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54-485: (Redirected from Galactic Railroad ) Ginga Tetsudō (銀河鉄道) may refer to: Night on the Galactic Railroad , a Japanese novel by Kenji Miyazawa, written around 1927 Galaxy Express 999 , a manga written and drawn by Leiji Matsumoto, and the anime based on it The Galaxy Railways , a sci-fi anime series produced by Leiji Matsumoto Iwate Ginga Railway Line ,

108-459: A high level of cultural significance in many Southern Hemisphere states and nations. Blue-white α Crucis (Acrux) is the most southerly member of the constellation and, at magnitude 0.8, the brightest. The three other stars of the cross appear clockwise and in order of lessening magnitude: β Crucis (Mimosa), γ Crucis (Gacrux), and δ Crucis (Imai). ε Crucis (Ginan) also lies within the cross asterism. Many of these brighter stars are members of

162-567: A line from γ to α Crucis (the foot of the crucifix) approximately 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 times beyond gives a point close to the Southern Celestial Pole which is also, coincidentally, where intersects a perpendicular line taken southwards from the east–west axis of Alpha Centauri to Beta Centauri , which are stars at an alike declination to Crux and of a similar width as the cross, but higher magnitude. Argentine gauchos are documented as using Crux for night orientation in

216-611: A planet— HD 106906 b —that has one of the widest orbits of any currently known planetary-mass companions. Crux is backlit by the multitude of stars of the Scutum-Crux Arm (more commonly called the Scutum-Centaurus Arm ) of the Milky Way. This is the main inner arm in the local radial quarter of the galaxy. Part-obscuring this is: A key feature of the Scutum-Crux Arm is: The most prominent feature of Crux

270-489: A railroad trip to Karafuto . He started working on this novel soon afterward in 1924, and this trip is said to be the basis of the story. He kept on polishing the work steadily until his death in 1933. The middle part of the novel was never completed but was published as it is nevertheless. A tribute to those who give themselves to others is a recurring theme throughout the storyline, and according to Hasebe (2000), they are reflections of Miyazawa's philosophy of self-sacrifice,

324-577: A railway line running between Iwate and Aomori Prefectures, in Japan Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ginga Tetsudō . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginga_Tetsudō&oldid=634924847 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

378-434: A screenplay by Minoru Betsuyaku . It was released on July 13, 1985, and features Mayumi Tanaka as Giovanni and Chika Sakamoto as Campanella. Playwright Sō Kitamura made the story into a drama titled Sōkō: Night on the Galactic Railroad ( 想稿・銀河鉄道の夜 ) . Note that 想稿 could be a play on the word sōkō ( 草稿 , "rough draft") and the character 想 ( sō ) carrying meanings such as "conception" or "idea". Premièred in 1986,

432-440: A view appearing in many other juvenile novels of his such as Yodaka no Hoshi and Guskō Budori no Denki . Meanwhile, Suzuki (2004) interprets them as representing a "holistic thought of Ecosystem". Hiroshi Masumura released a manga adaptation of the novel in 1983 with Asahi Sonorama . The protagonists in the manga are anthropomorphic cats. The manga then was made into a 1985 anime film directed by Gisaburo Sugii based on

486-591: Is a large dark nebula spanning 7° by 5° known as the Coalsack Nebula , portions of which are mapped in the neighbouring constellations of Centaurus and Musca . The bright stars in Crux were known to the Ancient Greeks , where Ptolemy regarded them as part of the constellation Centaurus . They were entirely visible as far north as Britain in the fourth millennium BC. However, the precession of

540-869: Is a major rail terminal in Melbourne, Australia. The Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross is a personal ordinariate of the Roman Catholic Church primarily within the territory of the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference for groups of Anglicans who desire full communion with the Catholic Church in Australia and Asia. The Knights of the Southern Cross (KSC) is a Catholic fraternal order throughout Australia. In India, there

594-528: Is a story related to the creation of Trishanku Swarga (त्रिशंकु), meaning Cross (Crux), created by Sage Vishwamitra . In Chinese , 十字架 ( Shí Zì Jià ), meaning Cross , refers to an asterism consisting of γ Crucis, α Crucis , β Crucis and δ Crucis . In Australian Aboriginal astronomy , Crux and the Coalsack mark the head of the 'Emu in the Sky' (which is seen in the dark spaces rather than in

