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62-550: The traditional period used by historians for Gaya chronology is AD 42–532. Geumgwan Gaya , the ruling state of the confederacy, was conquered in 532, but Daegaya only fell in 562. According to archaeological evidence in the third and fourth centuries some of the city-states of Byeonhan evolved into the Gaya confederacy, which was later annexed by Silla , one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . The individual polities that made up

124-583: A 6.39 meter tall monument erected by Jangsu in 414, was rediscovered in the late 19th century. The stele was inscribed with information about Gwanggaeto's reign and achievements, but not all the characters and passages have been preserved. Korean and Japanese scholars disagree on the interpretation in regard to passages on the Wa . The Republic of Korea Navy operates Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyers , built by Daewoo Heavy Industries and named in honor of

186-411: A human voice, but it hid its form and said out loud, “Is anyone there?” did The nine gan answered, “We are.” And the voice said again, "Where am I?" So they replied, “It is Guji.” He also said, “The reason God commanded me was to come here to renew the country and become king. That's why I came down here. You will hold a handful of soil from the top of the peak and sing a song and dance, then this will be

248-515: A mobile game produced in collaboration with series owner Microsoft, includes Gwanggaeto as a selectable hero of the Korean civilization. The International Taekwon-Do Federation created a pattern, or teul , to honor Gwanggaeto the Great. The pattern's diagram represents Gwanggaeto's territorial expansion and recovery of lost territories, and the 39 movements represent the first two numbers of 391 AD,

310-547: A political hostage since 392, back home to Silla and appointed him as the king of Silla. In 404, Gwanggaeto defeated an attack by the Wa from the Japanese archipelago on the southern border of what was once the Daifang commandery , inflicting enormous casualties on the enemy. Gwanggaeto died of an unknown illness in 413 at the age of 39. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Jangsu , who ruled Goguryeo for 79 years until

372-592: Is Yeongnak and he is occasionally recorded as Yeongnak Taewang ( "Great King" or "Emperor" Yeongnak ). Gwanggaeto's imperial reign title meant that Goguryeo was on equal standing as an empire with the imperial dynasties in China. Under Gwanggaeto, Goguryeo began a golden age, becoming a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia . Gwanggaeto made enormous advances and conquests into: Western Manchuria against Khitan tribes; Inner Mongolia and

434-483: Is a founding myth. However, it is different from the others in terms of the sequential structure of the biography leading to birth and death. 'The Myth of King Dongmyeong ' and 'The Myth of Seok Talhae ' are structured in the ordeal of birth due to paternal infidelity and the ordeal and struggle to become the founder of a nation. On the other hand, 'Bak Hyeokgeose Myth' and 'The Myth of King Suro ' deny both paternal and maternal lineage, but they have no struggle to rise to

496-604: Is a myth about King Gim Suro , the progenitor of Geumgwan Gaya and the progenitor of the Gimhae Kim clan . This story is written in The Garak Gukgi (가락국기) of the " Samguk Yusa " Volume 2. This story tells that the six eggs turned into boys, and they became founders of each country of the Gaya confederacy . It is the same as the 'Dangun Myth', 'The Myth of King Dongmyeong', and 'The Myth of Bak Hyeokgeose ' in that it

558-417: Is an oral correlate of the coronation ceremony of kings and that 'Gujiga' is an exorcism song for a ritual to ward off disaster, and a study on the specificity of the narrative principle of myths, and studies on the ritual structure of 'The Myth of King Gim Suro' in the context of the ritual narrative structure of the founding myth. The psychological approach to 'The Myth of King Gim Suro' is further diversifying

620-409: Is found in archaeological sites dated near the late 3rd century AD, when these migrations are to have taken place. Burial forms associated with North Asian nomadic peoples, such as the burial of horses with the dead, suddenly replace earlier forms in the tombs of the elite. In addition, evidence exists indicating that earlier burials were systematically destroyed. In the early 1990s, a royal tomb complex

682-495: Is now represented by three separate characters: 韓, 漢 and 唐 in kun'yomi . It is thought that the meaning of "Korea" was initially preserved in Japanese in the word "Kara" which later expanded to include "China, then mainland East Asia" and, more recently, an even more vague sense of "the nations overseas or foreign countries". Linguists, including Vovin and Janhunen , suggest that Japonic languages were spoken in large parts of

