Misplaced Pages

#624375

61-505: To what degree the lake was sedimented in ancient times remains unknown. Some of the earliest huts are down in the crater. Two streams flowing north to south flanked the lake on the west: the Fosso del'Osa , and the east: Fosso di San Giuliano . These originated in another body of water, believed to be Lacus Regillus , on the south side of the road. The streams cut the road on either side of Gabii and were crossed by bridges; in other words, Gabii

122-512: A Siculian foundation of Rome comes from fragments of early Roman annalists, who asserted that the Siculi occupied several cities of Latium before the arrival of the aborigines (Latins): Rome, Tibur, Fescennium, Falerii, Antemnae, Caenina and a few others. Gabii is mentioned as one of them by Gaius Julius Solinus . According to him two Siculian brothers founded it and named it by combining their names, Galatus and Bins . Fanciful etymologies such as

183-501: A common geopolitical identity. By the end of IV (580 BC) the name Gabii must have been in place as the name of the city, as by then the history was well into the events of its legends. The most archaeological work has been done on the cemetery of Osteria dell'Osa. The tombs are divided into 14 groups, each exhibiting a set of distinctive traditions and each believed to represent one community of roughly 100 persons, round numbers. The earliest two, contemporaneous and dated to IIA, termed

244-403: A conduit under the swamp. Having its source water drained away, the lake receded drastically. The aqueduct is still in use. In 1915 it shunted some 22,000 m (5,800,000 US gal) per day into the city of Rome. If these sources were not diverted, Lake Regillus would soon return. Meanwhile, the basin marks the location of the former lake. It is now entirely agricultural land, except that

305-505: A grove in which one tree was especially worshipped. In the 4th century BC a small shrine was constructed next to the grove around and in connection with which caches of anatomical terra cotta statuettes were found. This type of statuette modeled an organ or section of the human body and was given as a votive offering at a healing sanctuary, of which a great many have been found in Latium, in hope that divinity would turn its attention to healing

366-583: A hill just to its south. Rome's foundation myths numbered them among the Sabines seized by Romulus but that his wife Hersilia convinced him to make its people Roman citizens after their defeat and annexation around 752 BC. In antiquity , three principal aqueducts of Rome —the Aqua Anio Vetus , Aqua Anio Novus and Aqua Claudia —had their sources in the Aniene valley. Together with

427-721: A large cache of statues that were initially placed in the Borghese collection , although many of them subsequently were carried off to Paris by Napoleon , and still remain in the Louvre. The statues and busts are especially numerous and interesting (38 in all); besides the deities Venus , Diana , Nemesis , etc., they comprise Agrippa , Tiberius , Germanicus , Caligula , Claudius , Nero , Trajan and Plotina , Hadrian and Sabina , Marcus Aurelius , Septimius Severus , Geta , Gordian III and others. The inscriptions relate mainly to local and municipal matters. The citadel of Gabii

488-754: A regularized pattern of streets latent in the subsurface layers, together with archaeological deposits. The Gabii Project commenced large-scale excavations in two areas of the site in June 2009. In late March 2010 the Gabii Project reported [1] the discovery, in July 2009, of a half-ton lead encased inhumation burial that has tentatively been dated to the Roman Imperial period, likely the second or third centuries A.D. Evidence for early elite burials, in this case those of infants, also emerged in 2009, suggesting

549-658: A river in Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Frascati Frascati ( pronounced [fraˈskaːti] ) is a city and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital in the Lazio region of central Italy . It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) south-east of Rome , on the Alban Hills close to the ancient city of Tusculum . Frascati is closely associated with science, being

610-412: A senate-house ( Curia Aelia Augusta ) and an aqueduct. After the 3rd century, Gabii practically disappears from history, though its bishops continue to be mentioned in ecclesiastical documents till the close of the 9th century. Gabii's importance in the earliest history of Rome is also apparent elsewhere: the adoption of the cinctus Gabinus (a method of draping the toga that leaves both arms free) by

