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94-499: José Luis Gabriel Terra Leivas (August 1, 1873 – September 15, 1942) was a Uruguayan lawyer and statesman who served as the 26th constitutional president of Uruguay from 1931 to 1933 and as dictator until 1938. He led a traditionalist and corporatist regime known as the March dictatorship , because the self-coup that he led took place on March 31, 1934. While in power, Terra promoted the 1934 Constitution , which after being approved by

188-675: A National Constituent Assembly ( Assemblée nationale constituante ) was formed when representatives assembled at the only location available – a tennis court – and swore the Tennis Court Oath on June 20, 1789, promising that they would not adjourn until they had drafted a new constitution for France. Louis XVI recognized the validity of the National Constituent Assembly on June 27, 1789. See also 1848 French Constituent Assembly election . Parlamentarischer Rat (Parliamentary Council) (1948) – Drafted

282-630: A cerebrovascular accident and was left paralytic until his death on 15 September 1942. He died in poverty, left no economic inheritance, nor political-partisan inheritance, and his name is synonymous with repudiation in Uruguay . On 1 March 1931, he assumed the Presidency of the Republic for the period 1931-1935. He opposed the Constitution of 1918 from the beginning, claiming that it

376-528: A runoff is held between the top two candidates. In this case, the candidate who obtains a plurality in the runoff wins the election. According to Article 168 of the Constitution, the president, acting with the respective minister or ministers, or the Council of Ministers, includes, is assigned: Article 153 of the Constitution establishes that in the event of absence, resignation, cessation, or death of

470-449: A stroke that same year, causing him to remain paralytic for four years until his death in 1942. Terra died in poverty, passing away in an armchair on the early morning of 15 September 1942. At his funeral he received the corresponding state honors , and the country entered a mourning period. His remains were accompanied by hundreds of thousands of people along the procession. However, due to his presidency beng very controversial, his coffin

564-578: A Constituent Congress was formed with the participation of the States and it enacted the 1824 Constitution . Many disputes aroused between federalists and centralists, which resulted in political instability and in 1836 the Siete Leyes (Seven Laws) were enacted. The Siete Leyes dissolved the federation and created a unitary republic, but that ended in 1846 when the Constitutive and Reforms Act

658-528: A bill providing for the creation of a National Cooperative Institute. This formed, according to one study, "a type of consumer cooperative under public law, limited to State officials and supported by the Bank of the Republic." The scope of the initiative was expanded by the National Council of Administration to cover all the inhabitants of the Republic, and although it was sanctioned with modifications by

752-419: A constitution. As described by Columbia University Social Sciences Professor Jon Elster : "Constitutions arise in a number of different ways. At the non-democratic extreme of the spectrum , we may imagine a sovereign lawgiver laying down the constitution for all later generations. At the democratic extreme , we may imagine a constituent assembly elected by universal suffrage for the sole task of writing

846-475: A merchant, call himself a rancher and does not know how to distribute part of that wealth among those who suffer. I respect the one who works and progresses, the one who with his honest effort is reciprocated by material power, but not respect to those who do not know how to obey feelings of human solidarity" [1] . He was the Uruguayan President who held office for the longest uninterrupted time,

940-550: A miracle by the Virgin Mary, with the protagonists submitting to the higher authority of Heaven. The movie has been used by some modern feminists as a symbol of female progress, but its origins in authoritarianism make it a controversial film. The Official Service of Electrical Radio Broadcasting, the national broadcasting service, became part of the Ministry of Education and Culture, which began to use to "spread and conserve"

1034-401: A new constitution and passed it unanimously with 25 votes and no abstentions. On 20 October 2012 the parliament put the bill to a national referendum, in which 67% of the voters supported the bill. Further, 67% of the voters supported equal voting rights (one person, one vote) and 83% supported national ownership of natural resources, two key provisions of the bill. Parliament has failed to ratify

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1128-470: A new constitution for Sri Lanka . Constituent Assembly of Turkey was established in 1961 after the 1960 Turkish coup d'état to prepare a democratic constitution . The constitution was prepared and approved by the voters in a referendum of 1961. The U.S. Constitutional Convention drafted the still-current United States Constitution in 1787. Its delegates were appointed by the states, not directly elected, and not all states sent delegates; moreover,

