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57-691: The broader Gabiley District has a total population of 420,430. It has been considered to be the fastest growing population district in Somaliland due to its fertile land. The Gabiley District is inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group. This district is dominated by the Jibril Abokor and Abdalla Abokor sub divisions of the Sa'ad Musa subclan of the Habar Awal Isaaq . The majority of

114-603: A Jidwaaq surprise attack with the Ahmed Abdalla rallying quickly and forcing the raiders to flee. From Till Garaad Abdalla served for several decades and was received by travelling British officials near the southern limit of the protectorate in 1894 concerning expansion by General Ras Makonen on behalf of Menelik II . Garaad Abdalla alongside many other leaders in British Somaliland such as Sultan Deria Hassan and Sheikh Madar were worried about

171-458: A clan-based society states: Since, however, Aw Barkhadle’s precise connection with the rulers of Ifat is not widely known, he appears as an isolated figure, and in comparison with the million or so spears of the Isaaq lineage, a saint deprived of known issue. The striking difference between these two saints is explained in a popular legend, according to which, when Sheikh Isaaq and Aw Barkhadle met,

228-699: A devastating raid by the Abyssinian forces aimed at the burgeoning town Hargeisa and its environs. The Garaad was contacted by Makonen just two years later asking him and the Habr Awal to join the Ethiopian Empire but was rebuffed. Garaad Abdalla was approached by the Sultan of Habr Yunis when they had faced a drought, the Habr Yunis requested access to Habr Awal wells to water. Abdalla granted

285-552: A feud in which each side sought outside help; the defeated Ayyal Ahmed turned to Haji Shirmarke ‘Ali and his Habr Yunis clansmen for support. With this backing, they were then able to re-establish themselves and to expel the Ayyal Yunis who moved to the small roadstead of Bulhar, some miles to the west of Berbera. Not only did the Sa'ad Musa host foreign merchants at their ports, they also conducted trade missions on their own vessels to

342-582: A house, and are accompanied by their own domestics. In the interior, Sa'ad Musa trade caravans (khafilas) were a frequent sight according to contemporary European accounts of the Somali Peninsula: On leaving Hargeisa we travelled for many miles through beautiful park-like land, alive with birds and jungle fowl. We met the usual Somali khafilas [trading caravans] of Habr-Awal men, carrying their skins, gums, ghee, and coffee to our port at Bulhar, situated between Berbera and Zeila. The Somalis from

399-797: A son, Mansur, who is the forefather of the Al Mansur clan in the Al-Jawf region. He then travelled to Yaba where he married and had a son, Yusuf, who is the forefather of the Al Yusuf clan based in Yaba and Ma'rib regions. Sheikh Ishaaq then continued his journey and migrated to Zeila , Somaliland and finally Harar in Ethiopia . Several accounts indicate Shaykh Yusuf al Kownayn and Sheikh Isaaq were known to be contemporaries in Zeila and in contact at

456-627: A whole are a rich people, mainly thanks to the trade passing through the port of Berbera which lies in the territory of the Sa’ad Musa. In this way the tribes occupying the tract of country through which the main caravan or trade routes passed accumulated a good deal of wealth, while those like the Ayal Ahmed, fortunate enough to possess a port so favored by Nature as Berbera, naturally soon became rich. The Habr Awal merchants had extensive trade relations with Arab and Indian merchants from Arabia and

513-684: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sacad Muuse The Sa'ad Musa or Saad Musa ( Somali : Sacad Muuse , Arabic : سعد موسى , Full Name: Saad ibn Musa ibn Zubayr ibn Abd al-Raḥmān ibn ash- Shaykh Isḥāq ibn Aḥmad ) is a northern Somali clan . Its members form a part of the Subeer Awal sub-clan of the Isaaq clan family. The Sa'ad Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists , coastal people, merchants and farmers . The clan inhabits Somaliland , including Maroodi Jeex , Awdal and Sahil as well as Djibouti ,

