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52-727: The bridge was named after Galata (the former name for Karaköy ) on the northern shore of the Golden Horn. The first recorded bridge over the Golden Horn was built during the reign of Justinian the Great in the 6th century, close to the area near the Theodosian Land Walls at the western end of the city. In 1453, before the Fall of Constantinople , the Turks assembled a mobile bridge by placing their ships side-by-side across

104-505: Is a variant of the Italian word calata , which means "a section of the docks of the ports intended for the mooring of merchant ships, for the direct embarkation or disembarkation of goods or passengers, for the temporary storage of goods and marine equipment", since the neighborhood was for centuries a Genoese colony. The name Galata has subsequently been given by the city of Genoa to its naval museum, Galata - Museo del mare , which

156-675: Is connected to the historic Fatih district by several bridges that cross the Golden Horn, most notably the Galata Bridge . The medieval citadel of Galata was a colony of the Republic of Genoa between 1273 and 1453. The famous Galata Tower was built by the Genoese in 1348 at the northernmost and highest point of the citadel. Galata is now a quarter within the district of Beyoğlu in Istanbul. There are several theories concerning

208-491: Is entirely devoted to the bridge and the many people who make a living in and around it. Apart from its place in fiction, the Galata Bridge's romantic appearance has made it the subject of many paintings and engravings. The opening chapter of British author Ben Elton 's time-travelling novel Time and Time Again takes place on the Galata Bridge. Duman 's first album Eski Köprünün Altında ( lit.   ' Under

260-452: Is usually described as an important place for the development of modern Turkish rock music, due to it housing the influential bar Kemancı  [ tr ] . Modern Turkish rock bands and singers such as Duman , MFÖ , Şebnem Ferah and Teoman have spent their formative years in Kemancı. In 1992 it was badly damaged in a fire and after one week towed up from its original location. At

312-477: The Golden Horn ), together with about two-thirds of the building, was demolished for constructing the street's tramway line. The front façade was later reconstructed in the 1880s with a different style and became a 5-floor office building named Bereket Han , while its rear (northern) façade on Kart Çınar Sokak (and the remaining one-third of the palace building) has retained the materials and design of

364-531: The Notitia , it featured public baths and a forum built by Emperor Honorius (r. 395–423), a theatre, a porticoed street and 435 mansions. It is also probable that the settlement was enclosed by walls in the 5th century. Sykai received full city rights under Justinian I (r. 527–565), who renamed it Iustinianopolis , but declined and was probably abandoned in the 7th century. Only the large tower, Megalos Pyrgos (the kastellion tou Galatou ) which controlled

416-760: The Spanish Moors who fled the Spanish Inquisition of 1492 and came to Istanbul. In 1261, the quarter was retaken by the Byzantines , but Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282) granted it to the Genoese in 1267 in accordance with the Treaty of Nymphaeum . The precise limits of the Genoese colony were stipulated in 1303, and they were prohibited from fortifying it. The Genoese however disregarded this, and through subsequent expansions of

468-614: The Turkish lira , the Turkish lira sign ( U+20BA ₺ TURKISH LIRA SIGN ) is used. The Lebanese lira uses £L (before numerals) or L.L. (after numerals) in Latin and ل.ل. in Arabic . The Syrian lira uses £S (before numerals) or L.S. (after numerals) in Latin and ل.س in Arabic. The Italian lira had no official sign, but the abbreviations L. and Lit. and

520-701: The 19th century, the Ottoman Empire and the Eyalet of Egypt adopted the lira as their national currency, equivalent to 100 piasters or kuruş . When the Ottoman Empire collapsed between 1918 and 1922, many of the successor states retained the lira as their national currency. In some countries, such as Cyprus , which have belonged to both the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire, the words lira and pound are used interchangeably. For

572-611: The Conqueror in 1453, the neighborhood was mostly inhabited by Genoese and Venetian Catholics, though there were also some Greek, Armenian and Jewish residents. The Christian residents of Galata maintained a formal neutrality during the Ottoman siege, neither siding with the Sultan, nor openly against him. One modern historian, Halil İnalcık , has estimated (based on a census from 1455) that around 8% of Galata's population fled after