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744-513: The Gwanggaeto Stele , erected in 414 at the supposed site of his tomb in Ji'an along the present-day China–North Korea border . Constructed by his son and successor Jangsu , the monument to Gwanggaeto the Great is the largest engraved stele in the world. At the time of Gwanggaeto's birth, Goguryeo was not as powerful as it once had been. In 371, three years prior to Gwanggaeto's birth,

806-707: The Gyeongju Kim clan, which was a prominent noble house in Silla. Political and trade relations with Japan have been a source of controversy in both Korea and Japan. Japanese publicists during the twentieth century looked to the Nihon Shoki , which claims that Gaya (named " Mimana " also "Kara" in Japanese) was a military outpost of Japan during the Yamato period (300–710). While there is no evidence to support this,

868-881: The Jurchens and Manchus . In 400, while Gwanggaeto was occupied with Baekje, Gaya, and Wa troops in Silla, the Xianbei state of Later Yan , founded by the Murong clan in present-day Liaoning , attacked Goguryeo. Gwanggaeto repulsed the Xianbei troops. In 402, Gwanggaeto retaliated and conquered the prominent fortress called 宿軍城 near the capital of Later Yan. In 405 and again in 406, Later Yan troops attacked Goguryeo fortresses in Liaodong (遼東城 in 405, and 木底城 in 406), but were defeated both times. Gwanggaeto conquered all of Liaodong. By conquering Liaodong, Gwanggaeto recovered

930-480: The Kingdom of Wa . In contrast to the largely commercial and non-political ties of Byeonhan, Gaya polities seem to have attempted to maintain strong political ties with those kingdoms as well. Several ancient historical records list a number of polities of Gaya. For example, Goryeo Saryak ( 고려사략 ; 高麗史略 ) lists five: Geumgwan Gaya , Goryeong Gaya , Bihwa Gaya , Ara Gaya , and Seongsan Gaya . Traditionally,

992-754: The Maritime Province of Russia against numerous nations and tribes; and the Han River valley in central Korea to control over two-thirds of the Korean peninsula . In regard to the Korean Peninsula, Gwanggaeto defeated Baekje , the then most powerful of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , in 396, capturing the capital city of Wiryeseong in present-day Seoul . In 399, Silla , the southeastern kingdom of Korea, sought aid from Goguryeo due to incursions by Baekje troops and their Wa allies from

1054-591: The Sabi Conferences (泗沘會議), which were participated in by seven countries including Ara. However, Ara still did not fully trust in Baekje. As a result of the conference, Gaya attacked Goguryeo alongside the Silla-Baekje alliance and acquired Seoul. In this attack, Baekje was betrayed by Silla and Gaya was also absorbed by Silla. Polities were situated in the alluvial flats of tributary river valleys and

1116-467: The Samguk Yusa , Geumgwan Kaya was made of 9 villages united by King Suro of Gaya . His wife and queen Heo Hwang-ok , whom he married in 48 AD, is believed to be from an Ayuta kingdom. As a confederacy of city states, Gaya rose to prosperity due to sea port trade with Japan and other states as well with land trade with China in the north. Daegaya was an important city state and sea port as part of

1178-456: The Samhan confederacies. The loosely organized chiefdoms resolved into six Gaya groups, centered on Geumgwan Gaya. Based on archaeological sources and the limited written records, scholars have identified the late 3rd century as a period of transition from Byeonhan to Gaya, noting increasing military activity and changing funerary customs. This transition was also associated with the replacement of

1240-527: The last Gaya polities remained independent until they were conquered by Silla in 562, as punishment for assisting Baekje in a war against Silla. In 529, Silla destroyed Takgitan Gaya(啄己呑國) under the pretext of its alliance with Daegaya and took half of Taksun Gaya(卓淳國)'s territory. This led Daegaya to distrust the Gaya and begin uniting around the Ara Gaya , which was maintaining a strong power. In order to escape interference between Baekje and Silla in Gaya,

1302-585: The Ara Gaya invited Silla, Baekje, and Japan to hold the Anra Conference(安羅會議). Although they wanted to pressure Silla through the meeting to rebuild the Takgitan Gaya(啄己呑國) and raise the international status of Anra, Baekje preferred strong diplomacy and Silla was not interested in it. Although Japan was pro-Anra Gaya, it was unable to help due to internal problems. In 541 and 544, Baekje led