570-737: Is cited in accounts of previous conflicts. According to genealogical books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 13th or 14th century with the arrival Sheikh Ishaaq from Arabia in Maydh . He settled in the coastal town of Maydh in modern-day northeastern Somaliland , where he married into the local Magaadle clan. There are also numerous existing hagiologies in Arabic which describe Sheikh Ishaaq's travels, works and overall life in modern Somaliland, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival. Besides historical sources, one of

627-480: Is illustrated in the following ethnic structure. A. Habr Magaadle B. Habr Habuusheed There is clear agreement on the tribe and sub-tribe structures that has not changed for a long time. The oldest recorded genealogy of a Somali in Western literature was by Sir Richard Burton in the mid–19th century regarding his Isaaq (Habr Yunis) host and the governor of Zeila , Sharmarke Ali Saleh . The following listing

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684-523: Is in Maydh , and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages. Sheikh Ishaaq's mawlid (birthday) is also celebrated every Thursday with a public reading of his manaaqib (a collection of glorious deeds). His siyaara or pilgrimage is performed annually both within Somaliland and in the diaspora particularly in the Middle East among Isaaq expatriates. The tomb was kept by the family of Somali artist Abdullahi Qarshe . Murray in his book The Journal of

741-613: Is regarded the Sayyid forefather of the Isaaq clan-family in the Horn of Africa , whose traditional territory is wide and densely populated. Sheikh Ishaaq traveled from Arabia to Somaliland in the 10th or 11th century, where he married two women; one from the local Dir clan and the other from the neighbouring Harari people. He sired eight sons who are the common ancestors of the Isaaq clan-family. He remained in Maydh until his death. He

798-469: Is said to have settled in what is today the Erigavo District , and to have established his capital at Maydh . Traditional hagiologies of the Isaaq clan describe how Sheikh Isaaq first made a series of travels through Arabia , before sailing to the ancient Somali port of Zeila and continuing his travels through Somaliland and some regions of Ethiopia , finally settling in Maydh . After

855-679: Is taken from the World Bank 's Conflict in Somaliland: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somaliland Assessment 2001 . One tradition maintains that Sheikh Ishaaq had twin sons: Muhammad (Arap), and Ismail (Garhajis). In addition, Sheikh Ishaaq had four additional sons in Yemen (Dir'an, Shareef, Yusuf and Mansur) whose descendants inhabit parts of northern Yemen , including

912-1419: Is the following; Ash-Shaykh Ishaaq bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Husayn bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Hamza al-Muttahar bin Abdallah bin Ayyub bin Qasim bin Ahmad bin Ali bin Isa bin Yahya bin Ja’far bin Ali al-Hadi bin Muhammad al-Jawad bin Ali al-Ridha bin Musa al-Kadhim bin Ja'far al-Sadiq bin Muhammad al-Baqir bin Ali Zayn Al-Abidin bin Husayn bin Ali bin Abi Talib . In the Isaaq ethnic group are divided into two uterine divisions, as shown in

969-596: The Battle of Berbera 1827 would break out. After the Habr Awal defeat, 15,000 Spanish dollars was to be paid by the Habr Awal leaders for the destruction of the ship and loss of life. The Isaaq Sultan Farah Guled and Haji Ali penned a letter to Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah requesting military assistance and joint religious war against the British. This would not materialize as Sultan Saqr

1026-714: The Ethiopian-Adal war as the Habr Magaadle along with the Garhajis , Arap and Ayub clans against the Ethiopian Empire , and also for producing a historical figure known as Ahmad Gurey bin Husain who was the righthand partner of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi and a chieftain for the Habr Magaadle forces during the Ethiopian–Adal war. The Sa'ad Musa have a rich mercantile history largely due to their possession of

1083-751: The Fafan Zone . The Sa'ad Musa also have a large settlement in Kenya where they are known as a constituent segment of the Isahakia community. Finally they have a large presence in Djibouti as well, forming a large percentage of the Somali population in Djibouti and within Djibouti they have historically settled in Quartier 3, which is one of the 7 major districts in Djibouti. Sheikh Ishaaq ibn Ahmed