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624-513: The Galata-based newspapers at night. 41°01′22″N 28°58′25″E  /  41.02278°N 28.97361°E  / 41.02278; 28.97361 Lira Lira is the name of several currency units. It is the current currency of Turkey and also the local name of the currencies of Lebanon and of Syria . It is also the name of several former currencies, including those of Italy , Malta and Israel . The term originates from

676-966: The Genoese walls are still standing, in the vicinity of the Galata Tower . With its design modeled after the 13th century wing of the Palazzo San Giorgio in Genoa , the Genoese Palace was built by the Podestà of Galata, Montano De Marini. It was known as the Palazzo del Comune (Palace of the Municipality) in the Genoese period and was initially built in 1314, damaged by fire in 1315 and repaired in 1316. The building's appearance remained largely unchanged until 1880, when its front (southern) façade on Bankalar Caddesi (facing

728-484: The Golden Horn the bridge's middle section was towed near the shoreline in 2012. After the second towing the former shops and restaurants were squatted by the homeless and the bridge was left in disrepair. In 2016 the majority of the bridge was transported to Haliç  [ tr ] and Tuzla shipyards. The remaining 50 meter section on the Hasköy/ Balat coast was left in disrepair. The fifth Galata bridge

780-730: The attack, the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180) used the attack on the settlement as a pretext to imprison all Venetian citizens and confiscate all Venetian property within the Byzantine Empire . The kastellion and the Jewish quarter were seized and destroyed in 1203 by the Catholic crusaders during the Fourth Crusade , shortly before the sack of Constantinople . In 1233, during

832-430: The bridge. In 1863 this bridge was replaced by a second wooden bridge, built by Ethem Pertev Paşa on the orders of Sultan Abdulaziz (1861–1876) during the infrastructure improvements that preceded Napoleon III 's visit to Istanbul. In 1870, a contract was signed with a French company, Forges et Chantiers de la Mediteranée for construction of a third bridge, but the outbreak of war between France and Germany delayed

884-603: The city fell. In the 1455 census it is recorded that Jews primarily resided in the Fabya quarter and Samona (which is in the vicinity of present-day Karaköy ). Though the Greek-speaking Jews of Galata appear to have retained their homes after the conquest, there are no Jewish households recorded in Galata by 1472, a situation that remained unchanged until the mid-16th century. Contemporary accounts differ about

936-568: The colourful array of characters from many races to be seen on it. The bridge also appears in Virginia Woolf 's novel Orlando although it did not exist in the 16th century as the book suggests. It is sometimes suggested that the card game bridge acquired its name because the British soldiers who invented it used to cross the Galata Bridge on their way to favourite coffeehouses. Geert Mak 's short book, The Bridge , published in 2008,

988-551: The contemporary artist Vebjørn Sand , the first civil engineering project based on a Leonardo sketch ever to be constructed. In the early 19th century, Mahmud II (1808–1839) had a bridge built further up the Golden Horn, between Azapkapı and Unkapanı . This bridge, known as the Hayratiye (Benefaction in English), was opened on September 3, 1836. The project was carried out by Deputy Lord High Admiral Fevzi Ahmet Paşa using

1040-464: The course of events that took place in Galata during the Ottoman conquest in 1453. By some accounts, those who remained in Galata surrendered to the Ottoman fleet, prostrating themselves before the Sultan and presenting to him the keys of the citadel. This account is fairly consistent in records from Michael Ducas and Giovanni Lomellino; but according to Laonikos Chalkokondyles , the Genoese mayor made

1092-462: The decision to surrender before the fleet arrived in Galata and relinquished the keys to the Ottoman commander Zagan Pasha , not the Sultan. One eyewitness, Leonard of Chios , describes the flight of Christians from the city: "Those of them who did not manage to board their ships before the Turkish vessels reached their side of the harbor were captured; mothers were taken and their children left, or