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1364-596: The Baekje capital and the defeated Asin submitted to him, surrendering a prince and 10 government ministers. In 395, while his campaign against Baekje was ongoing to the south, Gwanggaeto made an excursion to invade the Khitan Baili clan to the west on the Liao River , destroying 3 tribes and 600 to 700 camps. In 398, Gwanggaeto conquered the Sushen people to the northeast, who were Tungusic ancestors of

1426-537: The Gaya Confederacy enjoyed good relations with Japan and Baekje, such as when the three states allied against Goguryeo and Silla in the Goguryeo-Wa War . Records indicate Gaya would, alongside Baekje, regularly send economic, cultural, and technological aid to Japan in exchange for military and political aid, as the Yamato court desired technological progress and cultural advancement while Baekje and

1488-579: The Gaya Confederacy, it is associated with the place the Queen Heo had first arrived in Korea from her foreign location. During this early time in the history of Gaya, several waves of migration from the north, including the earlier-extant Gojoseon , Buyeo , and the Goguryeo , arrived and integrated with existing populations and stimulated cultural and political developments. A sharp break in burial styles

1550-638: The Gaya confederacy have been characterized as small city-states. The material culture remains of Gaya culture mainly consist of burials and their contents of mortuary goods that have been excavated by archaeologists. Archaeologists interpret mounded burial cemeteries of the late third and early fourth centuries such as Daeseong-dong in Gimhae and Bokcheon-dong in Busan as the royal burial grounds of Gaya polities. Although most commonly referred to as Gaya ( 가야 ; 加耶; 伽耶l; 伽倻 ; [kaja] ), probably due to

1612-403: The Gaya states desired Japan's military aid in their wars against Silla and Goguryeo. The various Gaya polities formed a confederacy in the 2nd and 3rd centuries that was centered on the heartland of Geumgwan Gaya in modern Gimhae . After a period of decline, the confederacy was revived around the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries, this time centered on Daegaya of modern Goryeong . However, it

1674-447: The Great is one of two rulers of Korea whose names are appended with the title "the Great", with the other being Sejong the Great of Joseon , who created Hangul the Korean alphabet, to promote literacy among the common people, and made great advances in science. Gwanggaeto is regarded by Koreans as one of the greatest heroes in Korean history , and is often taken as a potent symbol of Korean nationalism . The Gwanggaeto Stele ,

1736-674: The Japanese archipelago. Goguryeo was inclined to avoid conflicts with its ominous neighbor, while cultivating constructive relations with the Former Qin, the Xianbei , and the Rouran , in order to defend itself from future invasions and to bide time to reshape its legal structure and to initiate military reforms. Gogukwon's successor, Sosurim , adopted a foreign policy of appeasement and reconciliation with Baekje, and concentrated on domestic policies to spread Buddhism throughout Goguryeo's social and political systems. Furthermore, due to

1798-589: The Japanese archipelago. Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 expeditionary troops, crushing his enemies and securing Silla as a de facto protectorate; he thus subdued the other Korean kingdoms and achieved a loose unification of the Korean peninsula under Goguryeo. In his western campaigns, he defeated the Xianbei of the Later Yan empire and conquered the Liaodong peninsula, regaining the ancient domain of Gojoseon . Gwanggaeto's accomplishments are recorded on

1860-486: The Korean peninsula in the 3rd century CE during the Three Kingdoms period from where Buddhism was transmitted to Japan . In Korea, Buddhism was adopted as the state religion by three constituent polities of the Three Kingdoms period: first by the Goguryeo ruling tribe of Geumgwan Gaya in 372 CE, then by Silla in 528 CE, and lastly by Baekje in 552 CE. In chronological order: Geumgwan Gaya declined due to

1922-542: The age of 98, the longest reign in East Asian history. Gwanggaeto's conquests are said to mark the zenith of Korean history, building and consolidating a great empire in Northeast Asia and uniting the Three Kingdoms of Korea under his influence. Gwanggaeto conquered 64 walled cities and 1,400 villages. Except for the period of 200 years beginning with Jangsu, who would build upon his father's domain, and