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648-579: Is also mentioned in the Samoan National Anthem . " Vaai 'i na fetu o lo'u a agiagia ai: Le faailoga lea o Iesu, na maliu ai mo Samoa. " ("Look at those stars that are waving on it: This is the symbol of Jesus, who died on it for Samoa.") The 1952-53 NBC Television Series Victory At Sea contained a musical number entitled "Beneath the Southern Cross". " Southern Cross " is a single released by Crosby, Stills and Nash in 1981. It reached #18 on Billboard Hot 100 in late 1982. "The Sign of

702-601: Is also shared by an archaic name of the constellation in Vietnam , where it was once known as sao Cá Liệt (the ponyfish star). Among Filipino people , the southern cross have various names pertaining to tops , including kasing ( Visayan languages ), paglong ( Bikol ), and pasil ( Tagalog ). It is also called butiti ( puffer fish ) in Waray . The Javanese people of Indonesia called this constellation Gubug pèncèng ("raking hut") or lumbung ("the granary"), because

756-486: Is also visible near the horizon from tropical latitudes of the northern hemisphere for a few hours every night during the northern winter and spring. For instance, it is visible from Cancun or any other place at latitude 25° N or less at around 10 pm at the end of April. There are 5 main stars. Due to precession , Crux will move closer to the South Pole in the next millennia, up to 67 degrees south declination for

810-533: Is centred on four bright stars in a cross -shaped asterism commonly known as the Southern Cross . It lies on the southern end of the Milky Way 's visible band. The name Crux is Latin for cross. Even though it is the smallest of all 88 modern constellations , Crux is among the most easily distinguished as its four main stars each have an apparent visual magnitude brighter than +2.8. It has attained

864-540: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Night on the Galactic Railroad The novel was adapted as a 1985 anime film of the same title as well as various stage musicals and plays . Giovanni is a lonely boy whose mother is bedridden with illness and whose father is said to be either away on a long fishing trip or serving a prison sentence. Giovanni does odd jobs after school such as helping

918-496: Is the distinctive asterism known as the Southern Cross. It has great significance in the cultures of the southern hemisphere, particularly of Australia, Brazil, Chile and New Zealand. Several southern countries and organisations have traditionally used Crux as a national or distinctive symbol. The four or five brightest stars of Crux appear, heraldically standardised in various ways, on the flags of Australia , Brazil , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea and Samoa . They also appear on

972-436: Is too timid to say so. When called upon, Campanella also does not answer, to save Giovanni from embarrassment. In the evening, the others prepare to attend the festival of stars. Giovanni hears that they did not receive their milk delivery that day, and heads to the dairy to fetch it for his mother. The elderly woman there tells him to try again later. Giovanni runs into his classmates, who mock him again. He sees Campanella in

1026-570: The Brazilian coat of arms and, as of July 2015 , on the cover of Brazilian passports . Five stars appear in the logo of the Brazilian football team Cruzeiro Esporte Clube and in the insignia of the Order of the Southern Cross , and the cross has featured as name of the Brazilian currency (the cruzeiro from 1942 to 1986 and again from 1990 to 1994). All coins of the current (1998) series of

1080-535: The Brazilian real display the constellation. Songs and literature reference the Southern Cross, including the Argentine epic poem Martín Fierro . The Argentinian singer Charly García says that he is "from the Southern Cross" in the song "No voy en tren". The Cross gets a mention in the lyrics of the Brazilian National Anthem (1909): " A imagem do Cruzeiro resplandece " ("the image of

1134-455: The Christian heaven ), leaving only Giovanni and Campanella. Giovanni says that they should travel together forever, and vows to follow Scorpio's example of bringing happiness to others. However, as the train approaches Coalsack , a black hole, Campanella sees his mother waiting for him in a meadow (in the " true heaven " of his faith ) that Giovanni is unable to see. Campanella vanishes from