1140-705: The Habar Awal , is located in Jidali in Sanaag . The town is about 100 km east of the tomb of his grandfather Sheikh Ishaaq Bin Ahmed, the founding father of the Isaaq clan family, whose tomb is located in the coastal town of Maydh . Historically as part of the Habr Awal clan the Sa'ad Musa were part of the Adal Sultanate and are mentioned in the renowned "Futuh Al-Habash" for their major contributions in

1197-592: The Indian subcontinent respectively. When these foreign traders arrived in Berbera and Bulhar to conduct trade, there was a mutually beneficial arrangement based on the abban (protection) system between them and the local Reer Yunis Nuh (Ayyal Yunis) and Ahmed Nuh (Ayyal Ahmed) lineages of the Sa’ad Musa: Before this, and prior to the British settlement at Aden in 1839, the Ayyal Yunis and Ayyal Ahmed lineages of

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1254-589: The Khawlan district and the Ma'rib governorate. In one exemplified folklore tale, Sheikh Ishaaq's three eldest sons split their father's inheritance among themselves. Garhajis receives his imama , a symbol of leadership; Awal receives the sheikh's wealth; and Ahmed (Tolja'ele) inherits his sword. The story is intended to depict the Garhajis' alleged proclivity for politics, the Habr Awal's mercantile prowess, and

1311-630: The Persian Gulf to regularly attend trade fairs in the large ports of Berbera and Zeila and were very familiar with the Saad Muuse. The Sa'ad Musa have a long tradition of leadership and are led by a Sultan from the Ahmed Abdalla branch - a numerous subclan of Saad Musa that mainly reside in Ethiopia . The Sa'ad Mus are the traditional holders of the Habr Awal Sultanate since the 18th century. Historically preferring to use

1368-720: The Somali Region of Ethiopia , Kenya and Tanzania . The Sa'ad Musa clan make up a significant percentage of the population in Maroodi Jeex region, which is considered the most populous region in Somaliland , forming a sizeable majority of the population in the national capital Hargeisa as well as exclusively dominating the agricultural towns and settlements of Gabiley , Wajaale , Arabsiyo , Kalabaydh , Agabar , El Bardale , Faraweyne , and Allaybaday .The Sa'ad Musa are also prevalent in western Sahil region in

1425-465: The Arabian ports. The majority of the Somali merchants who frequented Aden and other Southern Arabian ports hailed from the Sa'ad Musa clan. They procured various raw goods from Harar and the interior in exchange for manufactured goods. During their stay, the Sa'ad Musa rented their own houses and hired their own servants, whereas other Somali clans tended to stay with relatives already established across

1482-561: The Gulf. Merchants. — These are generally members of the Sa'ad Musa tribe. They bring from Harrar and the Galla country, coffee, saffron (bastard), tusks (ivory), and feathers, taking away in return zinc, brass, broad cloth, and piece goods. They remain in Aden for about twenty days at a time during the trading season, which lasts about nine months,' making four trips. During their residence they hire

1539-412: The Habr Awal clan had held Berbera and jointly managed its trade, sharing in the profits on all commercial transactions as ‘protectors’ (abans) of foreign merchants from Arabia and India. When under the stimulus of developments at Aden the port's prosperity markedly increased, the numerically dominant Ayyal Yunis drove out their rival kinsmen and declared themselves commercial masters of Berbera. This led to

1596-461: The Habr Je'lo's bellicosity. To strengthen these tribal stereotypes, historical anecdotes have been used: The Habar Yonis allegedly dominated positions as interpreters for the British during the colonial period, and thus acquired pretensions to intellectual and political superiority; Habr Awal dominance of the trade via Djibouti and Berbera is practically uncontested; and Habr Je’lo military prowess

