Gabriel Towerson (1635?–1697) was an English clergyman and theological writer.
62-557: He was the son of William Towerson, and probably was born in London about 1635. He was educated first at St Paul's School . He then went to The Queen's College, Oxford , where he was Pauline exhibitioner from 1650 to 1659. He matriculated on 27 February 1651, graduating B.A. on 17 June 1654 and M.A. on 21 April 1657. In 1657 his father petitioned Richard Cromwell , then Chancellor of the University of Oxford , to use his influence with
124-785: A gematrial explanation, to which 8 others have been added since. Professor of the New Testament, Craig S. Keener observed in 2010 the several gematrial explanations, critiquing ideas such as reversing the order of the Greek alphabet as being "forced", noting that a "children of God" reading of the number "import[s] a ministry image from Mark 1:17 that John never mentions", and commenting on allegorical suggestions linking to Moses that "one wonders whether John could have expected any members of his original audience to catch"; summarizing that gematrial explanations that many scholars have put forward are too complex to be discovered without starting from
186-612: A "shorthand or abbreviation" for the square root of 3 in his On the Measurement of the Circle . However, examination of that work shows this to be only partly correct. Evagrius Ponticus referred to the catch of 153 fish, as well as to the mathematical properties of the number (153 = 100 + 28 + 25 , with 100 a square number , 28 a triangular number and 25 a circular number ) when describing his 153-chapter work on prayer. Louis de Montfort , in his fifth method of saying
248-498: A new building designed by the architect Alfred Waterhouse rose to dominate the countryside of Hammersmith . The terracotta for the Hammersmith school was made by the famous Gibbs and Canning of Tamworth . At this time the street numbering was changed locally and so the school address, whether by accident or design, became 153 Hammersmith Road. The preparatory school, Colet Court , was soon afterwards housed in new premises in
310-525: A period of six decades, mainly from the 1960s to the 1990s. There were 28 recommendations on how current practice could be improved. The renewal campaign is the project to rebuild the entire school campus, frequently known as the Masterplan. The majority of the current buildings date from the 1960s, and the CLASP technology used in the construction of the buildings has a limited lifespan. Even though over
372-670: A place on the Prime Minister's Global Fellowship programme in 2009. The school also has its first student win the national competition of IFS Young Business Writer of the Year 2010 Award, an award for the top young business thinker. GCSE summary: last six years A level summary: last six years The head teacher of St Paul's is known as the High Master , and the deputy head as the Surmaster. These titles are assigned in
434-563: A plot of land to the north of the Cathedral. The eldest son of Sir Henry Colet (a member of the Mercers' Company and twice Lord Mayor of the City of London ), John Colet inherited a substantial fortune and used a great part of it for the endowment of his school, having no family of his own; his 21 brothers and sisters all died in childhood and he was a celibate priest. He described himself in
496-470: A prize giving event, where prizes are awarded to senior boys who have excelled in particular subjects. The Apposition Dinner is held in Mercers' Hall in London every year around May. Consequences of apposition have led to the dismissal of previous High Masters including Thomas Freeman, for lack of learning (although more probably for holding the incorrect religious views) in 1559. In 1748, High Master Charles
558-482: A publication now in the public domain : " Towerson, Gabriel (1635?-1697) ". Dictionary of National Biography . London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. St Paul%27s School, London St Paul's School is a selective independent day school (with limited boarding ) for boys aged 13–18, founded in 1509 by John Colet and located on a 43- acre site by the Thames in London. St Paul's
620-493: A similar style on the opposite side of the road. In September 1939 the school was evacuated to Easthampstead Park, near Crowthorne in Berkshire, where, under the then High Master, W. F. Oakeshott , it became solely a boarding school for the period of the war. Playing fields and some other facilities were borrowed from nearby Wellington College , but the boys and the teachers from the two schools remained entirely separate. In