1222-433: A new constitution. And there are all sorts of intermediate arrangements." Australia held four constitutional conventions, one each in 1891, 1897, 1973, and 1998 . The Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh was the first and, to date, the only constitution-making body of Bangladesh, convened in 1972 by the government of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman following the country's independence. It comprised representatives elected in

1316-549: A single year more than 1,500,000 meals in Montevideo and more than 2,000,000 in other parts of Uruguay." Certain pension and unemployment benefits were extended to additional groups, while a decree was issued which authorized the National Board of Fuel, Alcohol, and Portland Cement to provide its staff with family allowances from July 1938 onwards. In 1933, the government established the gratuity of school canteens of

1410-695: A situation that led to the dissolution of Congress by Iturbide on October 31, 1822, without a formal Constitution being enacted. After the dissolution of Congress, Iturbide created the National Instituent Junta , which enacted the Provisional Political Bylaws of the Mexican Empire on December 18, 1822. The dissolution of Congress had resulted in an armed revolution under the Plan de Casa Mata , which called for

1504-415: A spontaneous congregation of workers to honor him in front of his house, in his last public speech to a popular crowd, he said: "(...) since the first public days I have always been on the side of the underdog, on the side of the worker and the employee, who is also a worker. And I have shown throughout my public life, that if there is something What disgusts me is the man who accumulates wealth, call himself

1598-585: A technical commission was established to plan the construction of the even bigger Salto Grande dam , and laid the groundwork for the construction of other hydroelectric projects, such as the Baygorria dam and the Palmar dam. These projects turned the country into the first modern nation to achieve total energetic self-sufficiency. In 1937 the government inaugurated the De La Teja refinery, in collaboration with

1692-642: Is granted 12 months to draft a new constitution, which has to be ratified by referendum once written, with compulsory voting . Immediately after the 1948 Costa Rican Civil War that overthrew the Rafael Angel Calderón Government, the leaders of the victorious side called for the election of a Constituent Assembly in the same year. The Assembly successfully drafted and approved the current Costa Rican Constitution. The Danish Constituent Assembly ( Danish : Den Grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling ; lit. The Constitution giving Assembly of

1786-698: Is known as Constitution Day in Denmark. The European Convention (2001) drafted the Constitution for Europe for approval by the European Council and ratification by the member states . This constitution was abandoned after being rejected in French and Dutch referendums , and was replaced by the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007. During the French Revolution (from July 1789 to September 1791)

1880-698: Is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Uruguay . The rights and powers of the presidency are determined in the Constitution of the Republic . Along with the Secretariat of the Presidency, the Council of Ministers and the director of the Office of Planning and Budget , the President is part of the executive branch . In case of absence, their office is exercised by the vice president . In turn,

1974-541: Is to fortify the credit institutions, which, like the Banco de la República, carry to all areas of the country the free loan (without interest)." The financial system was reformed through the approval of the "Revaluation Law", where the issuance of credit and the commercial activity of the banking was 100% monopolized by the "Issuance Department" created in 1935, based on article 51 of the 1934 Constitution ("All types of usury are prohibited"). On 14 April 1933, debt collection

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2068-721: The Basic Law of the Federal Republic for ratification by the Länder . This council was not recognized as legitimate by Soviet-occupied East Germany , which drafted its own constitution in 1949 and would not accept the Basic Law until German reunification in 1990. On 27 November 2010, Iceland held an election for a constitutional assembly , with 522 people competing for 25 delegate seats. The assembly, in session for four months from early April until late July 2011, drafted

2162-657: The Colonia Department , 208 kilometers from Montevideo , is the result of the legacy of the aristocrat Aarón de Anchorena who gave about 1,369 hectares of his estate to the Uruguayan State. The mansion combines the Norman and Tudor styles. The president also has the use of a mansion in Punta del Este , which is called "Woodland’s," and serves as a vacation residence. It was donated to the Uruguayan State by

2256-753: The Constituent Assembly in 1917, Minister to the President Baltasar Brum and member of the National Board of Directors . He was an expert in economic and diplomatic issues, areas in which he advised all the Uruguayan governments between 1900 and 1938, he was a member of the Colorado Party , although many times independent of the dominant positions of its leader, José Batlle y Ordóñez . In 1920. Terra presented

