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53-630: He was born to Abaqa and Martai khatun (daughter of Chigu Noyan of Khongirad and Tümelün bekhi, sister of Musa) in c.1259. He was living in Jazira during Tekuder 's reign and had to flee to Arghun in Khorasan after the execution, in 1284, of Mongol prince and viceroy of Anatolia Qonqurtai . He was given as hostage to Tekuder by Arghun as a condition of truce in June 1284 and put in orda of Todai Khatun, his step-mother. After Arghun's enthronement, he

106-489: A consequence, while Afrasiab was reinstated as ruler of Lorestan , his brother Ahmad was held at Ilkhanid court as hostage. Gaykhatu left for Anatolia in pursuit of the Karamanids who were besieging Konya on 31 August 1291 with 20.000 men. Despite Konya was enforced by a brother of Masud II and Sahib Ataids , the Karamanids didn't leave until Gaykhatu's arrival at Kayseri . Gaykhatu divided his army into two, sending

159-632: A great cattle plague. In response, his vizier Sad al-Din Zanjani proposed the introduction of a recent Chinese invention called Jiaochao ( paper money ). Gaykhatu agreed and called for Bolad , the ambassador of Kublai (Emperor Shizu) of Yuan China in Tabriz . After Bolad explained how the system worked, Gaykhatu printed banknotes which imitated the Chinese ones so closely that they even had Chinese words printed on them. The Muslim confession of faith

212-863: A new Crusade, but only the Hospitallers and Edward I (who could not come for lack of funds) responded favourably. The Hospitallers of Marqab made combined raids into the Buqaia , and won several engagements against the Sultan Qalawun , raiding as far as the Krak des Chevaliers in October 1280, and defeating the Mamluk army of the Krak in February 1281. The Mongols finally retreated, pledging to come back for

265-631: A part to Menteshe , while he himself raided the Karamanid capital Ereğli . His next target was Eshrefid beylik to the west, from whom he captured 7000 women and children, sending them to Konya. After returning to Kayseri, he sent Goktai and Girai noyans to punish former supporters of Kilij Arslan IV in northern Anatolia accompanied by Seljuk armies. Using this opportunity, the Karamanids and Eshrefids again besieged Konya, but withdrew their armies when Henry II of Cyprus besieged Alaiye with 15 ships. Gaykhatu continued on to capture Denizli and looted

318-687: A position of power. She demanded to be given the rule of Kirman as her personal fief, which her spouse agreed to. She imprisoned her half-brother Suyurghatmish in October 1292. However he managed to escape thanks to his wife Kurdujin Khatun , only to be imprisoned again. He was finally strangled to death on 21 August 1294. She was soon granted the rule of Yazd and Shabankara . She even meddled in Ormus politics, replacing Rukn al-Din Masud with Sayf al-Din Ayaz as

371-497: A report to the assembly, reminding them of Hulagu's friendliness towards Christians, and assuring them that Abaqa planned to drive the Muslims from Syria. But neither this diplomatic mission, nor two further embassies to Europe in 1276 and 1277, brought any tangible results. In 1260 Bohemond VI of Antioch was persuaded by his father-in-law, Hetoum I of Armenia , to voluntarily submit to Mongol authority while Abaqa's father Hulagu

424-530: A state of delirium tremens . This illness was probably caused by too much consumption of alcohol, a habit common to many Mongol leaders. However, in 1285, his minister of finance Shams ad-Din Juvayni was accused of having had him poisoned. After Abaqa's death, his widow Maria fled back to Constantinople where her father, apparently wishing to spare his capital the fate that befell Baghdad, tried to marry her off again to another Mongol khan. Maria would not accept

477-499: A successful revolt, backed by Kublai . Arghun had his uncle Tekuder executed and took power himself, returning to the pro-Christian policies of Abaqa. A younger son, Gaykhatu , assumed the throne in 1291. Abaqa had sixteen consorts and children with several of them: Inherited from Hulagu : Principal wives: Concubines: Padishah Khatun Safwat al-Din Khatun (1256–1295 , Persian : صفوت الدنیا خاتون ), otherwise known as Padishah Khatun ( Persian : پادشاه خاتون ),