671-427: A small and insignificant place. The Augustan poets used Gabii when demonstrating a city that had fallen from its old heights. From inscriptions we learn that from the time of Augustus or Tiberius onwards it enjoyed a municipal organization. Its baths were well known, and Hadrian , who was responsible for much of the renewed prosperity of the small towns of Latium, appears to have been a very liberal patron, building

SECTION 10

#1732784044625

732-529: Is now marked by the ruins of the medieval tower of Castiglione. New fieldwork has been undertaken to the east of Gabii along the lines of the ancient city wall where a sanctuary has been excavated by Marco Fabbri close to one of the city's gates. Other work at the site has been carried out by Stefano Musco, the local inspector of the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma ( SSBAR ). These excavators, led by Marco Fabbri, reported

793-603: Is twinned with: Each year young people from Frascati and the other towns compete against one another in the Twin Towns Sports Competition, which is hosted in turn by each of the five towns. In the Torlonia Park in Frascati, there are roads named after each of the twin towns. During the latter half of the 1950s, the first Italian particle accelerator was developed in Frascati by INFN , and

854-519: Is undecorated. Urbanization of the area probably did not begin before the start of the second half of the 8th century BC. This process most likely finished by the end of the 7th century BC, and, at its height, the city's borders enclosed 0.75 square miles (1.9 km). The early date of the prehistoric Gabii suggests that the Roman writers could have little traditional memory of its foundation or of who founded it. The surviving traditions are therefore in

915-674: The Apennines at Trevi nel Lazio and flows westward past Subiaco , Vicovaro , and Tivoli to join the Tiber in northern Rome . It formed the principal valley east of ancient Rome and became an important water source as the city's population expanded. The falls at Tivoli were noted for their beauty. Historic bridges across the river include the Ponte Nomentano , Ponte Mammolo, Ponte Salario , and Ponte di San Francesco , all of which were originally fortified with towers. The river

976-518: The Aqua Marcia , they were regarded as the "four great aqueducts of Rome". The Aqua Anio Vetus ( Latin for "Old Anio aqueduct") was constructed around 270 BC. The Aqua Anio Novus ("New Anio aqueduct") was begun under Caligula around AD 38 and completed under Claudius in 48. A third aqueduct, the Aqua Marcia, was constructed by Q. Marcius Rex between 144 and 140 BC using

1037-486: The Colonna , until, in 1460, Pope Pius II fortified the city with walls. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, Pope Julius II gave Frascati as a feudal possession to the condottiero Marcantonio I Colonna , who lived there from 1508 together with his wife Lucrezia della Rovere (1485–1552), niece of Pope Julius II. In 1515 Colonna gave Frascati its first statute, Statuti e Capituli del Castello di Frascati , under

1098-648: The legend category; there may or may not be elements of truth in them. The tradition is two-fold: Gabii was founded either by the Latin kings of Alba Longa (according to Vergil and Dionysius of Halicarnassus ) and therefore was aboriginal Latin in ethnic descent, or by the Sicels as the Siculi, a substrate population of east Italy expelled by the Italics to Sicily. They became one of the three major indigenous tribes of ancient Sicily, giving their name to it. The legend of

1159-476: The Gabines to stone Antistius to death. Tarquinius Superbus was able to take advantage of the ensuing confusion and bring Gabii into submission without battle. Dionysius of Halicarnassus states that Tarquin was lenient with Gabii, and their subsequent treaty, whose original text was written on a bullock's skin and draped over a wooden shield, was said by Dionysius of Halicarnassus to be still extant in his day in

1220-691: The INFN still has a major particle physics laboratory in the town, the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati . Frascati now also hosts the following laboratories: The OECD 's Frascati Manual , a methodology for research and development statistics, originated from a meeting at the Villa Falconieri in June 1963. Novels and books partly or wholly set in Frascati include: Some operas mention Frascati, including La Frascatana ( L'Enfante de Zamora ), 1774, by Giovanni Paisiello Frascati