2350-459: The Hellenic ideal of human perfection". Other images shown include a group of 8 to 12 year old children, washing their teeth and smiling, "proving the health of the Uruguayan youth", thanks to the policies of the dictatorship. The text concludes with a statement exalting the "profound pride of the improvement of the race", attainable through "social equilibrium, order and discipline", guaranteed by

2444-484: The Ministry of Education and Culture in all public primary schools in the country. The 1920's saw the appearance of a national amateur film industry. The dictatorship established two laboratories and three film studios under financing of the newly created Ministry of Education and Culture, which between 1933 and 1938 produced four films. The contents of the films produced by these state-backed studios aimed to legitimize

2538-492: The National Board of Directors . He was affiliated to the Colorado Party , although he was often independent of the dominant positions of its leader, José Batlle y Ordóñez . Terra was an expert in economic and diplomatic issues, areas in which he advised all Uruguayan governments between 1904 and 1938. Graduated as a lawyer in 1895, he was deputy minister to the President Claudio Williman , member of

2632-841: The Polish-Russian War of 1792 and the Third Partition of Poland . The Philippines has had several conventions: The Russian Constituent Assembly was established in Russia in the wake of the October Revolution of 1917 to form a new constitution after the overthrow of the Russian Provisional Government . The Sri Lankan Parliament approved the creation of a Sri Lanka Constitutional Assembly on March 9, 2016, proposed by Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe . The assembly will draft

2726-622: The United Kingdom , New Zealand and Israel are examples. In these countries there is no need to call constituent assemblies, and no provision to do so, as the legislature can effectively modify the constitution. Although it lacks a written constitution, the United Kingdom has had several conventions at the subnational level including: The constitution of New Zealand consists of a collection of statutes (Acts of Parliament), Treaties, Orders-in-Council, Letters Patent, decisions of

2820-558: The external debt of Uruguay, which was in excess of 61,000,000 pesos incurred since the Great War in the 19th century, until 1933. Taxes were reduced, and all taxes on those who earned less than 100 pesos per month were abolished. Between 1934 and 1938 the administration saw significant surpluses , such as 9.65% in 1935. The value of the national currency was set by law. By 1937, the "Foreign Currency Fund" accrued over 30,000,000 pesos in foreign currencies, which were used to pay off

2914-482: The interim government of Bangladesh is mulling over convening a new constituent assembly to draft a new inclusive democratic constitution, ensuring the inviolability of human dignity. As of May 2021 Chile is the most recently elected constitutional assembly. The 155 members of this assembly were elected between 15 and 16 May 2021 . The assembly has gender parity (50% females and 50% males) and has 17 seats reserved for people belonging to indigenous peoples. The assembly

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3008-482: The Argentine businessman Mauricio Litman. Constituent Assembly Unlike forms of constitution-making in which a constitution is unilaterally imposed by a sovereign lawmaker, the constituent assembly creates a constitution through "internally imposed" actions, in that members of the constituent assembly are themselves citizens, but not necessarily the political leaders, of the country for which they are creating

3102-599: The Congress enacted the Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America ( Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana ), known as the Constitution of Apatzingán . The 1814 Constitution entered into force in the territories dominated by the insurgents, but as the war continued and the first insurgent leaders (like Morelos) were defeated, it was largely forgotten. After independence

3196-529: The Constituent Assembly started functioning as India's Parliament. Dr.B. R. Ambedkar drafted the Constitution of India in conjunction with the requisite deliberations and debates in the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly approved the Constitution on November 26, 1949 (celebrated as Constitution Day ), and it took effect on January 26, 1950 — a day now commemorated as Republic Day in India. Once

3290-627: The Constitution took effect, the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India. The Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia was established to draw up a permanent constitution. Its membership was elected in November 1955, and it met for the first time in November 1956. After four sessions, it failed to agree on the fundamental basis for the state. It was dissolved in 1959, and the original constitution imposed by presidential decree.(OTP) The Constituent Assembly of Italy