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1984-419: The ancient domain of Gojoseon ; Goguryeo controlled Liaodong until the mid-late 7th century. In 407, Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 troops consisting of infantry and cavalry and won a great victory, completely annihilating the enemy troops and pillaging about 10,000 armors and countless war supplies; the opponent can be interpreted as Later Yan, Baekje, or Wa . In 410, Gwanggaeto attacked Eastern Buyeo to

2046-443: The beginning of the world, there were still no titles to call a country on this land, and there were no titles to call a king or a subject. However, there were nine gan s: Adogan, Yeodogan, Pidogan, Odogan, Ryusugan, Ryucheongan, Sincheongan, Ocheongan, and Singuigan, and they became chiefs and led the people. There were 75,000 people in 100 households. Each of them lived together in the mountains and fields, dug wells, drank, and plowed

2108-430: The box, then there were six golden eggs round like the sun. The people were all amazed and delighted and bowed together countless times. After a while, they packed up the eggs again, returned to Adogan's house, put them on the table, and dispersed. Twelve hours later, the next day, around dawn, the group gathered again and opened the box, and six eggs turned into boys whose faces were dignified. As soon as they sat down on

2170-401: The characters used to write the name; the pronunciation /kara/ (transcriptionally *kala) is certain." In Japanese , Gaya is often referred to as Mimana (任那), a name with considerable present-day political connotations. However, another word called "Kara (から)" was used when alluding to ancient Korea, a word that is believed to have derived from the alternate spelling of Gaya, Gara (加羅) which

2232-430: The claim has nonetheless been advocated at various times by Japanese imperialists , nationalists and press to justify the Japanese colonial rule of Korea between 19th and 20th centuries. Archaeological evidence suggests that Gaya polities were the main exporter of technology and culture to Kyushu at that time. The theory of a Japanese outpost is widely rejected in Korea and Japan as there were no Japanese local groups at

2294-514: The defeats that Goguryeo had suffered at the hands of Baekje as well as the proto-Mongol Xianbei, Sosurim instituted military reforms aimed at preventing such defeats in the future. Sosurim's internal arrangements laid the groundwork for Gwanggaeto's expansion. Sosurim's successor, Gogukyang , invaded Later Yan , the successor state of Former Yan, in 385 and Baekje in 386. Gwanggaeto succeeded his father, Gogukyang , upon Gogukyang's death in 391. Upon Gwanggaeto's coronation, Gwanggaeto adopted

2356-642: The era name Yeongnak (Eternal Rejoicing) and the title Taewang (Supreme King), which was equivalent to "emperor", affirming that he was an equal to the Imperial rulers of China. In 392, Gwanggaeto led an attack on Baekje with 40,000 troops, capturing 10 walled cities. In response, Asin , the monarch of Baekje, launched a counterattack on Goguryeo in 393 but was defeated. Despite the ongoing war, during 393, Gwanggaeto established 9 Buddhist temples in Pyongyang . Asin invaded Goguryeo once more in 394, but

2418-509: The fields. In the third lunar month of the 18th year of Emperor Guangwu 's reign in the late Han dynasty (A.D. 42, and the year of Linin (壬寅)), the Gyeyok event was held which is a day when people gather at the water's edge to ward off evil in spring and autumn. There was a sign of something calling in a suspicious voice here in Bukguji, so a group of 200 to 300 people gathered. It sounded like

2480-544: The golden age of Balhae , Korea never before or since ruled such a vast territory. There is archaeological evidence that Goguryeo's maximum extent lay even further west in present-day Mongolia , based on discoveries of Goguryeo fortress ruins in Mongolia. Gwanggaeto established his own era name, Yeongnak Eternal Rejoicing , proclaiming Goguryeo monarchs equal to their counterparts in the Chinese mainland. Gwanggaeto

2542-409: The imprecision of transcribing Korean words into hanja , historical sources use a variety of names, including Garak ( 가락 ; 駕洛; 迦落 ; [kaɾak] ), Gara ( 가라 ; 加羅; 伽羅; 迦羅; 柯羅 ; [kaɾa] ), Garyang ( 가량 ; 加良 ; [kaɾjaŋ] ), and Guya ( 구야 ; 狗耶 ; [kuja] ). According to Christopher I. Beckwith , "The spelling Kaya is the modern Korean reading of