682-419: A simple analysis of how probable it is to pick numbers that have at least some special property, be that they are triangular , square , prime , or otherwise), concludes that the straightforward explanation is the more likely one and that "the number could simply stem from an accurate memory of a careful count on the occasion", quoting Archibald Macbride Hunter in his 1965 Cambridge Bible Commentaries that it
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#1732775953279744-494: A strong record in rugby. In 1979, the 1st XV of St Paul's, nicknamed the 'Invincibles', went twelve matches undefeated. Big rivals for the school are RGS Guildford, King's College School, Dulwich College, St John's Leatherhead, Merchant Taylors', Wellington and Eton. St Paul's ranks highest on the Sunday Times Private School Pay List, with nine staff members paid salaries exceeding £100,000 in
806-522: A strong sports department; St Paul's was a founding member of the Rugby Football Union in 1871 and was pre-eminent in public school boxing, its first team failing to win only two boxing matches against first team boxers from other schools over a period of 25 years; however, boxing was discontinued as a school sport in the 1960s. More recently, the school teams were runners-up in the rugby U15 Daily Mail Cup in 2005 and in 2007. The school has
868-440: Is "no more symbolical than the hundred yards that Peter swam. It is the remembered number of a 'bumper' catch." Culpepper's three other classes (aside from Jerome, literalism, gematria, and Augustine) are algebraic interpretations based on 153 itself, algebraic interpretations based on the number 17, and the hypothesis that the symbolic meaning of the number exists but is no longer discoverable. Cornelius à Lapide writes that
930-459: Is a traditional ceremony at St Paul's and was originally a way of allowing the Mercers' Company to assess teaching staff and the High Master, with the option of dismissing or reappointing them. The assessment takes the form of a third-party "apposer", often a leading academic, judging the quality of teaching through scrutinising lectures given by boys in their final year. Today it is primarily
992-419: Is also a hexagonal number , and a truncated triangle number, meaning that 1, 15, and 153 are all triangle numbers. The distinct prime factors of 153 add up to 20, and so do the ones of 154, hence the two form a Ruth-Aaron pair . Since 153 = 1 3 + 5 3 + 3 3 {\displaystyle 153=1^{3}+5^{3}+3^{3}} , it is a 3- narcissistic number , and it
1054-405: Is also the smallest three-digit number which can be expressed as the sum of cubes of its digits. Only five other numbers can be expressed as the sum of the cubes of their digits: 0 , 1 , 370, 371 and 407. It is also a Friedman number , since 153 = 3 × 51. The Biggs–Smith graph is a symmetric graph with 153 edges, all equivalent. Another feature of the number 153 is that it is the limit of
1116-737: Is clearly an intentional detail, given the lack of precision and detail elsewhere in the story. Augustine of Hippo argued that the significance lay in the fact that 153 is the sum of the first 17 integers (i.e. 153 is the 17th triangular number ), with 17 representing the combination of divine grace (the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit ) and law (the Ten Commandments ). Many theologians have lent credence to Augustine's numerology simply because it comes from historic rather than contemporary theology. Theologian D. A. Carson discusses this and other interpretations and concludes that "if
1178-431: Is suggested, revealing her importance. Similarly, the phrase "τὸ δίκτυον" (the net) used in the passage bears the number 1224 = 8 × 153, as do some other phrases. The significance of this is unclear, given that Koine Greek provides a choice of several noun endings with different isopsephy values. The number 153 has also been related to the vesica piscis , with the claim that Archimedes used 153 as
1240-506: Is the business of modern literature to solve has passed for ever away", pointing out the irony of a Gnostic-like search for meaning in the tale when John himself was simply being quite literal. Godet, likewise, asserted that it was just "a simple fact recalled to mind". R. Alan Culpepper (who was dean of the McAfee School of Theology at Mercer University ) observed, in his 2021 overview of seven distinct classes of argument about
1302-597: Is the earliest reference to organised modern football. For this description and his enthusiasm for the sport he is considered the father of modern football. Between 1861 and 1864, the Clarendon Commission (a Royal Commission ) investigated the public school system in England and its report formed the basis of the Public Schools Act 1868 . St Paul's was one of only nine schools considered by