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1144-642: The early 20th century, Galata housed embassies of European countries and sizeable Christian minority groups. At the time, signage in businesses was multilingual. Matthew Ghazarian described Galata in the early 20th century as "a bastion of diversity" which was "the Brooklyn to the Old City ’s Manhattan ." In the Ottoman era many newspapers in non-Muslim minority and foreign languages were produced in Galata, with production in daylight hours and distribution at nighttime; Ottoman authorities did not allow production of

1196-675: The headquarters of the Ministry of the Navy ( Bahriye Nezareti ) during the late Ottoman period, and is currently used by the Turkish Navy as the headquarters of the Northern Sea Area Command ( Kuzey Deniz Saha Komutanlığı ). The Camondo family also built two historic apartment buildings in Galata, both of which are named Kamondo Apartmanı : the older one is located at Serdar-ı Ekrem Street near Galata Tower and

1248-646: The imperial palace and principal religious and secular institutions of the Ottoman Empire, and the modern districts of Beyoğlu , where a large proportion of the inhabitants used to be non- Muslims and where foreign merchants and diplomats lived and worked. As Peyami Safa wrote in his novel, Fatih-Harbiye , a person who went from Fatih to Harbiye via the bridge passed into a different civilisation and culture. The bridge crops up in most late 19th-century accounts of Constantinople, perhaps most vividly in Edmondo De Amicis 's Constantinople in which he describes

1300-404: The longest bridge span in the world. However, the ambitious design was not approved by the Sultan. Another Italian artist, Michelangelo , was also invited to contribute a design but rejected the proposal, and the idea of building a bridge across the Golden Horn was shelved until the 19th century. In 2001 a small-scale version of Leonardo's bridge design was constructed near Oslo , Norway by

1352-622: The maintenance of the church, conceded indulgences to the visitors of the Monastery of San Paolo in Galata. The building is known today as the Arap Camii (Arab Mosque) because a few years after its conversion into a mosque (between 1475 and 1478) under the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II with the name Galata Camii (Galata Mosque; or alternatively Cami-i Kebir , i.e. Great Mosque), it was given by Sultan Bayezid II to

1404-455: The middle of it allow the T1 tram to run from Bağcılar , in the western suburbs to Kabataş , a few blocks away from Dolmabahçe Palace . In 2003 a string of restaurants were added to the underside of the bridge in imitation of the more ramshackle ones that had clung to the underside of the fourth bridge. The Galata Bridge has long acted as a symbolic link between the old city of Istanbul, site of

1456-448: The northern end of the sea chain that blocked the entrance to the Golden Horn remained. Galata Tower ( Christea Turris ) was built in 1348 at the northern apex of the Genoese citadel. In the 11th century, the quarter housed the city's Jewish community , which came to number some 2,500 people. In 1171, a new Genoese settlement in the area was attacked and nearly destroyed. Despite Genoese averments that Venice had nothing to do with

1508-522: The old bridge ' ) and the album's first song Köprüaltı ( lit.   ' Underside of the bridge ' ) mention the fourth bridge. The Istanbul Tales film of 2005 features the bridge in the last 10 minutes. Also showing the sections. Galata Galata is the former name of the Karaköy neighbourhood in Istanbul , which is located at the northern shore of the Golden Horn . The district

1560-684: The one-bar and the two-bar versions are treated as allographs and the choice between them is merely stylistic, no evidence has been found that either style predominated in Italy or anywhere else. The Turkish lira was introduced in 1844 during the Ottoman reign. The Turkish lira is now the currency of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , and used in Turkish-occupied northern Syria . The Lebanese pound and Syrian pound are both called "lira" ( ليرة ) in Arabic ,

1612-592: The organisation of the central city in the city walls, "Stamboul" ( Turkish : İstanbul ), was not affected by these laws. All of Constantinople was in the Prefecture of the City of Constantinople ( French : Préfecture de la Ville de Constantinople ). The Camondo Steps , a famous pedestrian stairway designed with a unique mix of the Neo-Baroque and early Art Nouveau styles, and built in circa 1870–1880 by