530-752: A truce with the Mamluks before he had to return to England. When Edward arrived in Acre, he had sent an embassy to Abaqa, led by Reginald Rossel, Godefroi of Waus and John of Parker, requesting military assistance from the Mongols. Abaqa was occupied with other conflicts in Turkestan but responded positively to Edward's request, sending 10,000 Mongol horsemen under general Samagar from the occupation army in Seljuk Anatolia to Syria: "After talking over

583-609: Is unclear if this was what led to James' unsuccessful expedition to Acre in 1269. Abaqa is recorded as having written to the Aragonese king, saying that he was going to send his brother, Aghai, to join the Aragonese when they arrived in Cilicia . Abaqa also sent embassies to Edward I of England , and in 1274 sent a Mongol delegation to Pope Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyons , where Abaqa's secretary Rychaldus read

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636-418: The quriltai at all. The other contender to the throne, Ghazan, was engaged in a rebellion with Nawrūz (another son of Arghun Aqa ), and couldn't attend the qurultai either, thus losing a bid to throne. As a consequence, Gaykhatu was elected il-khan on 23 July 1291, Ahlat . Gaikhatu's main supporter was his new wife Uruk Khatun - widow of Arghun and mother of Öljaitü . His first orders upon taking throne

689-726: The Armenians under Leo III , and by about 200 Hospitalier knights from the fortress of Marqab who considered they were not bound by the truce with the Mamluks. On 30 October 1281, 50,000 Mongol troops, together with 30,000 Armenians , Georgians , Greeks and the Frankish Hospitalier Knights of Marqab, fought against the Muslim leader Qalawun at the Second Battle of Homs , but were beaten back. Abaqa died at Hamadan on 4 April 1282, probably in

742-624: The Mamluk Sultanate , which included the Second Battle of Homs . Abaqa was born in Mongolia on 27 February 1234, son of Ilkhanate founder Hulagu Khan . Abaqa was a Buddhist . A favoured son of Hulagu, he was made governor of Turkestan . Hulagu died from illness in 1265. Before his death, he had been negotiating with the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos to add a daughter of

795-568: The Mamluks . The Vicar of the Patriarch declined Abaqa's request, saying that the city was suffering from hunger, and that the king of Jerusalem was embroiled in another war. The King of Cyprus Hugh III and Bohemond VII mobilised their armies, but could not intervene because the Mamluks had already positioned themselves between them and the Mongols. Abaqa and Leo III urged the Franks to start

848-683: The Qara'unas who were under the control of Chagatai nobles until 1280. Abaqa was one in a long line of Mongol rulers who attempted to secure Western co-operation against the Muslim Mamluks . He corresponded with Pope Clement IV during 1267–1268, and reportedly sent a Mongol ambassador to western Europe in 1268, trying to form a Franco-Mongol alliance between his forces, those of the West, and those of his father-in-law Michael VIII. He received responses from Rome and from James I of Aragon , though it

901-546: The Turkish TV series Kuruluş: Osman , he is portrayed as an antagonist by the Uzbek actor, Maruf Otajonov. Although Gaykhatu historically died in his thirties, in the series he is portrayed as an old person. Abaqa Khan Abaqa Khan (27 February 1234 – 4 April 1282, Mongolian : Абаха/Абага хан ( Khalkha Cyrillic ) , ᠠᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠠᠨ ( Traditional script ) , "paternal uncle", also transliterated Abaġa ),

954-670: The Anatolian campaign and went back to Iran in May/June 1292. His absence in Iran was followed by a conspiracy led by Taghachar and his follower Sad al-Din Zanjani. They falsely informed viceroy Anbarchi - via Sad al-Din's brother Qutb al-Din, who was Anbarchi's vizier - of Gaykhatu's defeat by Turkmens in Anatolia and called him to take the throne. While ambitious, Anbarchi regarded this news with suspicion. After contacting Shiktur Noyan who

1007-596: The Byzantine imperial family to Hulagu's number of wives. Michael VIII had selected his illegitimate daughter Maria Palaiologina , who was dispatched in 1265, escorted by the abbot of Pantokrator monastery , Theodosius de Villehardouin. Historian Steven Runciman relates how she was accompanied by the Patriarch Euthymius of Antioch . Since Hulagu died before she arrived, she was instead married to Hulagu's son, Abaqa. He received her hand in marriage when he