1281-518: The Latin cities were founded from Alba Longa and Tullus Hostilius had made a treaty by which Alba was ceded to Rome along with all its colonies, Rome had a legal claim over the Latins, he offered them protection from any chance devastation that should inflict their country and a share in Roman prosperity if they would resume the treaty, which they did. Thenceforward Latin troops fought beside Roman within

SECTION 20

#1732784044625

1342-416: The Latin title Populus antiquae civitas Tusculi . In 1518 a hospital was built, named after St. Sebastiano, in memory of the old basilica destroyed in the 9th century. After Prince Colonna's death in 1522, Lucrezia della Rovere sold Frascati to Pier Luigi Farnese , nephew of Pope Paul III . On May 1, 1527, a Landsknecht company, after having sacked Rome , arrived out of the bordering villages. However,

1403-530: The Mediterranean zone. Approximately 50% of its buildings, including many monuments, villas and houses, were destroyed. One thousand Italians and 150 Germans died in that air strike and in a second air strike on January 22, 1944, the day of the battle of Anzio ( Operation Shingle ). The city was liberated from the Nazi German occupation on June 4, 1944, by the 85th Infantry Division . In 1944–1945

1464-527: The Osa came from "a large marshy plain, extending almost to the Via Labicana ." Passing by Lake Gabino it was connected to the latter by "artificial canals", which were in the process of draining the lake: The water of the lake has been very much lowered by this canal, and more draining is yet in contemplation, although there are already many square miles of uncultivated ground in the vicinity. The draining of

1525-584: The Osa"), north of which was the main necropolis of Gabii. The habitation today has expanded into the center of a frazione . The marshy plain was the last trace of the quasi-legendary lake near which the Battle of Lake Regillus decided whether the Roman Republic would continue or the kings of Rome would be restored by the intervention of the Latin League , to which Gabii belonged. The site of

1586-450: The Roman army. Gabii reneged from the Latin treaty with Rome for unknown reasons. Tarquinius' son, Sextus Tarquinius , went to Gabii, pretending to be in revolt against his father and asking for assistance. He was accepted, and after successfully commanding various military expeditions, he was appointed as the leading general of the army of Gabii. As general, he commanded a number of minor but successful skirmishes against Roman forces, with

1647-420: The Roman temple of Sancus . After the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, Sextus fled to Gabii but was killed by the leaders of the city in revenge for his past actions. Gabii was an ally of Rome after 493 BC. In the late Republican period, the city became depopulated due to the extensive use of the lapis Gabinus quarry, which was just under the archaic city. Cicero mentioned it in the 1st century BC as

1708-468: The Romans for certain ceremonies, the unique role it played for the augurs as seen from the specific term ager Gabinus used by these priests (Varro, Ling. 5,33), and its presence in a Roman formula of devotio . The most conspicuous ruin remaining at the site of Gabii is a temple, generally attributed to Juno , which had six Ionic or Corinthian columns in the front and six on each side, excluding

1769-713: The Younger , mother of Nero . His properties were later confiscated by the Flavian imperial dynasty (69–96 AD). Consul Flavius Clemens lived in the villa with his wife Domitilla during the rule of Domitian . According to the Liber Pontificalis , in the 9th century Frascati was a little village, probably founded two centuries earlier. The name of the city probably comes from a typical local tradition of collecting firewood ("frasche" in Italian)—many place-names around

1830-513: The above are not taken seriously but there is a sober case for a Sicilian and Siculian influence on early Latium. For example, the Cloelii claimed to be from Alba Longa and used the cognomen Siculus . Prisons called lautumia were cut into the sides of the early Capitoline Hill . Syracuse used quarries, called latomiai , for a similar purpose. Most of the similarities can be attributed to an influence on early Rome from Greek Sicily; however,