1653-491: The Royal Geographical Society notes that many men from the western Isaaq clans would travel to Maydh to spend the last years of their lives in hopes of being buried near Sheikh Ishaaq. The book states: The stranger is at once struck with the magnitude of the burial-ground at Meyet, which extends for fully a mile each way. Attachment to the memory of their forefather Isaakh yet induces many aged men of

1710-545: The coastal settlements between Ceel-Sheekh and Bulhar . The Sa'ad Musa also inhabit Northeastern region of Awdal Outside of Somaliland, the Sa'ad Musa also have large settlements in the Somali Region of Ethiopia , specifically in Fafan Zone where they respectively make up the majority in Harshin , Hart Sheik , and Wajaale (Ethiopian Side) towns. They also settle in the Kebri Beyah and Jigjiga woredas in

1767-589: The common ancestors of the subtribes of the Isaaq ethnic group. He remained in Maydh until his death. Most Arabic hagiologies are in agreement when it comes to the lineage of Sheikh Ishaaq, tracing his lineage to Ali bin Abi Talib , the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The lineage attributed to Sheikh Ishaaq by two Arabic hagiologies, and which is covered by Alessandro Gori in Studi sulla letteratura agiografica islamica somala in lingua araba ,

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1824-604: The death of Sheikh Ishaaq's grandfather he went on a series of migrations in order to study further and preach Islam . He first preached in Mecca and then travelled to Egypt, and hence to Eritrea and Zeila. He then later settled in the area of Saba' in modern-day Yemen where he married the sister of the king of the Al Haqar clan. Sheikh Ishaaq later settled in the Al-Jawf region in northern Yemen where he married once again and had

1881-405: The deep interior, principally those from the Ogaden , also gained most of their resources from the Sa'ad Musa merchants who they called "iidoor", an enviable pejorative meaning merchant or trader, a reference to the mercantile nature of the Sa'ad Musa traders at the time. The coastal Sa'ad Musa (mainly of the Reer Ahmed Nuh sub-division) regularly acted as brokers/middlemen for the Somali clans of

1938-433: The genealogy. The first division is between those lineages descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Harari woman – the Habr Habusheed – and those descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Somali woman of the Magaadle sub-tribe of the Dir – the Habr Magaadle. Indeed, most of the largest tribes of the Isaaq ethnic group are in fact uterine alliances hence the matronymic "Habr" which in archaic Somali means "mother". This

1995-524: The genealogy. The first division is between those lineages descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Harari woman – the Habr Habuusheed – and those descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Somali woman of the Magaadle sub-clan of the Dir – the Habr Magaadle. A summarized clan family tree of major Sa'ad Musa subclans is presented below. Cali Jibril ..Cisman Cali .. Aboker Cali 4 @@Abdikariim Abokor (ugaadh Abokar) Siciid ugaadh The Sacad Muuse have produced many of

2052-405: The interior who wished to take their goods to the ports of Berbera and Bulhar : The custom is for the Ayal Achmet (Berbera tribe) to act as brokers, and too often most of the profits stick to the hands of the middleman. Till lately no Ogadayn ever went to the coast, but entrusted the goods to coast traders. When a British vessel named the Mary Anne attempted to dock in Berbera's port in 1825 it

2109-441: The issue with the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Alan Lennox-Boyd. They told Lennox-Boyd about the 1885 Anglo-Somali treaties. Under the agreements, Michael Mariano stated, the British Government 'undertook never to cede, sell, mortgage or otherwise give for occupation, save to the British Government, any portion of the territory inhabited by them or being under their control'. But now the Somali people 'have heard that their land

2166-444: The latter prophesied that Isaaq would be blessed by God with many children. He, however, would not have descendants, but Isaaq’s issue would pay him respect and siyaaro (voluntary offerings). So it is, one is told, that every year the Isaaq tribesmen gather at Aw Barkhadle’s shrine to make offerings in his name. After studying and proselytizing in Harar he then undertook the pilgrimage to Makkah, came back to Somaliland and went along