1060-632: The Ilkhan defeated Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq . In 1270, he allowed Mengu-Timur to collect his revenues from workshops in Iran. Ögedei 's grandson Kaidu , Batu 's grandson Mengu-Timur and Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate formed an alliance against Kublai Khan and Abaqa in Talas . They appointed Kaidu a ruler of Central Asia. The resulting Kaidu–Kublai war which started in 1268 would carry on until

1113-626: The Ilkhanate in the spring after his accession. The invasion was partly due to an alliance between the Golden Horde and the Egyptian Mamluks. As part of this alliance, the Golden Horde attempted to distract Abaqa through attacks on his territories so as to keep him from invading Mamluk-held Syria. The hostilities continued until the death of the Golden Horde's khan, Berke , in 1267. The Great Khan Kublai attempted to intervene to stop

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1166-514: The Mongols had already retreated beyond the Euphrates . The Mamluk leader Baibars died in 1277. During 1280 and 1281, Abaqa promoted new attacks against Syria . In September 1280, the Mongols occupied Baghras and Darbsak , and took Aleppo on October 20. The Mongols sent envoys to Acre to request military support for their campaign, but the Crusaders were still in a 10-year truce with

1219-524: The city for 3 days. Masud also went on to fight against Kilij Arslan who was supported by Masud's brothers Faramurz and Kayumars in addition to the Chobanids . Gaykhatu sent an additional 3000 men with commanders Goktai, Girai and Anit. It was Girai and Temür Yaman Jandar who rescued Masud II from Turkmen captivity. Temür Yaman Jandar was granted the former Chobanid city of Kastamonu by Gaykhatu as an iqta due to this service. Gaykhatu spent 11 months in

1272-464: The civil war, and due to his influence, the Golden Horde's new khan, Möngke Temür did not launch a major invasion into Abaqa's territory. However, Möngke Temür still Commander Nogai established an alliance with the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Baibars promising that he would attack Abaqa and share any conquered territories. But, at the same time, Möngke Temür sent envoys to congratulate Abaqa when

1325-580: The end of the century. In 1270, Baraq Khan of the Chagatai Khanate tried to annex Iran , which resulted in an attack on Abaqa who was in the city of Herat . However, Abaqa was able to launch a successful defence and also defeated Baraq's relative Teguder in Georgia. In the following year, he retaliated by sending an army against the Chagatai Khanate. They plundered Bukhara and surrounding areas. There were small conflicts between Abaqha and

1378-485: The force was relatively small, they triggered an exodus of the Muslim population (who remembered the previous campaigns of the Mongol general Kitbuqa ) as far south as Cairo . Edward, for his part, was never able to muster his own forces to coordinate actions with the Mongols or even achieve any military victories, so Abaqa's forces eventually withdrew. When Baibars mounted a counter-offensive from Egypt on 12 November 1271,

1431-413: The matter, we have on our account resolved to send to your aid Cemakar (Samagar) at the head of a mighty force; thus, when you discuss among yourselves the other plans involving the aforementioned Cemakar be sure to make explicit arrangements as to the exact month and day on which you will engage the enemy." The Mongols, including some auxiliary Seljuk troops, ravaged the land from Aleppo southward. Though

1484-753: The next several months redistributing fiefs and governorships. Some of the coins from Abaqa's era display the Christian cross, and bear in Arabic the Christian inscription "In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, only one God". Since Hulagu's reign, the Mongols of the Ilkhanate had been at war with the Mongols of the Golden Horde . This continued into Abaqa's reign, and the Golden Horde invaded

1537-578: The offer, became a nun , and in about 1285 founded the church of Panagia Mouchliotissa . Abaqa was succeeded by his brother Tekuder , who despite his earlier conflicts with the Egyptian Mamluks, had converted to Islam. Tekuder reversed Abaqa's pro-Christian policies and proposed an alliance with the Mamluk Sultan Qalawun , who resumed attacks on Frankish territory, capturing the northern fortress of Margat in 1285, Lattakia in 1287, and Tripoli in 1289. In 1284, Abaqa's son Arghun led