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#17327759532791364-653: The International Baccalaureate as an alternative to A Level , and has suffered on many league tables as a result. Martin Stephen , former High Master of St Paul's, has stated he believes that "league tables put massive pressure on headmasters to do bad things" and announced that St Paul's will be joining other private schools in London in withdrawing from the ISC's 2008 league tables. The school record for students gaining places at Oxford or Cambridge
1426-505: The Rosary , connects the catch of 153 fish with the number of Hail Marys said (3 plus 15 sets of 10), while St Paul's School in London was founded in 1512 by John Colet to teach 153 poor men's children, also in reference to the catch. In the 39th Brigade Combat Team, Arkansas Army National Guard, the two maneuver battalions are of the 153d Infantry Regiment, 1BN 153IN units located in
1488-533: The "multitude of fishes mystically represents the multitude of the faithful which Peter and the Apostles afterwards caught by the net of evangelical preaching, and converted to Christ". Writers claiming a major role for Mary Magdalene have noted that in Greek isopsephy her epithet "η Μαγδαληνή" bears the number 8 + 40 + 1 + 3 + 4 + 1 + 30 + 8 + 50 + 8 = 153, thus, it
1550-496: The Clarendon Commission, and one of only two schools which was not predominantly attended by boarders (the other day school was Merchant Taylors' ). According to Charles Dickens Jr. , writing in 1879 St Paul's School (founded 1512 by John Colet, DD, Dean of St Paul’s), St Paul's-churchyard — There are 153 scholars on the foundation, who are entitled to entire exemption from school fees. Vacancies are filled up at
1612-576: The Evangelist has some symbolism in mind connected with the number 153, he has hidden it well", while other scholars note that "no symbolic significance for the number of 153 fish in John 21:11 has received widespread support." Jerome reached much the same conclusion as Augustine that the figure is an allegorical representation of totality, but through more straightforward means rather than through numerology. In his Commentary on Ezekiel he propounded
1674-607: The Gospel of John. Many other numerological interpretations have been propounded, from adding numerological representations of Simon 's name to the Greek word for fish through the additions (100+50+7) of Cyril of Alexandria to the multiplications (17×3×3) of Gregory the Great . Frédéric Louis Godet characterized them as "strange". There were at least 18 distinct numerological explanations when John Emerton performed "a quick survey" in 1958. Emerton proceeded to then add
1736-954: The SPSBC 1st VIII achieved unprecedented success, winning the "triple crown" of schoolboy rowing with record breaking wins in the Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup and the School's Head of the River , plus victory at the National Schools' Regatta in the Queen Mother's Challenge Cup; they also won the Men's Youth Eights at Head of the Charles in a record time and recorded the fastest time in history by any schoolboy crew over 2k of 5:36.59 at Marlow Regatta . Members of
1798-590: The Universities of Oxford , Cambridge and London . The Mercers' Company still forms the major part of the School's governing body, and it continues to administer Colet's trust. One of St Paul's early headmasters was Richard Mulcaster , famous for writing two influential treatises on education (Positions, in 1581, and Elementarie in 1582). His description in Positions of "footeball" as a refereed team sport
1860-594: The Warden and Fellows of All Souls' College to admit his son to one of the vacant fellowships. Towerson obtained his fellowship in 1660, and received the college rectory of Welwyn in Hertfordshire on the deprivation of Nicholas Greaves by the Act of Uniformity 1662 . He was admitted on 31 October 1662, and retained the living until his death. He was created D.D. by Archbishop William Sancroft on 1 February 1678, and
1922-669: The accounting period 2019-20. St Paul’s also had the highest individual earner, with one staff member earning between £330,000 and £339,000 from September 2019 to August 2020. St Paul's has been investigated by the Metropolitan Police for historic crimes of paedophilia so serious the investigation was given its own operational name, Operation Winthorpe. Since then school has reviewed and revised its safeguarding procedures. A major independent report published in January 2020, revealed 80 complaints against 32 members of staff over
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1984-507: The answer desired and working backwards from there, and that the plethora of such explanations all distinct from one another itself indicates their weakness. However, there have been more prosaic and literal explanations, including the simple straightforward one that the detail is simply correct, and 153 is the number of fish caught. John Bernard argued by quoting Edwin Hatch that "The idea that ancient literature consists of riddles which it