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2604-439: The interpretation of 'Gujiga (구지가, 龜旨歌)', and folklore research to explain in relation to ancient rituals were conducted. In terms of literature, above all, research was conducted to clarify the literary value of 'The Myth of King Gim Suro' by examining the entire context of the myth, the surface layer and depth of the text, and the entire type of founding myth. There are studies that revealed the fact that 'The Myth of King Gim Suro'

2666-467: The joy of jumping to meet the Great King." Turtle, turtle Put your head out If you don't, I'll roast you and eat you, The nine gan s enjoyed singing the song Gujiga and dancing as told. After a while, they looked up and saw a purple string hanging down from the sky and touching the ground. When they looked for the end of the string, they found a golden box wrapped in a red cloth. They opened

2728-561: The layers of meaning, and in particular, recently, studies on storytelling methods for cultural contents have been conducted, and the current significance of the myth is being newly illuminated. Gaya confederacy (42–532 CE), founded by the King Suro, originated from the Byeonhan (also called Pyonhan, Byeon and Byeonjin) tribe, and it had 12 statelets. Byeonhan was one of the 3 Samhan , other 2 being Jinhan and Mahan . According to

2790-544: The monarch. A prominent statue of Gwanggaeto alongside a replica of the Gwanggaeto Stele were erected in the main street of Guri in Gyeonggi Province . Many novels, comics, and games about Gwanggaeto the Great have been released in South Korea. The popular and award-winning Korean mobile game Hero for Kakao features Gwanggaeto as a playable character. Age of Empires: World Domination ,

2852-487: The mouth of the Nakdong. In particular, the mouth of the Nakdong has fertile plains, direct access to the sea, and rich iron deposits. Gaya polities had economies that were based on agriculture , fishing , casting , and long-distance trade . They were particularly known for its iron-working, as Byeonhan had been before it. Gaya polities exported abundant quantities of iron ore, iron armor, and other weaponry to Baekje and

2914-493: The northeast. In 400, Silla , another Korean kingdom in the southeast of the Korean peninsula, requested aid from Goguryeo in repelling an allied invasion by Baekje , Gaya , and Wa . Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 troops and annihilated the enemy coalition. Thereupon, Gwanggaeto influenced Silla as a suzerain, and Gaya declined and never recovered. In 402, Gwanggaeto returned Prince Silseong , who had resided in Goguryeo as

2976-611: The previous elite in some principalities (including Daegaya) by elements from the Buyeo kingdom , which brought a more militaristic ideology and style of rule. After the Eight Port Kingdoms War(浦上八國 亂)(209~212) between Silla and Gaya, Gaya was influenced by Silla's southeast peninsular hegemony, but diplomatically utilized the influence of Baekje and Japan to maintain independence. The Gaya Confederacy disintegrated under pressure from Goguryeo between 391 and 412, although

3038-474: The rival Korean kingdom of Baekje , under the great leadership of Geunchogo , soundly defeated Goguryeo, slaying the monarch Gogukwon and sacking Pyongyang . Baekje became one of the dominant powers in East Asia. Baekje's influence was not limited to the Korean peninsula, but extended across the sea to Liaoxi and Shandong in China, taking advantage of the weakened state of Former Qin , and Kyushu in

3100-642: The second-highest level of the Silla bone rank system . General Kim Yu-sin of Silla (also of the Gimhae Kim clan) was a descendant of the last king of Gaya. Gwanggaeto the Great Gwanggaeto the Great (374–413, r. 391–413) was the nineteenth monarch of Goguryeo . His full posthumous name means "Entombed in Gukgangsang , Broad Expander of Domain, Peacemaker, Supreme King", sometimes abbreviated to Hotaewang . His era name

3162-400: The six eggs which turn into a human ascended the throne on the fifteenth day of the same month, and because it appeared first, it was named 'Suro' or 'Sureung' and the country was called 'Daegarak' or 'Gayaguk' which is one of the six Gaya countries. The remaining five became the head of the five Gaya. Historical research to reconstruct the history of Garakguk, literary research centered on

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3224-676: The southern Korean Peninsula . According to Vovin, these "Peninsular Japonic languages" were replaced by Koreanic-speakers (possibly belonging to the Han-branch ). The later Gaya language likely belonged to the Koreanic Han languages . The genetic diversity in the Gaya Kingdom region is linked to Jomon-related ancestry. According to a legend written in the Samguk yusa in the 13th century, six eggs descended from heaven in