1590-462: The other hand sent a tiger to Gaykhatu as an answer. Marco Polo and his entourage stayed with Gaykhatu for nine months. The Golden Horde khan Toqta , who ascended the throne at the same time as Gaykhatu, sent Prince Qalintay and Pulad as envoys to the Ilkhanate on 28 March 1294 to make a truce and possibly ask for help against Toqta's rivals. They returned to Golden Horde three days later. In 1294, Gaykhatu wanted to replenish his treasury emptied by

1643-708: The prince. When her husband Gaykhatu was assassinated on 21 March 1295, Padishah was thrown into a difficult position. She was immediately imprisoned on orders of Kurdujin Khatun and Shah Alam - Suyurghatmish 's widow and daughter. She was strangled to death on her way to Baydu 's court in Kushk-e Zar in June/July 1295. She was buried in Gubba-i Sabz Mausoleum as her mother during reign of Muzaffar al-Din Mohammad. Padishah earned mention in

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1696-610: The real ruler of the Ilkhanate with personal army of 10.000, while gaining certain enemies as well. Former emirs Hasan and Taiju attempted to accuse him of embezzlement of state funds unsuccessfully. In 1292, Gaykhatu sent a message to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil , threatening to conquer the whole of the Levant if he didn't return Aleppo . Al-Ashraf replied: " The khan has

1749-471: The same ideas as me. I too hope to bring back Baghdad to the fold of Islam as previously. We will see which of us two will be quicker ". However, there were no major battles between Mongols and Mamluks afterwards. During his reign, the princess Kökötchin arrived from the court of his Khagan Kublai in 1293, escorted by Marco Polo . The new Ilkhan decreed that the princess be married to his nephew Ghazan , who had fully supported his right to rule. Ghazan on

1802-514: The state while confirming Anbarchi (son of Möngke Temür) as viceroy of East stationed in Ray . Hazaraspid ruler Afrasiab I took the opportunity to extend his rule to Isfahan upon hearing of Arghun's death in 1291. Gaykhatu's retribution was brutal, sending a commander of his personal keshig Tuladai to pillage Lorestan who obtained Afrasiab's submission. Gaykhatu's wives Padshah and Uruk interceded on behalf of Afrasiab, asking for forgiveness. As

1855-411: The travel diary of Venetian traveler, Marco Polo , a contemporary of Padishah. He described her as “an ambitious and clever woman, who put her own brother Siyurgutmish to death as a rival.” She had both silver and gold coins struck in her name. She left handful amount of Persian poetry under the pseudonym Lala Khatun and Hasanshah . She described herself as " the child of a mighty Sultan and

1908-583: The use of paper money. Gaykhatu insulted Baydu telling one of his servants to hit Baydu while being drunk. This grew a resentment in Baydu towards him. Baydu left hastily towards to his appanage near Baghdad leaving his son Qipchak as a hostage in Gaykhatu's court. He was supported by Oirat emir Chichak (son of Sulaimish b. Tengiz Güregen), Lagzi Küregen (son of Arghun Aqa ), El-Temur (son of Hinduqur Noyan) and Todachu Yarquchi, who followed him to Baghdad. He

1961-581: The winter of 1281. They informed the Franks that they would bring 50,000 Mongol horsemen and 50,000 Mongol infantry, but apparently this pledge did not receive a response. The Egyptian Muslims had respected a 10-year truce with the Crusaders which began in 1271. On 3 May 1281, the new Muslim sultan Qalawun signed a new 10-year truce with the barons of Acre and a second 10-year truce with Bohemond VII of Tripoli , on 16 July 1281. The announced Mongol invasion started in September 1281. They were joined by