3384-565: The Courts and unwritten constitutional conventions. Because it is not supreme law, the constitution is comparatively easy to reform, requiring only a majority of Members of Parliament to amend it. The constitutional law of Israel is determined by the Knesset which, since 1949, serves as the country's ongoing constituent assembly. The Knesset has the power to create Basic Laws of Israel , laws which are entrenched legislation and will become part of

3478-665: The House of Representatives the initiative was detained in the Senate without ever obtaining approval. He was a pioneer in promoting the development of hydroelectric energy and the use of hydrogen as fuel. His candidacy for the presidency in 1930 was opposed to the Luis Alberto de Herrera , leader of the National Party who obtained 47.26% of the votes cast, compared to 52.02% in favor of Terra. On 13 February 1938, during

3572-608: The Interior from 1919 to 1921, member of the National Council of Administration from 1926 to 1929. He was Constitutional President between 1931 and 1933, but became a de facto president from March 1933 to May 1934 after launching a self-coup. However, he once again became a de jure Constitutional President until June 1938. Terra was president of the Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay in 1938. However, he suffered

3666-609: The Peace at the end of the 1890's and he was professor at the Higher School of Commerce (known since 1935 as the Faculty of Economic Sciences and Administration ) from 1901. He was a national deputy from 1903 to 1907, minister of Industry, Labor and Public Instruction from 1907 to 1911. He founded the industrial oxygen production company CINOCA in 1908 and was a member of the National Constituent Assembly of 1917, Minister of

3760-484: The President and Vice President, the Presidency of the Republic shall be assumed by the first titular Senator of the list most voted for of the political party by which they were elected. The Suárez Residence in Montevideo is the official residence of the president. The site was acquired by Adelina Lerena de Fein at auction, and the construction of a three-storey house by the young architect Juan María Aubriot ,

3854-849: The Public Health System was established by the decree-law 9,202, whose founding charter remains in validity to this day. During the same year, works on the Dr. Manuel Quintela Clinical Hospital started. Said building of more than 111,000 m in area became the largest hospital in the Americas and one of the largest and most modern in the world, and became a symbol for the country's advanced public health system. Other significant medical establishments built during this period include hospitals in Dolores, Rocha, San José and in Cardona, with expansions to

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3948-693: The Realm ) of 1848 established the Constitution of Denmark in 1849 ( Danish : Danmarks Riges Grundlov ; lit. The Constitutional Act of the Realm of Denmark ) and formalized the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy . The assembly consisted of members of which 114 were directly elected in October 1848, 38 were appointed by the king and the rest were government ministers. The constituent assembly met at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen and first met on 23 October 1848. The assembly

4042-542: The State. President of Uruguay The president of Uruguay ( Spanish : presidente del Uruguay ), officially known as the president of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( presidente de la República Oriental del Uruguay ), is the head of state and head of government of Uruguay . The president presides over the Council of Ministers , directing the executive branch of the national government , and

4136-501: The bill, however, inviting accusations that the political class is trying to thwart the will of the people by disrespecting the result of the 2012 constitutional referendum. In Ireland , the government elected in March 2011 has committed to establishing constitutional amendments on six specified issues and others it may consider; the government has separately promised amendments on five other issues. The Constituent Assembly of India

4230-481: The child of the 36th president, Luis Alberto Lacalle . The Constitution amendment establishes the requirements for becoming president. Article 151 establishes that the president must be a natural-born citizen of the country, or have been born to an Uruguayan citizen if born abroad. The president must also be at least 35 years old and be registered in the National Civic Registry. According to

4324-761: The church and Mexican conservatives, and the Plan de Tacubaya called for its derogation. This events led to the Reform War , which the liberals won, then restoring the 1857 Constitution and adding to it the Reform Laws . After the Porfiriato , and whilst the Mexican Revolution was still being fought, President Venustiano Carranza formed a Constituent Congress, which met in Querétaro and enacted

4418-760: The citizens through a nationwide referendum , officially abolished the collegiate executive established in 1917 and guaranteed rights such as gender equality and women's suffrage, as well as the legalization of homosexuality. In 1938, he became president of the state-owned Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay . That same year, he left the position due to a stroke , remaining paralyzed for four years until his death in near-extreme poverty on September 15, 1942. Born in Montevideo , Gabriel Terra spent part of his childhood and adolescence on his father's ( José Ladislao Terra ) farm and studied Law at UDELAR while also specializing in economic and financial science , graduating in 1895. He practiced as lawyer and Justice of