2223-410: The major Somali port of Berbera , which was the chief port and settlement of the wider Habr Awal clan during the early modern period. The clan had strong ties to the Emirate of Harar and Emirs would hold Habr Awal merchants in their court with high esteem with Richard Burton noting their influence in Emir Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr 's court and discussions with the Vizier Mohammed. The Sa'ad Musa as

2280-441: The man who reprimanded him and war almost broke out at this action. A wise Habr Awal bard from Bulhar named Aami stood and recited a gabay The parties were moved by his words and mediated their dispute. Garaad Abdalla gave the hand of one of his daughters to the poet as a reward for his efforts. Following Abdalla's death, his eldest son Askar succeeded him as Garaad. Askar was a skilled horseman and fought in offensive with

2337-413: The more recent printed biographies of Sheikh Ishaaq is the Amjaad of Sheikh Husseen bin Ahmed Darwiish al-Isaaqi as-Soomaali, which was printed in Aden in 1955. His descendants would later on form two powerful sultanates that would later on dominate the northern coastline of the Horn of Africa during the early modern era; the Isaaq sultanate and the Habr Yunis sultanate. Sheikh Ishaaq's tomb

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2394-413: The most prominent Somali politicians, poets, and businessmen in history. Ishaaq bin Ahmed Ishaaq bin Ahmed bin Muhammad , more commonly known as Sheikh Ishaaq or Sheikh Isaaq ( Arabic : الشيخ إسحاق بن أحمد بن محمد , romanized :  Ash-Shaykh Isḥāq bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad , Somali : Sheekh Isxaaq ) was an Islamic scholar that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa. He

2451-456: The native term Garad like the Warsangeli , both clans have since changed the name of the title to Suldaan although the role is identical. Habr Awal Garaads would rally men in times of war and settle large disputes with other clans filling the role as the ultimate peacemaker ( nabadoon ). The first Garaad Biniin was crowned around a similar time as the first Habr Yunis Sultan Diriiye Ainasha , with both of these large subclans breaking from

2508-688: The people in the district have been settled there for the last 300 years. There are more major and minor towns in Gabiley district than anywhere else in Somaliland. Major towns: Minor towns: The majority of Somaliland food production is found in this region, making up to 85% of Somaliland food sources. It grows apples, oranges, bananas, crops, corn, maize, wheat, barley, beans, lemon, peas, groundnuts, potatoes, tomatoes, onions, garlic, cabbages, carrots, watermelons, papayas, and many other types of fruits and vegetables. 9°42′01″N 43°37′28″E  /  9.7003°N 43.6244°E  / 9.7003; 43.6244 This Somaliland location article

2565-431: The request but some members of his clan thought he was too generous and helping the Habr Yunis at the expense of the wellbeing of their own stock. Chief amongst these people was his 15 year old Askar. When some of the Habr Yunis party came to water, Askar stepped in between the well and the men barring them access. He was reprimanded for his foolishness and told to step aside and obey his father's wishes. Enraged Askar stabbed

2622-602: The return of the territories both in Somaliland and abroad. In March 1955, for instance, a delegation consisting of Michael Mariano, Abokor Haji Farah and Abdi Dahir went to Mogadisho to win the support and co-operation of the nationalist groups in Somalia. And in February and May 1955 another delegation consisting of two traditional Sultans ( Sultan Abdillahi Sultan Deria , and Sultan Abdulrahman Sultan Deria), and two Western-educated moderate politicians ( Michael Mariano , Abdirahman Ali Mohamed Dubeh) visited London and New York. During their tour of London, they formally met and discussed

2679-457: The same time. According to a popular legend, Shaykh Yusuf al Kownayn, known locally as Aw-Barkhadle, upon meeting Sheikh Ishaaq prophesied that Sheikh Ishaaq would be blessed by Allah with many children while Shaykh Yusuf would not have descendants. According to the prophecy the descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq would also visit Aw-Barkhadle's grave and pay respect and perform siyaaro , or pilgrimage to his tomb. Saints and Somalis: popular Islam in