2014-1217: Was also aided by his vizier Jamal ud-Din Dastgerdani. According to Hamdullah Qazwini , Baydu's main motivation on moving against Gaykhatu was his sexual advances against Qipchak. When son-in-law Ghurbatai Güregen brought him news of treachery, Gaykhatu ordered arrest of several amirs including his personal keshig Tuladai, Qoncuqbal, Tukal, Bughdai, including Kipchak and put into jail in Tabriz . While his followers Hasan and Taiju demanded their executions, Taghachar advised against it. Baydu on his side, moved to kill Muhammad Sugurchi, governor of Baghdad and arrested governor Baybuqa of Diyar Bakr . Gaykhatu sent his father-in-law Aq Buqa and Taghachar against Baydu on 17 March 1295, himself arriving at Tabriz 4 days later. Little he knew that Taghachar already shifted allegiance to Baydu who left for his encampment at night. While he wanted to flee to Anatolia, his councillors advised to fight against Baydu. Nevertheless, Gaykhatu fled to Mughan. Arriving in Tabriz, Taghachar set Qoncuqbal and Tuladai free, while Gaykhatu desperately begged for mercy. Despite his appeal, he

2067-603: Was also known for his secularism and communal harmony. Like other Buddhist kings, he used to liberally give patronage to all religions. Among his beneficiaries were the Nestorian Christians, who praise him abundantly for his gifts to the Church, as apparent in the history of Mar Yahballaha III . He was described a just and charitable ruler in Tārikh-i Āl-i Saldjūq . Gaykhatu had eight consorts from different clans: In

2120-610: Was confirmed as governor of Anatolia together with his uncle Hulachu. He was stationed in Erzinjan and learnt to speak Persian and to some degree Turkish during his stay in Anatolia. Gaykhatu ruled Anatolia solely after recall of Hulachu to Iran in 1286. It was then he was married to Padishah Khatun , a princess of Qutlugh-Khanids . He aided Masud II on his campaigns against Turkmen principalities, most importantly Germiyanids. Using this opportunity, Karamanids invaded Mongol allies of Cilician Armenia during his campaign. Gaykhatu

2173-414: Was in power, making Antioch and Tripoli vassal states of the Ilkhanate. In 1268, the Mamluk leader Baibars captured Antioch, and Bohemond obtained a truce with Baibars in order to avoid losing Tripoli. In response to the fall of Antioch, Edward I of England arrived in Acre in 1271, trying to lead a new Crusade. It was ultimately considered a military failure, but Edward was able to eventually secure

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2226-421: Was installed as Ilkhan. When Hulagu's wife Doquz Khatun also died in 1265, the role of spiritual leader transferred to Maria, who was called "Despina Khatun" by the Mongols. It was Abaqa who decided that the permanent location for the Ilkhanate capital would be Tabriz , which was in the northwestern grasslands that the Mongols preferred. Abaqa took power four months after the death of his father, and then spent

2279-1047: Was married on 22 May 1272. The marriage was arranged by her mother to secure Mongol support for her rule. She was granted the household of Abaqa's late mother Yesunjin. She was instrumental in strengthening the rule of her mother Kutlugh Turkan and was her supporter against her siblings Muzaffar al-Din Hajjaj (1276) and Suyurghatmish (1280). She did not leave for Kerman after Abaqa 's death in 1282, choosing to stay in court and live with her mother until her death in 1283. She sent her sister Bibi Khatun to protect her interests in Kirman during her stay in court, ceding Sirjan to her. She obtained to co-rule Kirman due to her influence on Arghun in 1284. However, powerful vizier Buqa ruled in favor of Suyurghatmish , hastily married her to Gaykhatu and thus obtained her removal to Anatolia in 1286. She regained Sirjan in 1289 from Arghun. Upon Gaykhatu 's election in 1291, Padishah again found herself in

2332-474: Was nominated for the throne by an influential Mongol commander, Ta'achar , who had sent an envoy to Gaykhatu falsely announcing that Baydu had already taken the throne. Suspicious, Gaykhatu headed to the qurultai. While nobles like Taghachar , Qoncuqbal, Toghan and Tuqal supported Baydu, historians suggest Baydu simply refused the throne stating it belonged to the brother or a son according to yassa . Another source, Mahmud Aqsarai said that Baydu didn't appear at