3286-415: The table, the crowd celebrated, bowed, and respected him wholeheartedly. They grew up day by day and passed ten days and nights. They were 9 feet tall, so they could be called Tang of Shang ; their faces were like a dragon, so they could be called Emperor Gaozu of Han ; their eyebrows were eight different colors, like that of Emperor Yao ; their pupils were doubled, like those of Emperor Shun . The first of

3348-405: The throne as the founder of a nation without going through the ordeal of birth. The former can be defined as 'the myth of the illegitimate child type' and the latter as the 'myth of the foster child type'. From this point of view, 'The Myth of King Suro' can be said to be a founding myth and a progenitor myth, as well as a myth that reflects the collective unconsciousness of the foster child. After

3410-733: The time that had a strong enough military power to conquer Gaya or any other part of Korea. The technology of Gaya was more advanced than that of the Japanese dynasties of the time. Though this theory has been largely refuted since the 1970s, it remains a sensitive and re-occurring issue in modern-day. In 2010, a joint study group of historians sponsored by the governments of Japan and South Korea agreed that Gaya had never been militarily colonized by ancient Japan. 35°09′36″N 128°13′48″E  /  35.16000°N 128.23000°E  / 35.16000; 128.23000 Geumgwan Gaya Geumgwan Gaya (43–532), also known as Bon-Gaya (본가야, 本伽倻, "original Gaya") or Garakguk (가락국, "Garak State"),

3472-464: The wars with Japan and the tribes in north. Its various constituent city statelets fell one by one to Silla. After Geumgwan Gaya capitulated to Silla in 532 AD, its royal house was accepted into the Sillan aristocracy (perhaps because by that time, a major house of Silla, of the Gyeongju Kim clan, was related to the Gaya royal house, which was the Gimhae Kim clan ) and given the rank of "true bone,"

3534-420: The year AD 42 with a message that they would be kings. Six boys were born and matured within 12 days. One of them, named Suro , became the king of Geumgwan Gaya , and the other five founded the remaining five Gayas: Daegaya , Seongsan Gaya, Ara Gaya , Goryeong Gaya , and Sogaya. The Gaya polities evolved out of the chiefly political structures of the twelve tribes of the ancient Byeonhan confederacy , one of

3596-457: Was defeated again. After suffering multiple defeats against Goguryeo, Baekje's political stability began to crumble. In 395, Baekje was defeated once more by Goguryeo and was pushed south to its capital of Wiryeseong on the Han River . In the following year, in 396, Gwanggaeto led an assault on Wiryeseong by land and sea, using the Han River, and triumphed over Baekje. Gwanggaeto captured

3658-560: Was the Sillan General Kim Yu-sin who played a critical role in the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . Kim was the great-grandchild of King Guhae of Geumgwan Gaya, the last ruler of the Geumgwan Gaya state. As a result, Kim was given the rank of "true bone" which was the second highest rank one could attain, in part because the royal family of Geungwan Gaya, the Gimhae Kim clan were intermarried with

3720-557: Was the ruling city-state of the Gaya confederacy during the Three Kingdoms period in Korea . It is believed to have been located around the modern-day city of Gimhae , Southern Gyeongsang province , near the mouth of the Nakdong River . Due to its geographic location, this kingdom played a dominant role in the regional affairs from the Byeonhan period onward to the end of the Gaya confederacy. The creation myth of Geumgwan Gaya

3782-405: Was unable to defend itself against the incursions and attacks of the neighboring kingdom of Silla . Eventually, all of the Gaya Confederacy was absorbed into Silla. After the fall of the Gaya Confederacy, many of the nobility and elite of the confederated states were integrated into the ranks of Silla's bone-rank system including the royal houses of the defeated Gaya Confederacy. One such example

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3844-705: Was unearthed in Daeseong-dong, Gimhae , attributed to Geumgwan Gaya but apparently used since Byeonhan times. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms , It is presumed the four countries, Sinunsin ( Korean : 臣雲遣支報 , Anra (安邪踧支濆), Sinbunhwal (臣離兒不例) and Geumgwan (拘邪秦支廉), had a superior position in the southern peninsula around the 3rd century. Centuries after Buddhism originated in India , Mahayana Buddhism arrived in China through Silk Road transmission of Buddhism in 1st century CE via Tibet , then into

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