. For example, according to the calculation, we find a total of 0 biologically dry days in Lyon , for 60 biologically dry days in Marseille . Henri Gaussen Marcel-Henri Gaussen (14 July 1891 in Cabrières-d'Aigues ( Vaucluse ) – 27 July 1981 in Toulouse ),

315-483: The seven troubadours of Toulouse"). In its efforts to promote an extinct literary koiné over the evolving dialects of the fourteenth century, the Consistori went a long way to preserving the troubadours' memory for posterity as well as bequeathing to later scholarship an encyclopaedic terminology for the analysis and historiography of Occitan lyric poetry. Chaytor believed that the Consistori "arose out of informal meetings of poets held in earlier years". The Consistori

336-562: The use of an ombrothermic diagram  [ fr ] , the latter always constructed on the scale model: 1 °C = 2 mm precipitation . Other indices such as the Louis Emberger rainfall quotient (which is not unique) have been defined. However, the Gaussen index which is simple and precise is still preferable. Indeed Henri Gaussen defines precisely the 4 nuances of Mediterranean climate just against this index, while Emberger defines

357-585: The work of Ausiàs March in Catalan . Martí de Riquer is highly critical of the escòla poetica de Tolosa , which he charges with a thematically severely limited, weighed down by a narrow conception of art and imposing strictures governing poetic form and content, negatively influencing Catalan poetry by exporting occitanisms (until Italian trends wafted over the western Mediterranean sea routes to rejuvenate it), and sustaining an outmoded literary language. He compares it to French neoclassicism and its "tyranny of

378-459: Was a French botanist and biogeographer . In 1926, he defended his thesis on "the vegetation of the eastern half of the Pyrenees ", which laid the foundation for future work on the border between biogeography and vegetation mapping. Gaussen was an early advocate of the ideas of stages and vegetation succession , which are fundamental to phytogeography . His work allowed for the production of

399-634: Was awarded on 3 May 1324 to Arnaut Vidal de Castelnou d'Ari for a sirventes in praise of the Virgin Mary . The contests were held intermittently until 1484, when the last prize was awarded to Arnaut Bernart de Tarascon . From this period of 160 years survive the record of around a hundred prizes. During that century and a half, the Consistori saw participants from both south of the Pyrenees and north of Occitania, both men and women. In an unknown year, possibly 1385, an anonymous Catalan woman submitted

420-647: Was founded by seven literary men of the bourgeoisie , who composed a manifesto , in Old Occitan verse, pledging to award prizes to poetry in the troubadouresque style and emulating the language of classical period of the troubadours (roughly 1160–1220). The academy was originally called the Consistori dels Sept Trobadors ("Consistory of the Seven Troubadours") or Sobregaya Companhia dels Set (VII) Trobadors de Tolosa ("Overjoyed Company of

441-468: Was governed by a chancellor and seven judges or mantenedors (maintainers). In 1390 John I of Aragon , one of the earliest Renaissance humanists to sit on a European throne, established the Consistori de Barcelona in imitation of the Toulousain academy. The Consistori held an annual poetry contest at which one contestant, the "most excellent poet" ( plus excellen Dictador ), would receive

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