2385-497: Was printed on the banknotes to placate local sentiment. Gaykhatu's Buddhist name Rinchindorj was also present on money. Shiktur Noyan objected to introduction, calling this a foul attempt. First circulation started on 12 September 1294 in Tabriz . Gaykhatu ordered anyone who is going to refuse to use money to be executed on the spot. Poets, including Wassaf started to praise chao in order to appease Gaykhatu. Paper moneys circulated were worth from half dirham to 10 dinars . The plan

2438-701: Was residing near Karachal , Anbarchi had them imprisoned by Shiktur. Gaykhatu arrived at Aladagh on 29 June 1292, had a second enthronement, possibly receiving a confirmation from Kublai Khagan . Upon returning, Gaykhatu allowed his wife Padishah Khatun's to gain Kirman in October 1292. He pardoned both Taghachar and Sad al-Din Zanjani, even appointing the latter to the post of vizier on 18 November 1292 while confirming his father-in-law Aq Buqa Jalair as commander-in-chief. Shiktur and Taghachar were subordinated to him. Sad al-Din also managed to get his brother Qutb al-Din to be appointed as governor of Tabriz . Amassing huge amount of power and wealth in his hand, Sad al-Din became

2491-455: Was sent back to Iran. Gaykhatu visited Konya on 3 January 1291, confirming appointment of his new tax officer Khwaja Nasir ud-Din and conduction of a new general census. Gaykhatu heard of Arghun's death in his wintering pastures near Antalya from Lagzi Küregen (son of Arghun Aqa and in-law of Hulagu Khan ). The main contenders for the throne were his nephew Ghazan and cousin Baydu . Baydu

2544-567: Was sent in turn by Arghun to help Leo II against Güneri of Karaman in 1286, who had captured Tarsus from the Cilician Kingdom . Gaykhatu invaded and burned his capital Karaman on 16 January 1287, forcing Güneri to retreat to mountains. Gaykhatu's viceroyalty was briefly interrupted by appointment of Samagar from 1289 to 1290. He resumed his activities when Samagar was arrested on 15 October 1290 in Tokat on charges of corruption and

2597-427: Was strangled by a bowstring so as to avoid bloodshed on 21 March 1295. However, some sources put this event on 5 March or 25 April. An alternative story of Gaykhatu's death claims Baydu made war on him because of his introduction of paper money and subsequently killed him in battle. Gaykhatu was a noted dissolute who was addicted to wine, women, and sodomy, not necessarily in that order, according to Mirkhond . But he

2650-649: Was the ruler of Kirman from 1292 until 1295 as a member of the Qutlugh-Khanid dynasty in Persia and a poet in Persian language . She was born in 1256, as the youngest daughter of Qutb al-Din (d. 1257) and Kutlugh Turkan of Kirman. She already had her own fiefdom in Sirjan thanks to her mother Kutlugh Turkan's visit to coronation ceremony of Abaqa in 1265. Her first spouse was Abaqa Khan to whom she

2703-606: Was the second Mongol ruler ( Ilkhan ) of the Ilkhanate . The son of Hulagu Khan and Lady Yesünčin and the grandson of Tolui , he reigned from 1265 to 1282 and was succeeded by his brother Ahmed Tekuder . Much of Abaqa's reign was consumed with civil wars in the Mongol Empire, such as those between the Ilkhanate and the northern khanate of the Golden Horde , and the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia . Abaqa also engaged in unsuccessful attempts at invading Syria under

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2756-435: Was to get his subjects to use only paper money, and allow Gaykhatu to control the treasury. The experiment was a complete failure, as the people and merchants refused to accept the banknotes. Soon, bazaar riots broke out, economic activities came to a standstill, and the Persian historian Rashid ud-din speaks even of "'the ruin of Basra ' which ensued upon the emission of the new money". Gaykhatu had no choice but to withdraw

2809-442: Was to punish several emirs including Taghachar and Tuqal. Taghachar's (or in some sources, Qoncuqbal's) 10.000 army was given to Shiktur Noyan of Jalairs , while Tuqal's army was given to an amir named Narin Ahmad. Another Baydu supporter, Toghan was arrested on his way to escape to Khorasan. Meanwhile, a rebellion by Turkmen emirs started in Anatolia, Gaykhatu had to move into his former domains, appointing Shiktur Noyan as regent of

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