4512-407: The controversies and opposition, Sheikh Mujib's uncompromising leadership enabled the Constituent Assembly to draft and enact the Constitution in less than a year. However, from the time of its drafting until today, the constitution has been often labelled as "fascist" and criticized for fostering autocracy and failing to adequately safeguard human rights. In the aftermath of 2024 mass uprising ,

4606-465: The convention was originally charged with drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation rather than a new constitution. The US Constitution contains no provision for its own replacement (and because of the presence of entrenched clauses it cannot be revoked through an amendment). Article V of the Constitution does permit Congress to appoint a national constitutional convention to propose amendments but it has never done so. While Congress has

4700-425: The creation of wealth participate in the benefits kept by the businessman, be it the State or a private agent [...].» An Act of 22 June 1931, as noted by one study, "prescribes Sunday closing for chemists' shops, with the exception of those opening on special duty from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. Provision is also made for night work." A number of other reforms affecting working conditions were carried out. On January 11, 1934,

4794-424: The cultivated area by 351,000 hectares and gave work to 31,000 more people than at the beginning of the dictatorship. Law 9053, approved on the 20th of June of 1933, established a mechanism through which credits, of up to 20% of the value of a plot of land, were granted to agricultural producers to provide them with the resources necessary to populate the countryside and to improve productivity. The institution of

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4888-431: The current Constitution Constitution of Uruguay of 1967 or Constitution of Uruguay of 1997 , the president is elected by direct popular vote for a term of five years. A person may be reelected to the presidency any number of times, but is ineligible for immediate reelection. The president and vice president run on a single ticket submitted by their party. In case no candidate obtains an absolute majority of votes (50%+1),

4982-406: The decree of the 1st of August of the same year, was created the "Honorary Commission of Imports and Exchanges". The legislation also reformed, enlarged and solidified the delegated powers of the Bank of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (the country's central bank ) with regards to regulating commerce, the foreign currency exchange market, and the importation of foreign products. In September 1933,

5076-480: The dictatorship established the National Institute of Labor and Annexed Services, in replacement of the National Bureau of Labor, while keeping its regulatory functions and the aim to enforce labor regulations. During his very first speech after the coup, Terra declared on radio, on the 8th of April of 1933: « [... ] one of the greatest defects of the capitalist regime is the system of wage labor [...] which [must be made fair] to ensure that whoever contributes to

5170-417: The economy, with new sections and articles for the Autonomous Entities and Decentralized Services , the State control on trusted capitals and oligopolies and the prohibition of usury . He was elected Constitutional President again for the period 1934-1938, and held office until 19 June 1938. During his mandate, an aggressive import substitution industrialization policy was developed: between 1933 and 1938

5264-409: The establishment of a Federal Republic and for the restoration of the Constituent Congress. Iturbide was forced to abdicate and he reinstalled the Constituent Congress. The Congress then created a provisional government, called the Triumvirate , and enacted the Constituent Act of the Mexican Federation, by which the former Provinces of Mexico were transformed into free and sovereign States. After this,

5358-525: The existing American constitutions, so that the constituent's assembly could draw upon the latest in constitutional design. The powers of these state constituent assemblies were also highly contested, with some claiming that they had unlimited legal power and others claiming that they must operate within the pre-existing legal landscape. In the end, a common law of constituent power emerged which held that elected constituent assemblies had limited powers. Several U.S. states have held multiple conventions over

5452-422: The existing ones in Florida and Treinta y Tres. In 1937, construction began on new buildings for the Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, the Faculty of Dentistry, and the Infectious Disease and Hygiene Institute. In 1934, a program of establishing low-cost restaurants where well-balanced meals could be served to workers at minimum prices was started. Such restaurants in 1937-38 served, according to one study, "within

5546-437: The family homestead was also introduced by an Act of May 1938. His sayings about the Jewish people and international finance, in one of his long radio-conferences, are recorded on page 310 of the book "Gabriel Terra: The Man, The Politician, The Ruler" by General Dr. José Luciano Martínez . "The Jews in the face of this disastrous competition cannot satisfy their insatiable greed (...) the great weapon to combat it (usury),