2736-427: The shore eastward to the coastal town of Maydh in eastern Somaliland , where he converted the pagan peoples to Islam. He later settled in the town aged 60, where he married two women; one of the Magaadle Dir tribe called Magaado, and a Harari woman called Hanifa, the daughter of a Harari emir, with descendants belonging to the Habar Magaadle or Habar Habusheed branches respectively. He sired eight sons who are

2793-399: The southern sections of the clan against the Dervish who had begun raiding Habr Awal and other clans in the region. Sheikh Madar rallied the northern sections of the Habr Awal who unlike the Ahmed Abdalla and a few others, did reside mainly inside the borders of British Somaliland . Following Askar's death his younger brother Deria took the mantle of Garaad and unlike his brother and father

2850-429: The tutelage of the Eidagale who were the wider leaders of the Isaaq Sultanate . Following his death, the Habr Awal did not crown a new Garaad for several years as Biniin's heirs were too young, with Garaad Abdalla being crowned to succeed his father when he came of age. Fighting in the southern limits of Habr Awal territory to protect the clan against its enemies and fighting off raids. In one incident he narrowly avoided

2907-479: Was a 'great shock to the Somali people' since they had not been told about the negotiations, and since the British Government had been administering the area since 1941. The delegates requested, as Sultan Abdulrahman put it, the postponement of the implementation of the agreement to 'grant the delegation time to put up their case' in Parliament and in international organizations. In the Isaaq clan-family, component clans are divided into two uterine divisions, as shown in

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2964-401: Was attacked and multiple members of the crew were massacred by the Habr Awal, including the Sa'ad Musa. In response the Royal Navy enforced a blockade and some accounts narrate a bombardment of the city. In 1827 two years later the British arrived and extended an offer to relieve the blockade which had halted Berbera's lucrative trade in exchange for indemnity. Following this initial suggestion

3021-402: Was being given to Ethiopia under an Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897'. That treaty, however, was 'in conflict' with the Anglo-Somali treaties 'which took precedence in time' over the 1897 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty[.] The British Government had 'exceeded its powers when it concluded the 1897 Treaty and ... the 1897 Treaty was not binding on the tribes.' Sultan Abdillahi also added that the 1954 agreement

3078-429: Was incapacitated by prior Persian Gulf campaign of 1819 and was unable to send aid to Berbera. Alongside their stronghold in the Persian Gulf & Gulf of Oman the Qasimi were very active both militarily and economically in the Gulf of Aden and were given to plunder and attack ships as far west as the Mocha on the Red Sea . They had numerous commercial ties with the Somalis , leading vessels from Ras Al Khaimah and

3135-462: Was more focused on the concerns of the Habr Awal community as a period of relative peace had set in following the defeat of the Dervishes, decreasing the need for fighting. Diriiye was faced with a parallel challenger to his role as Garaad and the Habr Awal rallied behind him and rebuffed the pretender. With Deria's eventual death, his son Abdulrahman was crowned and the first Habr Awal leader to style himself as 'Sultan' rather than Garaad. Abdulrahman

3192-412: Was one of the Hashemite scholars that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa to spread Islam around 12th to 13th century. Sheikh Isxaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons, one of them being Abdulrahman (Awal). The descendants of those eight sons constitute the Isaaq clan-family. The grave of Zubeyr Awal, the eponymous ancestor of the Sa'ad Musa and Issa Musa of

3249-579: Was very much like his father however was much more active in protectorate affairs. In the year 1955, Sultan Abdulrahman Deria was a member of a four delegation team of politicians and Sultans to London , United Kingdom . Their goal was to petition and pressure the British Government in returning lost treaty territory known as the 'Haud Reserve Area' ceded to Ethiopian Empire during the Anglo Ethiopian treaty of 1954. In Imperial Policies and Nationalism in The Decolonization of Somaliland, 1954-1960 , Historian Jama Mohamed writes: The N.U.F. campaigned for

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