1891-502: The back. The temple was composed of a single room ( cella ), and it was made of lapis Gabinus , a fire-resistant rock that was found in the quarries around Gabii and that also made its way into some of the buildings of Rome itself. The temple was situated in the middle of a podium, which had a colonnade of Doric columns along the back and extending around the sides. This colonnade stood in front of rooms of unknown function, perhaps multi-functional, for such uses as temple shops. The temple

Gabii - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-437: The battle is still a matter of dispute, which, on the unwarranted assumption that the location of the battle reveals the location of the lake, has extended into a dispute over the location of the lake. To modern topographers the deep lake basin, now kept dry, and the aqueducts that drew water, and still draw water, from its sources leave no doubt that the lake was located in the basin. Lake Regillus varied in size and depth over

2013-572: The case of a Sicul substrate also is possible. Plutarch relates the legend that Romulus and Remus were raised by Faustulus , the servant of Amulius , in Gabii, where they learned everything from literature to the use of Greek weapons. From there they went on to found Rome. The Latin League ( Latini ) was brought under Roman jurisdiction by the last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus . Addressing their council and claiming that, because all

2074-707: The centuries but was certainly between the Via Labicana and the Via Praenestina east of Finocchio and north of Colonna (ancient Labicum ), the last remnant at Pantana Borghese having been drained by the Borghese family in conjunction with the restitution of the first part of the Acqua Alexandrina as the Acqua Felice under Pope Sixtus V in the years 1585–1587. The two roads joined on

2135-742: The city was chosen as the terminus of the Rome–Frascati railway , the first railway to be built by the Papal State . The last section of the railway line was opened in 1884, 14 years after the city became part of the new Kingdom of Italy . On December 17, 1901, Frascati started to receive electricity from a hydroelectric plant in Tivoli . In 1906, an electric tram line opened for service between Frascati, Rome and Castelli Romani . The trams traveled wholly along tracks laid down on existing streets as an interurban electric streetcar ( light rail ). In 1954

2196-508: The community of Lago Regillo has been placed in it near Gabii. Osteria del Finocchio marks the western limit, as it is heavily settled and is on higher ground. Lake Regillus therefore cannot have been in the vicinity of Frascati , regardless of where the battle was fought. Scattered surface pottery has been found from the Middle Bronze Age outside the necropolis located below Castiglione, from which nothing can be deduced concerning

2257-514: The complicity of the Roman king. He sent a message to the king asking what to do next. Receiving the messenger in the garden the king said nothing at all (for which he might have been held liable later) but strolled around lopping off the heads of the tallest poppies with a stick. Sextus took this to be a message to destroy the aristocrats of Gabii including Antistius Petro whom according to legend Sextus accused of plotting with Tarquinius Superbus Sextus' return to Rome dead or alive, thereby provoking

2318-429: The development of social hierarchy in the eighth through sixth centuries BC. The discovery of an important but fragmentary Republican Latin inscription also came in 2009 and was published in 2011. The excavations of the Gabii Project continued in 2010 and 2011, during which time substantial portions of several ancient city blocks were brought to light. Not only is evidence for multi-period infrastructure clearly present, but

2379-596: The discovery of an Archaic building that they identified as a 'regia' in March 2010. In early 2007 the multi-institution Gabii Project, led by Nicola Terrenato of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, was launched. It began its investigations by conducting a large-scale geophysical survey of the former urban center of Gabii. This survey had two prongs: a magnetometry survey and a core-sampling survey including both manual and machine collected cores. The survey data revealed

2440-552: The electric tram line was replaced by buses. Another electric tram service, the Rome and Fiuggi Rail Road , called "Vicinali", was opened for service in 1916. It connected Frascati, Monte Porzio Catone, Monte Compatri and San Cesareo. This tram line was destroyed in 1943 and was replaced by buses. In 1943, during World War II , Frascati was heavily bombed because it contained the German General Headquarters for

2501-640: The first public and free school in Europe was established on the initiative of Saint Joseph Calasanz . On June 18, 1656, a part of the plaster peeled off a wall inside the Church of St. Mary in Vivario, and an ancient fresco became visible. It was the image of Saints Sebastian and Roch , protector from the plague. In that same year there was an epidemic of plague in Rome but Frascati was unaffected. Since that year,