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1664-624: The origin of the name Galata . The Greeks believe that the name comes either from Galatai (meaning " Gauls "), as the Celtic tribe of Gauls ( Galatians ) were thought to have camped here during the Hellenistic period before settling into Galatia in central Anatolia ; or from galatas (meaning " milkman "), as the area was used by shepherds for grazing in the Early Medieval ( Byzantine ) period. According to another hypothesis it

1716-610: The original structure, but needs restoration. Bankalar Caddesi has rows of Ottoman-era bank buildings, including the headquarters of the Ottoman Central Bank, which is today the Ottoman Bank Museum. Several ornaments that were originally on the façade of the Genoese Palace were used to embellish these 19th-century bank buildings in the late Ottoman period. When Constantinople fell to Mehmed

1768-431: The project, which was given instead to the British firm G. Wells in 1872. This bridge, completed in 1875, was 480 m (1,570 ft) long and 14 m (46 ft) wide and rested on 24 pontoons. It was built at a cost of 105,000 gold liras and was used until 1912 when it was towed upstream to replace the old Cisr-i Atik Bridge. The fourth Galata Bridge (in Turkish usually known as Eski Köprü ; lit. "the old bridge")

1820-545: The renowned Ottoman-Venetian Jewish banker Abraham Salomon Camondo , is also located on Bankalar Caddesi . The seaside mansion of the Camondo family , popularly known as the Camondo Palace ( Kamondo Sarayı ), was built between 1865 and 1869 and designed by architect Sarkis Balyan . It is located on the northern shore of the Golden Horn , within the nearby Kasımpaşa quarter to the west of Galata. It later became

1872-580: The reverse, as the case might be; and many were overcome by the sea and drowned in it. Jewels were scattered about, and they preyed on one another without pity." According to Ducas and Michael Critobulus , the population was not harmed by Zaganos Pasha's forces, but Chalkokondyles does not mention this good conduct, and Leonard of Chios says the population acted against orders from Genoa when they agreed to accept servitude for their lives and property to be spared. Those who fled had their property confiscated; however, according to Ducas and Lomellino, their property

1924-584: The subsequent Latin Empire (1204–1261), a small Catholic chapel dedicated to St. Paul was built in place of a 6th-century Byzantine church in Galata. This chapel was significantly enlarged in 1325 by the Dominican friars , who officially renamed it as the Church of San Domenico , but local residents continued to use the original denomination of San Paolo. In 1407, Pope Gregory XII , in order to ensure

1976-413: The symbols ₤ (two bars), £ (one bar) were all commonly used. The Maltese lira used £M before 1986 and Lm thereafter (both as prefixes), though £M continued to be used in unofficial capacities. The Unicode system allocated U+20A4 ₤ LIRA SIGN to the Italian lira , to provide compatibility with a legacy HP character set. As with U+00A3 £ POUND SIGN , where

2028-404: The time of the fire disaster, the fifth and the current bridge was already under construction near the fourth one and the fourth bridge was planned to be decommissioned in the near future. During the towing process one damaged section of the bridge collapsed. The bridge was classified as a cultural heritage of the second degree by the Turkish authorities. 3 pieces of the bridge went missing after

2080-467: The towing. After repairs the remaining parts of the old bridge were repurposed between Ayvansaray - Hasköy in 2002. From July to October 2012 the bridge was opened for motor vehicles to ease the traffic flow on the Haliç Bridge , which was under renovation. Due to the fact that the bridge was not allowing ferries to pass, disrupting the water circulation and preventing the ongoing cleaning efforts at

2132-646: The value of a Roman pound ( Latin : libra , about 329g, 10.58 troy ounces) of high purity silver. The libra was the basis of the monetary system of the Roman Empire. When Europe resumed a monetary system, during the Carolingian Empire , the Roman system was adopted. The Roman denominations librae, solidi, denarii were used (becoming known in England as £sd ). Specifically, this system

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2184-409: The walls, enlarged the area of their settlement. These walls, including the mid-14th-century Galata Tower (originally Christea Turris , "Tower of Christ", and completed in 1348) survived largely intact until the 19th century, when most were dismantled in order to allow further urban expansion towards the northern neighbourhoods of Beyoğlu , Beşiktaş , and beyond. At present, only a small portion of