2046-416: The commencement of each term according to the results of a competitive examination. Candidates must be between 12 and 14 years of age. Capitation scholars pay £20 a year. The governors of this school are appointed by the Mercers' Company and the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and London. The school exhibitions [i.e. scholarships] are determined as to number and value by the governors from time to time, and
2108-800: The crew also won the Pairs Head, Sculler's Head & Fours Head and all eligible members of the crew won gold medals at the World Junior Rowing Championships that year. In 2024 the SPSBC 1st 8x took silver at the National Schools' Regatta . In 2008, for the first time, its students sat the IGCSE exam instead of the GCSE in Science, following sitting IGCSE in Mathematics the previous year. The school does not currently offer
2170-521: The development. The school has recently opened its Science wing. The wing is a four-storey building finished in February 2013, built to give university standard of work spaces and labs. The school now has its own scanning electron microscope along with the new science building. A large number of music concerts, art exhibitions and plays take place each year, and pupils regularly receive national recognition for their achievements. The school also has
2232-524: The first eight Heegner numbers is 153. The Hidden Words authored by Baháʼu'lláh who Baháʼís believe is the third Abrahamic Manifestation of God after Jesus, contains 153 proverbial expressions, 71 in Arabic and 82 in Persian. The Gospel of John ( chapter 21:1–14 ) includes the narrative of the miraculous catch of 153 fish as the third appearance of Jesus after his resurrection . The number
2294-454: The fish", this ratio being an imperfect representation of 1 / 3 ≈ 0.57735 {\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {3}}\approx 0.57735} . As a triangular number , 153 is the sum of the first 17 integers, and is also the sum of the first five positive factorials : 1 ! + 2 ! + 3 ! + 4 ! + 5 ! {\displaystyle 1!+2!+3!+4!+5!} . The number 153
2356-1655: The following algorithm: An example, starting with the number 84 : 8 3 + 4 3 = 512 + 64 = 576 5 3 + 7 3 + 6 3 = 125 + 343 + 216 = 684 6 3 + 8 3 + 4 3 = 216 + 512 + 64 = 792 7 3 + 9 3 + 2 3 = 343 + 729 + 8 = 1080 1 3 + 0 3 + 8 3 + 0 3 = 1 + 0 + 512 + 0 = 513 5 3 + 1 3 + 3 3 = 125 + 1 + 27 = 153 1 3 + 5 3 + 3 3 = 1 + 125 + 27 = 153 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}8^{3}+4^{3}&=&512+64&=&576\\5^{3}+7^{3}+6^{3}&=&125+343+216&=&684\\6^{3}+8^{3}+4^{3}&=&216+512+64&=&792\\7^{3}+9^{3}+2^{3}&=&343+729+8&=&1080\\1^{3}+0^{3}+8^{3}+0^{3}&=&1+0+512+0&=&513\\5^{3}+1^{3}+3^{3}&=&125+1+27&=&153\\1^{3}+5^{3}+3^{3}&=&1+125+27&=&153\end{aligned}}} There are 153 uniform polypeta that are generated from four different fundamental Coxeter groups in six-dimensional space. The sum of
2418-537: The hypothesis that 153 was meant to represent the whole universe of fish, citing as proof that contemporary poets, giving Oppian as an example, believed that there were 153 species of fish in the world. However, Robert M. Grant disproved Jerome's hypothesis by noting that Oppian actually enumerated only 149 (as catalogued by Alexander William Mair ) fish species in his Halieutica (or only 152 "by adding 3 worms", in Grant's words). What Oppian actually said, moreover,
2480-501: The last few years various buildings (such as the Wathen Hall Music School, Rackets Court and Milton Building) have been added on the campus wherever space was available, the dated buildings represent approximately three quarters of the school. Local planning restrictions combined with a lack of available surplus land mean that St Paul's is faced with progressively replacing obsolete buildings with new ones located in
2542-586: The management of the School and its revenues to the Mercers' Company , the premier livery company in the City of London , with which his father had been associated. In 1876 the company was legally established as trustee of the Colet estate, and the management of the school was assigned to a Board of Governors consisting of the Master, Wardens and nine members of the company, together with three representatives from each of
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2604-680: The meantime, the London buildings became the headquarters of the Home Forces in July 1940 and the headquarters of the XXI Army Group under the command of General, later Field-Marshal, Bernard Montgomery , himself an Old Pauline, in July 1943. There the XXI army part of the military side of the invasion of Europe was planned, including the D-Day landings. The map that he used is still present in