5640-448: The formation of the Federal Constitution in 1787 as well as after its ratification. Since 1776 nearly 150 state constitutional conventions have met to draft or revise state constitutions. These early state constitutional conventions frequently did not use procedural steps like popular ratification that became commonplace in the mid-19th century. Yet they were considered to be constituent assemblies that exercised their authority as that of

5734-402: The former presidents Claudio Williman , José Serrato , Juan Campisteguy , the Vierismo , the Riverismo and the majority sector of the National Party , led by Luis Alberto de Herrera , carried out a coup d'état by which the National Council of Administration , the Parliament and the Chamber of Senators . The period inaugurated by said coup is known as " Terra's dictatorship ", named by

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5828-410: The industry grew by 160%, more than 14,500 new factories were founded, and important public works were carried out, such as a massive program of road construction and workers' housing through the Ministry of Public Works . In addition, the "National Institute of Affordable Housing" was created [2] . In 1937, works began for the Rincón del Bonete hydroelectric dam, a feat lauded by the IEEE . In 1938

5922-464: The national and provincial council elections of Pakistan held in 1970. As the assembly was formed with representatives elected under the Legal Framework Order, 1970 , issued by Pakistan's then-military ruler and President Yahya Khan , several political parties and political leaders, including Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani , Badruddin Umar , A.S.M. Abdur Rab , Farhad Mazhar , and others, have labeled this assembly as illegitimate. However, despite

6016-429: The national culture. The government established the first national opera symphony band, as well as a national choir and ballet group. The first national opera production, titled "Nocturno Nativo" (Native Nocturnal), came out in 1936, and spread a message of social harmony (in accordance with the dictatorship's plan to present itself as the bringer of order to the country), as well as an assertion of national culture and

6110-491: The of the state-owned national retirement depository. It also showcased the various road works and the modernization of the country's infrastructure, and backed a pro-rural, pro-military message, while condemning the alleged vices of urbanites and moneyed interests. The movie was presented as bearer of the "new expression of the Uruguayan soul", and the elaboration of elements like its soundtrack received ample government funding and support. The second movie, preserved to this day,

6204-474: The only one to have three terms and the first to be re-elected. He presided over a constitutional government between 1931 and 1933, a dictatorial one from 1933 to 1934 and was re-elected by more than 60% of the electorate in 1934 for the period of 1934-1938. On 19 June 1938, his government ended, and he was appointed President of the Bank of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay . However, in the last months of 1938, his physical condition deteriorated when he suffered

6298-405: The option to submit both its own proposals for amendments and those of a national convention to state conventions rather than the state legislatures for ratification; this process has been used only once (for the Twenty-first Amendment ). A long tradition in the use of constituent assemblies exists at the state level of Constitutionalism . In fact, constituent assemblies met in the states before

6392-401: The people. As American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War by Christian G. Fritz notes:. "A legitimate constitution depended on whether the sovereign people authorized it, not whether a particular procedure was used or whether revolutionary conventions were free of other responsibilities, such as passing ordinary legislation. It was the people as

6486-406: The president of the republic is the commander in chief of the Armed Forces . Since 1990, the president's term has begun and ended on 1 March. This same date for ending the presidency also happened during the National Council of Government (1952–1967) and it has been not unusual since 1839. The current president since 1 March 2020 is Luis Lacalle Pou , who is the 42nd president of Uruguay—and also

6580-414: The putschists as "Third Republic" or "March Government", who give the Coup d'etat the name of "March Revolution". He established a progressive and anti-liberal government that was opposed by Batllismo , the Independent Whites ( liberals ), the Socialist Party of Uruguay and the Communist Party of Uruguay ( Left ). In 1934 he promulgated a new political constitution of a presidential character, which

6674-403: The regime. The films saw a steady evolution in technique and quality, rapidly embracing new developments, like sound. "Dos Destinos", produced in 1936, showcased the urbanistic advancements of the dictatorship, featuring the newly built parks, avenues, the construction of the prominent Avenida Agraciada, and symbols of state power like the headquarters of the state-owned energy company, ANCAP, and