Gabii - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-410: The foundation of Rome and well before the classical city of Gabii. The location of the settlements producing these cemeteries was an issue of some mystery until aerial reconnaissance revealed a string of six "Iron Age hamlets" on the isthmus and more along the ridge to the east. Latial IIA is regarded as pre-urban and IIB as proto-urban; that is, at some time during 830-730 BC the settlements acquired

2623-524: The lake was a project of the Borghese family, which had purchased it in 1614 from the Colonna family. Octavian Blewitt 's handbook was able to report in 1850 (only four years later): The lake was drained a few years ago by prince Borghese, who has converted it from the state of a pestilential marsh into a district of great fertility. Near the river a small inn had been placed, the Osteria dell'Osa ("Inn of

2684-453: The location of several international scientific laboratories. Frascati produces the white wine with the same name . It is also a historical and artistic centre. The most important archeological finding in the area, dating back to Ancient Roman times, during the late Republican Age, is a patrician Roman villa probably belonging to Lucullus . In the first century AD its owner was Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus , who married Agrippina

2745-508: The most serious one in 1826, prompted Popes Leo XII and Gregory XVI , as sovereigns of the Papal States , to undertake construction works to control the flow of the water. This included canalisation of the river upstream from Tivoli, excavation of a tunnel through Monte Catillo, and a diversion of the river around Tivoli. This Lazio location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

2806-402: The mouth of the burial jar (dolium) with a travertine slab, made ovicaprine food offerings, left serpentine fibulae , razors of quadrangular shape and spearheads with sockets for wooden handles. The pottery is decorated. The southern group (30 tombs) used an impasto lid on the burial jars, left serpent-fibulae of a different-style, a razor of lunate shape and one-piece cast spears. The pottery

2867-552: The northern and southern groups from their location within the cemetery, evidence the presence of a male warrior class. At the center of the cluster is a small set of male-only cremation burials, some in hut-urns. Around them is a greater group of inhumations of men, women and children. The richer cremation burials included grave gifts of miniaturized bronze tools and weapons and miniaturized pottery forms. The inhumations lacked weapons. Women were buried with jewelry and spindle-whorls (used in weaving). The northern group (25 tombs) covered

2928-540: The organ of the dedicator. Also found were some votive pedestals inscribed to Fortuna. A pavement was inscribed to Jupiter Jurarius ("of oaths"), indicating possible state functions of the site. There were two other shrines at the location. The subsequent temple to Juno remained in use during the empire, after the town was abandoned. To the east of the temple lay the supposed area of the forum, where excavations were made by Gavin Hamilton in 1792. Hamilton discovered

2989-624: The outskirts of Rome. The Pantana was the low point; from springs on its hillside exuded the water that filled the lake. During the thousand years of the post-classical period a much smaller Rome (totally abandoned at one point under the Goths) had lived on a greatly reduced water supply due to the broken and unrepaired aqueducts. Gabii had kept its lake until the completion of the Acqua Alexandrina in 226 AD. The Romans captured springs or mountain streams for drinking water; they never fed

3050-496: The proceeds from the destructions of Corinth and Carthage in 146 BC. The emperor Nero created three lakes on the river for his villa at Subiaco . The largest of these dams was the highest dam in classical antiquity and remained in use until its destruction by a flood in 1305. Trajan eventually connected the Anio Novus to one of these lakes. A series of floods during the early nineteenth century, especially

3111-635: The remains of urban architecture of the later first millennium BC have also become apparent. The award of a major collaborative research grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities supports the next phase of excavations from 2012 to 2015. Aniene The Aniene ( pronounced [aˈnjɛːne] ; Latin : Aniō ), formerly known as the Teverone , is a 99-kilometer (62 mi) river in Lazio , Italy . It originates in