2666-618: The modern day site of the school in the Montgomery Room. The school recovered its buildings in September 1945, and resumed life essentially as a day school, although it retains a small number of boarders to this day. In 1959, Queen Elizabeth II visited the school to mark the 450th anniversary of its founding. Upon her death, BBC journalist John Simpson , a pupil at the time, was most complimentary, saying that "we were all just bowled over by it [the visit]". In 1968, St Paul's School
2728-557: The number of species differently." stated Grant. David Strauss had in fact pointed out the same thing about Oppian in his Leben Jesu the century before Grant. From a strictly biological point of view, moreover, only 24 species of fish had been recorded in the Sea of Galilee by the turn of the 20th century. Theologians have continued to support Jerome's hypothesis despite Grant and Strauss, arguing variously that Jerome may have had access to other works of Oppian that are now lost, that Oppian
2790-434: The number, that whilst there are arguments in favour of symbolic interpretations "Nevertheless, the text gives no basis for interpreting the number." Professor of New Testament Studies Timothy James Wiarda stated that "It is sufficient to note that the text offers the reader no hint concerning any symbolism in the miraculous catch of fish.". Keener, having discounted gematria, Jerome (per Grant and Strauss), and Augustine (with
2852-538: The old school buildings were unsuited to modern educational needs. The opportunity arose to rebuild the school on a 45-acre (182,000 m²) riverside site at Barnes , adjacent to Hammersmith Bridge . This land had previously been the site of reservoirs which were filled in with earth excavated during the construction of the Victoria line . In the 1970s, West London College was built on 14 acres (5.7 ha) of former playing fields of St Paul's, despite campaigns opposing
2914-449: The option of wearing an emblem of a silver fish. St Paul's was the largest school in England at its foundation, and its High Master had a salary of 13 shillings and sixpence weekly, which was double that of the contemporary Head Master of Eton College . The scholars were not required to make any payment, although they were required to be literate and had to pay for their own wax candles, which at that time were an expensive commodity. Colet
2976-547: The same general area. The plan should eventually result in a large building footprint area increase as well as increasing the amount of staff housing. The number of car parking spaces will be reduced, but there will be much more available room for bicycles. In 2007, Nicholas Hare Architects were appointed to produce detailed designs for the first set of new buildings. Late in 2009, Richmond Council granted St Paul's detailed planning permission, and building started in 2011. In 2007, St Paul's recorded their most notable result in
3038-469: The same site. The school is included in The Schools Index as one of the world's 150 best private schools and among top 30 UK senior schools. St Paul's School takes its name from St Paul's Cathedral in London. A cathedral school had existed since around 1103. By the 16th century however, it had declined, and in 1509, a new school was founded by John Colet , Dean of St Paul's Cathedral, on
3100-428: The school prizes are of considerable importance. The following are the university exhibitions. To the University of Cambridge there are the following exhibitions: Five exhibitions at Trinity, founded by Mr Perry in 1696, of the value of £10 a year; two exhibitions at St John's, founded by Dr Gower in 1711, of the value of £10 a year, for the sons of clergymen. An exhibition, founded by Mr Stock in 1780 at Corpus Christi, of
3162-475: The school statutes. The following have been High Masters of St Paul's: 153 (number) 153 ( one hundred [and] fifty-three ) is the natural number following 152 and preceding 154 . The number 153 is associated with the geometric shape known as the Vesica Piscis or Mandorla. Archimedes , in his Measurement of a Circle , referred to this ratio (153/265), as constituting the "measure of
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#17327759532793224-572: The sport when they reached the final of the U15 Daily Mail Cup, the premier rugby union tournament for British secondary schools. The team was coached by Richard Girvan, Surmaster from 2012 to 2020. St Paul's lost the game played at Twickenham Stadium 20-15 to Lymm High School. The St Paul's School Boat Club (SPSBC) has won the Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta seven times. In 2018
3286-507: The statutes of the school as "desyring nothing more thanne Educacion and bringing upp chyldren in good Maners and litterature." Originally, the school provided education for 153 children of "all nacions and countries indifferently", primarily in literature and etiquette. The number 153 has long been associated with the miraculous draught of fishes recorded in St John's Gospel , and for several generations Foundation Scholars have been given