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1188-477: The East Indies in an expedition sponsored by King Manuel I . In 1516, Corsali wrote a letter to the monarch describing his observations of the southern sky, which included a rather crude map of the stars around the south celestial pole including the Southern Cross and the two Magellanic Clouds seen in an external orientation, as on a globe. Emery Molyneux and Petrus Plancius have also been cited as

1242-606: The German East Africa Company of 1885–1920, which included a constellation of five white five-pointed Crux "stars" on a red ground, later served as the model for symbolism associated with generic German colonial-oriented organisations: the Reichskolonialbund of 1936–1943 and the Friends of the former German Protectorates  [ de ] (1956/1983 to the present). Southern Cross station

1296-532: The Pampas and Patagonia . Alpha and Beta Centauri are of similar declinations (thus distance from the pole) and are often referred as the "Southern Pointers" or just "The Pointers", allowing people to easily identify the Southern Cross, the constellation of Crux. Very few bright stars lie between Crux and the pole itself, although the constellation Musca is fairly easily recognised immediately south of Crux. Down to apparent magnitude +2.5 are 92 stars that shine

1350-519: The Scorpius–Centaurus association , a large but loose group of hot blue-white stars that appear to share common origins and motion across the southern Milky Way. Crux contains four Cepheid variables , each visible to the naked eye under optimum conditions. Crux also contains the bright and colourful open cluster known as the Jewel Box (NGC 4755) on its eastern border. Nearby to the southeast

1404-677: The Scorpius–Centaurus association , the nearest OB association to the Sun . They are among the highest-mass stellar members of the Lower Centaurus–Crux subgroup of the association, with ages of roughly 10 to 20 million years. Other members include the blue-white stars Zeta , Lambda and both the components of the visual double star , Mu . Crux contains many variable stars . It boasts four Cepheid variables that may all reach naked eye visibility. Other well studied variable stars includes: The star HD 106906 has been found to have

1458-486: The Atlantic Ocean . A child recounts the story behind Scorpio : a scorpion who preys on insects flees from a weasel and, after falling down a well, regrets not having sacrificed itself to feed the weasel, a good cause. It vowed to serve others in its next life, and its body burst into flames that still burn in the night sky. When the train stops at the Southern Cross , the remaining other passengers disembark (for

1512-560: The Australian Eureka Flag . The constellation was also used on the dark blue, shield-like patch worn by personnel of the U.S. Army's Americal Division , which was organized in the Southern Hemisphere, on the island of New Caledonia , and also on the blue diamond of the U.S. 1st Marine Division , which fought on the Southern Hemisphere islands of Guadalcanal and New Britain . The Petersflagge flag of

1566-788: The Cross shines"). The Southern Cross is mentioned in the Australian National Anthem , " Beneath our radiant Southern Cross we'll toil with hearts and hands " The Southern Cross features in the coat of arms of William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood , the British officer who commanded the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War . The Southern Cross

1620-607: The Pointers are its rope. In Tonga it is known as Toloa ("duck"); it is depicted as a duck flying south, with one of his wings ( δ Crucis ) wounded because Ongo tangata ("two men", α and β Centauri ) threw a stone at it. The Coalsack is known as Humu (the " triggerfish "), because of its shape. In Samoa the constellation is called Sumu ("triggerfish") because of its rhomboid shape, while α and β Centauri are called Luatagata (Two Men), just as they are in Tonga. The peoples of

1674-509: The Southern Cross" is a song released by Black Sabbath in 1981. The song was released on the album " Mob Rules ". The Order of the Southern Cross is a Brazilian order of chivalry awarded to "those who have rendered significant service to the Brazilian nation". In " O Sweet Saint Martin's Land ", the lyrics mention the Southern Cross: Thy Southern Cross the night . A stylized version of Crux appears on

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1728-425: The asterism are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta Crucis. There is also a fifth star, that is often included with the Southern Cross. There are several other naked-eye stars within the borders of Crux, especially: Unusually, a total of 15 of the 23 brightest stars in Crux are spectrally blue-white B-type stars. Among the five main bright stars, Delta, and probably Alpha and Beta, are likely co-moving B-type members of