6768-541: The rural lifestyle. In 1934, dictator Terra ordered the establishment of the National Tourism Commission, as well as the magazine "Tourism in Uruguay", which under the editorial leadership of the Ministry of Foreign Relations, as well as the aid of State resources and diffusion, presented a positive image of Uruguay and its ruling regime to the citizens of the world. Its prologue read that its goal

6862-673: The sovereign who authorized drafting those first [state] constitutions that gave them their legitimacy, not whether they used procedures that matched what was later understood to be necessary to create fundamental law." American state constituent assemblies in the 19th and 20th centuries reflected many qualities of a citizen's movement. From the start of state American constitution-making, delegates to constitutional conventions studied earlier state models of constitutions. They often self-consciously "borrow[ed]" constitutional text and provisions from other states. They often used in their drafting and debates compact and pocket-sized compilations of all

6956-496: The still-current Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1917. Nepal had two Constituent assemblies , the last one being elected after its predecessor failed to deliver a constitution, despite multiple extensions. It also served as the country's parliament. Finally Nepal had made constitution with 89% majority. Nepal has adopted Federalism since. The Great Sejm (also known as Four-Year Sejm )

7050-632: The subdivision of rural land, created the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries , the "National Institute for the Scientific Feeding of the People", instituted the "Compulsory Cultivation Law", and the "Land Distribution Law", which granted to more than 2,000 poor families lands and elements for agricultural production, among which more than 2,300 nationally manufactured tractors and plows. The law also granted these families tax and credit benefits. By 1937, agricultural production increased

7144-470: The totality of the country's sovereign debt by 1938. Between 1933 and 1937 there was a vast surge in markets of upwards of 80% due to commercial deals with countries such as Germany, Brasil, the Netherlands, Japan, Spain and Italy. However, the circulation of foreign currencies and merchandises within the country without official authorization was prohibited. On the 9th of November of 1934, by means of

7238-489: The workers of the working class neighborhood of La Teja and state-owned energy company, ANCAP. On the 31st of March of 1938, the National Laboratory of Electrical Magnitudes of State-Owned Telephones and Power Stations was opened. Following up on the ideas he conceived throughout his political career, his government carried out programs for the modernization of agricultural production, the elimination of hunger,

7332-588: The years to change their particular state's constitutions . All 50 states have had at least one Constitutional Convention, numbering over 233. 11 were illegal and defeated by arms (Confederacy and Dorr's Rebellion). 12 were illegal and won through arms (Revolutionary War, Republic of Texas, and Vermont Republic). 37 were made in accordance with a Federal enabling law. State legislatures put restrictions on conventions that were not followed in these cases. A few countries do not have an entrenched constitution , which can thus be amended by normal legislative procedures;

7426-533: Was "Vocación?" (1938), by Rina Massaedi. It was the first lyrical film in South America, and the first in Latinamerica to be directed by a woman. It exalts the virtues of an ideal rural lifestile, as well as the gauchas (female counterparts to the gauchos , cowboys), and the overcoming of class divisions, while at the same time featuring racial prejudices. The ending exalts Christianity, as it involves

7520-420: Was an unviable system that generated ungovernability. In 1932 the economic and political crisis worsened, so in November of that year he finally separated from the leading figures of Batllismo and began an unconstitutional tour of the interior of the country in favor of a constitutional reform, instigating the mobilization of thousands of farmers through the center of Montevideo. On 1 April a "March on Montevideo"

7614-693: Was consummated on September 27, 1821, and based on the Plan de Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba , the Provisional Governing Junta was stablished. The Junta proclaimed the Act of Independence of the Mexican Empire and acted as a de facto legislative assembly until February 24, 1822, when the Constituent Congress was gathered. On May 19, 1822, the Constituent Congress proclaimed Agustín de Iturbide as Emperor. The relations between Emperor and Congress were always problematic,

7708-514: Was dissolved on 31 January 1948, to be replaced by the new Parliament of Italy . The Viceroyalty of New Spain sent deputies to the Cortes of Cadiz , which enacted the 1812 Constitution . By the time this Constitution was enacted, an insurgency fighting for independence from Spain was already established. The first Constituent Congress of independent Mexico, known as the Congress of Anahuac ,