3348-500: The yearly value of £30, given to a scholar recommended by the high master. Four exhibitions, in the same college, value £10 a year each, founded by Mr George Sykes in 1766, consolidated now in one exhibition, value £36 a year. By comparison, in 2016 the Daily Telegraph reported that families earning up to £120,000 were being offered bursaries after the headmaster declared that the school had become "unaffordable". Apposition
3410-926: Was 74 pupils in 2010, representing 42% of the year group. In 2021, a record 77% of A Level entries were graded at A*, with 95% of grades at A* or A and 99% at or above a B. According to more recent data, pupils starting university in 2016 numbered 189. Of those starting in the UK in 2016, 95% went on to Russell Group universities, with 53 entering Oxford or Cambridge. The highest ever number of pupils (34) chose to study in America, at Ivy League or equivalent schools. In 2017, 72 pupils were made offers by Oxford or Cambridge, with 40 offers for Oxford and 32 for Cambridge. In addition, 40 pupils received offers from North American universities, with no fewer than five securing places at Yale . A further three offers were made each by Princeton and Columbia . The school had its first student attain
3472-487: Was an outspoken critic of the powerful and worldly Church of his day, and a friend of both Erasmus and Sir Thomas More . Erasmus wrote textbooks for the school and St Paul's was the first English school to teach Greek, reflecting the humanist interests of the founder. Colet distrusted the Church as a managing body for his school, declaring that he "found the least corruption" in married laymen. For this reason, Colet assigned
3534-590: Was one of nine English public schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission , which subsequently became known as the Clarendon schools . However, the school successfully argued that it was a private school and consequently was omitted from the Public Schools Act 1868 , as was Merchant Taylors' , the other day school within the scope of Lord Clarendon's terms of reference. Since 1881, St Paul's has had its own preparatory school , St Paul's Juniors (formerly Colet Court ), which since 1968 has been located on
3596-812: Was presented to the rectory of St Andrew Undershaft , London, on 20 April 1692. He died on 14 October 1697, and was buried at Welwyn. Towerson left his property to be equally divided among his seven children. Towerson published: ‘An Explication of the Catechism of the Church of England’ (consisting of the above explications and remarks on the sacraments) was published in 1676, and again in 1685, etc. He contributed English verses to Britannia Rediviva , Oxford, 1660, and to Epicedia Academiæ Oxoniensis in Obitum Serenissimæ Mariæ Principis Aurasionensis , Oxford, 1661. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
3658-399: Was relocated across the river to Barnes and main school buildings were demolished. Today, the boundary wall and railings, small circular Bothy (garden store), High Master's Lodge (now St Paul's Hotel ) and Porter's Lodge are all that remain of the site and are Grade II listed. The main buildings were demolished and converted into St Paul's Gardens . By 1961 it had become evident that
3720-593: Was removed as he had allegedly threatened to "pull the Surmaster by the nose and kick him about the school". Since it was re-introduced in 1969, the ceremony today takes place in May and is purely ceremonial, incorporating prize giving for boys in the final two years of the school. The original school, which stood in St Paul's Churchyard , was destroyed with the Cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666. In 1884
3782-493: Was that only the gods knew the number; and other ancient authors gave different numbers that still were not 153, such as Pliny The Elder in Naturalis Historia (9.43) recording only 74, 104, or 144 (depending from how one counts, and whether one includes hard shelled animals) species of fish, and Quintus Ennius as reported by Apuleius enumerating "countless kinds of fish". "Every ancient ichthyologian counted
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#17327759532793844-441: Was writing a century after the Gospel of John and at least came close, and that perhaps (despite his having mentioned Oppian by name) Jerome's reference to multiple writers actually meant other writers entirely. Grant himself opined that "there is every reason to suppose" that in fact Jerome had not actually checked Oppian's writing directly for this information, but was rather recounting secondhand some earlier Christian commentary on
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