1782-451: The boys fell from the boat into the river and that Campanella jumped in to save him. Giovanni speaks to Campanella's father, who says his son has been lost in the water too long to be saved. He says that he's received a letter from his friend, Giovanni's father, announcing he'll be home soon. Giovanni heads home to deliver this news and the milk to his mother. After Miyazawa's most beloved sister Toshi died in 1922, Miyazawa, in sorrow, went on

1836-569: The brightest as viewed from the Earth . Three of these stars are in Crux making it the most densely populated as to those stars (this being 3.26% of these 92 stars, and in turn being 19.2 times more than the expected 0.17% that would result on a homogenous distribution of all bright stars and a randomised drawing of all 88 constellations, given its area, 0.17% of the sky). Within the constellation's borders, there are 49 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. The four main stars that form

1890-541: The constellation (calling it " las guardas ") in a letter written on the beaches of Brazil on 1 May 1500 to the Portuguese monarch. Explorer Amerigo Vespucci seems to have observed not only the Southern Cross but also the neighboring Coalsack Nebula on his second voyage in 1501–1502. Another early modern description clearly describing Crux as a separate constellation is attributed to Andrea Corsali , an Italian navigator who from 1515 to 1517 sailed to China and

1944-560: The constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is "Cru". The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of four segments. In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 11 56.13 and 12 57.45 , while the declination coordinates are between −55.68° and −64.70°. Its totality figures at least part of

1998-544: The episodes in the novel rather briefly. The play also includes some lines by Professor Burukaniro, which appear only in the first three versions of the novel. Warabiza, a performing arts company in Akita Prefecture , made a musical version of the story. The musical premièred in April 2004 and toured around Japan until March 2007. An illustrated book with music was launched in 2011 as an application for iPad . Using

2052-542: The equinoxes gradually lowered the stars below the European horizon, and they were eventually forgotten by the inhabitants of northern latitudes. By 400  AD , the stars in the constellation now called Crux never rose above the horizon throughout most of Europe. Dante may have known about the constellation in the 14th century, as he describes an asterism of four bright stars in the southern sky in his Divine Comedy . His description, however, may be allegorical, and

2106-520: The final fourth draft of Miyazawa's original as the source text, it has 272 pages. Apple Japan has recommended the Japanese version as an educational application. As copyright for the novel has expired in Japan (and most of the world), Aozora Bunko distributes full text of the novel for free. Crux (constellation) Crux ( / k r ʌ k s / ) is a constellation of the southern sky that

2160-583: The first uranographers (sky mappers) to distinguish Crux as a separate constellation; their representations date from 1592, the former depicting it on his celestial globe and the latter in one of the small celestial maps on his large wall map. Both authors, however, depended on unreliable sources and placed Crux in the wrong position. Crux was first shown in its correct position on the celestial globes of Petrus Plancius and Jodocus Hondius in 1598 and 1600. Its stars were first catalogued separately from Centaurus by Frederick de Houtman in 1603. The constellation

2214-605: The flags of the Australian state of Victoria , the Australian Capital Territory , the Northern Territory , as well as the flag of Magallanes Region of Chile , the flag of Londrina (Brazil) and several Argentine provincial flags and emblems (for example, Tierra del Fuego and Santa Cruz ). The flag of the Mercosur trading zone displays the four brightest stars. Crux also appears on

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2268-479: The group, and Campanella gives him sympathetic looks. Giovanni goes alone to the top of a nearby hill and lies at the base of a "weather wheel" (天気輪). As he gazes up at the Milky Way above, Giovanni finds himself with Campanella on board a steam train. The train travels past the Northern Cross and other stars across the galaxy, making several stops. A ticket inspector comes by at one point, and Campanella and

2322-488: The handle and the four stars as the left hand of Tagai, and the stars of Musca as the trident of the fishing spear he is holding. In Aranda traditions of central Australia, the four Cross stars are the talon of an eagle and Gamma Centauri as its leg. Various peoples in the East Indies and Brazil viewed the four main stars as the body of a ray. In both Indonesia and Malaysia, it is known as Bintang Pari and Buruj Pari , respectively ("ray stars"). This aquatic theme