7802-803: Was elected to write the Constitution of India , and served as its first Parliament as an independent nation. It was set up as a result of negotiations between the leaders of the Indian independence movement and members of the British Cabinet Mission . The constituent assembly was elected indirectly by the members of the Provincial legislative assembly, which existed under the British Raj . It first met on December 9, 1946, in Delhi . On August 15, 1947, India became an independent nation, and

7896-463: Was eliminated, benefiting especially small and medium-sized rural producers . The government also amortized debts, canceled the payment of 55,000,000 pesos of external credits and fixed all interests at 4% per year with Law 9,071. The government did not take on external credits , and in 1935 paid the debt with the United Kingdom , in 1936 with the United States and by 1938 it paid off all

7990-408: Was enacted and the 1824 Constitution, and thus the federation, was restored. On October 16, 1854, President Juan Álvarez , under the Plan de Ayutla , decreed the formation of another Constituent Congress, which met in 1856. During the presidency of Ignacio Comonfort , the Constituent Congress enacted the 1857 Constitution , which was liberal in character. The Constitution was not well received by

8084-405: Was established in 1946 in the wake of Fascist Italy 's defeat during World War II. It was elected with universal suffrage, simultaneously with a referendum about the adoption of Republic or the continuation of monarchy. Voters chose Republic, and the new assembly had the task to approve the new republic governments, as well as to write a new constitution. This was approved on 22 December 1947. It

8178-602: Was first gathered in Chilpancingo whilst the war of independence was still ongoing. During the opening of Congress, José María Morelos outlined its program in a document called Sentimientos de la Nación (Feelings of the Nation), which was the first antecedent of the various Constitutions of Mexico. Being persecuted by royalist troops, the Congress fled Chilpancingo and gathered in Apatzingán . On October 22, 1814,

8272-473: Was held between 1788 and 1792. Its principal aim became to restore sovereignty to, and reform, the federative Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth politically and economically. These attempts were made by writing Constitution of 3 May 1791 that was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the Commonwealth and its system of Golden Liberties . The constitution lasted for merely a year because of

8366-410: Was in full force until 1942. It restricted the immigration of "alcoholics, mentally ill and disabled", decriminalized homosexuality, recognized new rights that the State should guarantee, such as the right to strike , right to housing , right to work , right to health , right to food , protection of children and the family, equality between both sexes , women's vote , an increased State control in

8460-464: Was ordered by Fein Lerena family. In 1925, the young Luis Batlle Berres and Matilde Ibáñez Tálice met while walking in front of this property. Soon after they were married. In 1947, Luis Batlle Berres was already head of state, and at the suggestion of his spouse they chose this mansion as their official residence. The Anchorena Presidential Estate is the president's country residence. Located in

8554-534: Was organized, inspired by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini , and the farmers paraded on Larrañaga Avenue to the "Centro Eúskaro" along with thousands of people, managing to unite the support of the rural sectors and independent revolutionaries. On the night of 31 March 1933, with the support of the National Police , led by Baldomir Ferrari , the Armed Forces , more than 70% of the Batllismo with

8648-641: Was overall split in three different groupings: the National liberals , the Friends of Peasants, and the Conservatives . A key topic for discussion was the political system, and the rules governing elections. On 25 May 1849, the constituent assembly approved the new constitution, and on 5 June 1849 it was signed by King Frederick VII . For this reason, it is also known as the June constitution . Today, 5 June

8742-423: Was spat on by editors of the newspaper El Día , causing a fight to break out. The location of his grave is unknown. Terra left no economic inheritance or political party . Terra graduated as a lawyer in 1895 from UDELAR and had a lengthy political career, being a national deputy, he was deputy, minister of Industry, Work, and Public Instruction, a member of the 1917 Uruguayan Constituent Assembly , and member of

8836-485: Was to "make known to the world and fellow countries the beauty of the nation". For instance, a November 1936 issue showcases the Uruguayan youth, under the title "The road to physical perfection". The article follows the virtues of a number of perfectly disciplined and uniformed youths in a government youth camp. The teens are seen with a peak physique, joyous and in harmony with each other, their superiors, and their natural environment, and "in perfect synchronicity displayed

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