2236-458: The water, so that their troops could move from one side of the Golden Horn to the other. In 1502–1503, Sultan Bayezid II solicited plans for a bridge in the current location. Utilising three well-known geometrical principles, the pressed-bow, parabolic curve and keystone arch, artist Leonardo da Vinci designed an unprecedented single span 280 m (920 ft) long bridge across the Golden Horn, which, had it been constructed, would have become

2288-527: The workers and facilities of the naval arsenal at nearby Kasımpaşa . According to the History of Lutfi, this bridge was built on linked pontoons and was around 500–540 m (1,640–1,770 ft) long. In 1845 the first Galata Bridge at the mouth of the waterway (i.e. on the current site) was constructed out of wood at the request of the Valide Sultan , the mother of Abd-ul-Mejid I (1839–1861). It

2340-592: Was built between 1861 and 1868; while the newer one is located at the corner between Felek Street and Hacı Ali Street and was built in 1881. Galatasaray S.K. , one of the most famous football clubs of Turkey, gets its name from this quarter and was established in 1905 in the nearby Galatasaray Square in Pera (now Beyoğlu ), where Galatasaray High School , formerly known as the Mekteb-i Sultani , also stands. Galatasaray literally means Galata Palace . In

2392-552: Was built by the Turkish construction company STFA just a few meters away from the previous bridge, between Karaköy and Eminönü , and completed in December 1994. It was designed and supervised by GAMB (Göncer Ayalp Engineering Company). It is a bascule bridge , which is 490 m (1,610 ft) long with a main span of 80 m (260 ft). The deck of the bridge is 42 m (138 ft) wide and has two vehicular lanes and one walkway in each direction. Tram tracks running down

2444-540: Was built in 1912 by the German firm Hüttenwerk Oberhausen AG for 350,000 gold lira. This floating bridge was 466 m (1,529 ft) long and 25 m (82 ft) wide. The bridge was made of 12 individual pieces; 2 terrestrial pieces 17 meters in length, 9 pieces around 40 meters in length, and a central piece 66.7 meters in length, which made the bridge moveable . It was a tolled bridge until 1930. The fourth bridge contained bars and restaurants at its underside. It

2496-659: Was kept during the Middle Ages and Modern Age in England, France, and Italy. In each of these countries the libra was translated into local language: pound in England, livre in France, lira in Italy. The Venetian lira was one of the currencies in use in Italy and due to the economic power of the Venetian Republic a popular currency in the Eastern Mediterranean trade. During

2548-684: Was known as the Cisr-i Cedid (New Bridge) to distinguish it from the earlier bridge further up the Golden Horn, which became known as the Cisr-i Atik (Old Bridge). The Baedeker 's guidebook also referred to it as the Sultan Valideh Bridge. It continued in use for 18 years. On the Karaköy side of the bridge, an inscribed couplet by poet İbrahim Şinasi recorded that the New Bridge was built by Sultan Abdulmejid I who

2600-422: Was opened in 2004. In historic documents, Galata is often called Pera , which comes from the old Greek name for the place, Peran en Sykais , literally "the Fig Field on the Other Side." The quarter first appears in Late Antiquity as Sykai or Sycae . By the time the Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae was compiled in ca. 425 AD, it had become an integral part of the city as its 13th region. According to

2652-437: Was restored if they returned within three months. Morisco who were expelled from Spain settled in Galata around 1609–1620, their descendants intermingled with the locals. Galata and Pera in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were a part of the Municipality of the Sixth Circle ( French : Municipalité du VI Cercle ), established under the laws of 11 Jumada al-Thani (Djem. II) and 24 Shawwal (Chev.) 1274, in 1858;

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2704-423: Was the first to pass over it. The first to pass below it was the French captain Magnan in his ship the Cygne . For the first three days, crossing the bridge was free. After that, a toll ( mürüriye ) was paid to the Naval Ministry. Toll -collecting started on November 25, 1845 and the following tolls were collected: Until 31 May 1930, this toll was collected by officials in white uniforms who stood at both ends of

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