2376-572: The middle of the constellation. However, by the year 14,000, Crux will be visible for most parts of Europe and the continental United States. Its visibility will extend to North Europe by the year 18,000 when it will be less than 30 degrees south declination. In the Southern Hemisphere , the Southern Cross is frequently used for navigation in much the same way that Polaris is used in the Northern Hemisphere . Projecting

2430-427: The others show their tickets while Giovanni offers the piece of paper he finds in his pocket. They learn that it's a rare ticket that allows the holder to go anywhere with the train. The two boys witness amazing sights and meet various people, including scholars excavating a fossil from sands of white crystal, a man who catches herons and sells them as sweets, and passengers of a ship that sank after hitting an iceberg in

2484-633: The patterns of stars) in several Aboriginal cultures , while Crux itself is said to be a possum sitting in a tree ( Boorong people of the Wimmera region of northwestern Victoria), a representation of the sky deity Mirrabooka ( Quandamooka people of Stradbroke Island ), a stingray ( Yolngu people of Arnhem Land ), or an eagle ( Kaurna people of the Adelaide Plains ). Two Pacific constellations also included Gamma Centauri . Torres Strait Islanders in modern-day Australia saw Gamma Centauri as

2538-508: The play was performed by Kitamura's theatrical company Project Navi. A part in a 2002 play consisting of various works by Kenji, The Account of Kenji Island Exploration ( 賢治島探検記 , Kenji-tō Tankenki ) , written by Yutaka Narui for a theatrical company Caramelbox, features the story by the name of Night on the Light Speed Galactic Railroad ( 光速銀河鉄道の夜 , Kōsoku Ginga Tetsudō no Yoru ) . It follows through

2592-426: The shape of the constellation was like that of a raking hut . The Southern Cross ( α , β , γ and δ Crucis ) together with μ Crucis is one of the asterisms used by Bugis sailors for navigation, called bintoéng bola képpang , meaning "incomplete house star" The Māori name for the Southern Cross is Māhutonga and it is thought of as the anchor ( Te Punga ) of Tama-rereti's waka (the Milky Way ), while

2646-503: The similarity to the constellation a coincidence. The 15th century Venetian navigator Alvise Cadamosto made note of what was probably the Southern Cross on exiting the Gambia River in 1455, calling it the carro dell'ostro ("southern chariot"). However, Cadamosto's accompanying diagram was inaccurate. Historians generally credit João Faras for being the first European to depict it correctly. Faras sketched and described

2700-494: The sky. Crux is sometimes confused with the nearby False Cross asterism by stargazers. The False Cross consists of stars in Carina and Vela, is larger and dimmer, does not have a fifth star, and lacks the two prominent nearby "Pointer Stars". Between the two is the even larger and dimmer Diamond Cross . Crux is easily visible from the southern hemisphere , south of 35th parallel at practically any time of year as circumpolar. It

2754-431: The train, leaving Giovanni weeping in despair. Campanella's father appears instead, thanking Giovanni for helping with his research and telling Giovanni not to keep looking for Campanella. Giovanni runs downhill towards home. Giovanni wakes up back on the hilltop in tears. He returns to the dairy and collects the milk. As he passes the area from which his classmates set out earlier, he sees a crowd. They tell him that one of

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2808-401: The typesetter at the printers in order to buy food; his sister also contributes. His classmates regularly ridicule him for having once said his father will return soon and bring him an otter-skin coat. During a science lesson, the teacher asks the class what the Milky Way is made of. Having read about this at the house of Campanella, his only friend, Giovanni knows it is composed of stars, but

2862-400: The year south of the 25th parallel north . In tropical regions Crux can be seen in the sky from April to June. Crux is exactly opposite to Cassiopeia on the celestial sphere, and therefore it cannot appear in the sky with the latter at the same time. In this era, south of Cape Town , Adelaide , and Buenos Aires (the 34th parallel south ), Crux is circumpolar and thus always appears in

2916-479: Was later adopted by Jakob Bartsch in 1624 and Augustin Royer in 1679. Royer is sometimes wrongly cited as initially distinguishing Crux. Crux is bordered by the constellations Centaurus (which surrounds it on three sides) on the east, north and west, and Musca to the south. Covering 68 square degrees and 0.165% of the night sky, it is the smallest of the 88 constellations. The three-letter abbreviation for

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