SECTION 50

#1732784044625

3172-531: The ruins of the buildings were used to fill in a valley, and that land now supports the "8 September Stadium". Frascati is famous for its notable villas , which were built from the 16th century onwards by Popes, cardinals and Roman nobles as "status symbols" of Roman aristocracy. These country houses were designed for social activities rather than farming. The villas are substantially well preserved, or have been carefully and authentically restored following damage during World War II. The main villas are: Frascati

3233-585: The settlement at Gabii. The Late Bronze Age is missing. The Final Bronze Age is represented by minimal Latial I (1000-900 BC) material around the inside of the crater on the southern side, indicating low-density settlement at the water's edge there. Definitive settlement at Gabii is believed to have begun with Latial IIA (900-830 BC) when the cemeteries of Castiglione, some 60 tombs of only IIA, and Osteria del'Osa, over 600 tombs primarily of II and III (900-630 BC), and some of IV (730-580 BC), began. Both of these necropoli are dated entirely before

3294-477: The soldiers changed the direction of their movement next to a niche, a " Rural Aedicule " consecrated to the Virgin Mary, and the town was therefore saved. This event is commemorated by a church now called Capocroce. In 1538, Pope Paul III conferred the title of "Civitas" to Frascati, with the name "Tusculum Novum". In 1598 construction began on a new cathedral dedicated to St. Peter. On September 15, 1616,

3355-486: The town refer to trees or wood. After the destruction of nearby Tusculum in 1191, the town's population increased and the bishopric moved from Tusculum to Frascati. Pope Innocent III endorsed the city as a feudal possession of the basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano , but in the following centuries its territories were ravaged by frequent raids that impoverished it. It was owned by various baronial families, including

3416-627: The two Saints have been co-patron Saints of the city. There are statues of the two saints in the façade of the Cathedral. Between 1713 and 1729, the head from a colossus of Antinous was discovered in the area, and displayed in the Villa Mondragone . In 1757 the Valle theater opened in the centre of the town, and in 1761 the fortress changed to a princely palace under the patronage of Cardinal Henry Stuart , Duke of York. In 1809 Frascati

3477-542: The waters of the marsh into the aqueduct. It led from springs over the Pantana through underground conduits on the south side of the Via Praenestina to the outskirts of Rome, where it was carried on arched conduits above ground into the city. The Acqua Felice had more altitude at this point. By 226 the lake must have receded enough to have left a corridor along the road, as the Romans would not have been able to sink

3538-465: Was annexed to the French Empire , and selected as the capital of the Roman canton. In autumn 1837, there was a plague epidemic in Rome, and 5,000 people left Rome. Frascati was the only city that opened its doors to them. Since then Frascati's flag has been the same as Rome's, yellow and red. In 1840 the "Accademia Tuscolana" was founded in the city by Cardinal-Bishop Ludovico Micara . In 1856

3599-490: Was constructed at a defensible location on an isthmus between two lakes. The isthmus was isolated by streams on either side. The quadrangle so formed contained its own water supply and straddled a major route on the east flank of Rome. It could not, as history demonstrated, be ignored by Rome. The two streams flow north to the Anio river , which flows west into the Tiber river on the north side of Rome. In 1846 Gell reported that

3660-492: Was excavated and published by the Spanish School at Rome in the 1960s and 1970s. The temple was constructed 150-100 BC. A painted inscription ( IVN ) on an antefix identifies it as a temple of Juno. Around the rear of the temple (on the cliff side), which faced and towered above the road, were about 55 pits for planting trees representing a sacred grove. The site began as sacred in the 7th century BC featuring such

3721-450: Was known to the Romans as Aniō ; this is of unknown etymology , but Francisco Villar Liebana has suggested a root * an - that is found in many river names, such as the Ana ( Guadiana ) and Anisus ( Enns ). Plutarch derived the name from a mythical Etruscan king Anius who drowned in the river. The confluence of the Aniene and Tiber was controlled by Antemnae , a Latin settlement on

SECTION 60

#1732784044625
#624375