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82-530: The front is made of Corning Gorilla Glass Victus+ . The back is made of unspecified Gorilla Glass and the frame is made of aluminium . The Galaxy A55 5G also features IP67 dust and water resistance. The design of the Galaxy A55 5G is similar to the entire Galaxy Ax5 lineup, featuring a flat frame and the Key Island. On the bottom of the smartphone, there is a USB-C 2.0 port, two microphones and

164-585: A computerized closed-loop feedback fuel injection system using one or more oxygen sensors (also known as Lambda Sonds or sensors). Other variants combined three-way converters with carburetors equipped with feedback mixture control were used. An unregulated three-way converter features the same chemical processes but without the oxygen sensor, which meant higher NO x emissions, particularly under partial loads. These were low-cost solutions, typically used for retrofitting to older cars or for smaller, cheaper cars. Three-way converters are effective when

246-532: A loudspeaker . On the top, there is an additional microphone and, depending on the model, either a hybrid dual SIM tray (SIM 1 + SIM 2 or SIM 1 + microSD ) or a single SIM tray. On the right side, there is the volume rocker and the power button. The Galaxy A55 5G is sold in the following color options: The Galaxy A55 5G is equipped with the in-house Exynos 1480 SoC , which features the Xclipse 530 graphics processing unit , co-developed with AMD and based on

328-515: A reagent such as ammonia to reduce the NO x into nitrogen and water. Ammonia is supplied to the catalyst system by the injection of urea into the exhaust, which then undergoes thermal decomposition and hydrolysis into ammonia. The urea solution is also referred to as diesel exhaust fluid (DEF). Diesel exhaust contains relatively high levels of particulate matter. Catalytic converters remove only 20–40% of PM so particulates are cleaned up by

410-519: A redox reaction . Catalytic converters are usually used with internal combustion engines fueled by gasoline or diesel , including lean-burn engines, and sometimes on kerosene heaters and stoves. The first widespread introduction of catalytic converters was in the United States automobile market. To comply with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's stricter regulation of exhaust emissions, most gasoline-powered vehicles starting with

492-559: A 123° field of view ; and a 5 MP macro lens with an f/2 .4 aperture. The smartphone also features a front-facing 32 MP Sony IMX616 wide-angle camera with an f/2 .2 aperture. Both main and front cameras can record video in 4K resolution at 30  fps . Corning Inc. Corning Incorporated is an American multinational technology company that specializes in specialty glass , ceramics , and related materials and technologies including advanced optics , primarily for industrial and scientific applications. The company

574-428: A cash transaction approximately $ 900 million. Acquisition closed during 2018; 3M Communication Market Division became part of Corning Optical Communications business unit. As of 2024 : Catalytic converters A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device which converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing

656-420: A catalytic combustor for gas turbines in the early 1970s, allowing combustion without significant formation of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Four-way catalytic converters have also been developed which also remove particulates from engine exhaust; since most of these particulates are unburned hydrocarbons, they can be burned to convert them into carbon dioxide. The catalytic converter's construction

738-454: A catalytic converter for any reason other than its direct and immediate replacement. Nevertheless, some vehicle owners remove or "gut" the catalytic converter on their vehicle. In such cases, the converter may be replaced by a welded-in section of ordinary pipe or a flanged "test pipe", ostensibly meant to check if the converter is clogged by comparing how the engine runs with and without the converter. This facilitates temporary reinstallation of

820-593: A catalytic converter was patented by Eugene Houdry , a French mechanical engineer. Houdry was an expert in catalytic oil refining, having invented the catalytic cracking process that all modern refining is based on today. Houdry moved to the United States in 1930 to live near the refineries in the Philadelphia area and develop his catalytic refining process. When the results of early studies of smog in Los Angeles were published, Houdry became concerned about

902-453: A chemically hardened outer layer, and its manufacture incorporated an ion exchange and a "fusion process" in special furnaces that Corning built in its Christiansburg, Virginia facility. Corning developed it as an alternative to laminated windshields with the intention of becoming an automotive industry supplier. After being installed as side glass in a limited run of 1968 Plymouth Barracudas and Dodge Darts, Chemcor windshields debuted on

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984-408: A common housing; however, in some instances, they may be housed separately. A three-way catalytic converter does three simultaneous tasks: Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen (N 2 ) Oxidation of carbon, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide These three reactions occur most efficiently when the catalytic converter receives exhaust from an engine running slightly above

1066-529: A decade, losing 30 million dollars over the previous five years. In February 2011, Corning acquired MobileAccess Networks, an Israeli company that develops Distributed antenna systems , which are often used by universities, stadiums and airports to ensure seamless wireless coverage throughout a facility. MobileAccess Networks became part of Corning's telecommunications business unit. In July 2017, Corning acquired SpiderCloud Wireless . In December 2017, Corning acquired all of 3M Communication Market Division, in

1148-459: A fiber with only 4 dB/km, using germanium oxide as the core dopant . Such low attenuations made fiber optics practical for telecommunications and networking . Corning became the world's leading manufacturer of optical fiber. In 1977, considerable attention was given to Corning's Z Glass project. Z Glass was a product used in television picture tubes. Due to a number of factors, the exact nature of which are subject to dispute, this project

1230-475: A head gasket leak, can also cause high unburned hydrocarbons. Emissions regulations vary considerably from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Most automobile spark-ignition engines in North America have been fitted with catalytic converters since 1975, and the technology used in non-automotive applications is generally based on automotive technology. In many jurisdictions, it is illegal to remove or disable

1312-403: A high-purity fused silica employed in microlithography systems, a low expansion glass utilized in the construction of reflective mirror blanks, windows for U.S. Space Shuttles , and Steuben art glass . The number of Corning facilities employing the traditional tanks of molten glass has declined over the years, but it maintains the capacity to supply bulk or finished glass of many types. Corning

1394-496: A limit of phosphorus concentration in engine oils was adopted in the API SM and ILSAC GF-4 specifications. Depending on the contaminant, catalyst poisoning can sometimes be reversed by running the engine under a very heavy load for an extended period of time. The increased exhaust temperature can sometimes vaporize or sublimate the contaminant, removing it from the catalytic surface. However, removal of lead deposits in this manner

1476-645: A long history of community development and has assured community leaders that it intends to remain headquartered in its small upstate New York hometown. Corning Glass Works was founded in 1851 by Amory Houghton , in Somerville, Massachusetts , originally as the Bay State Glass Co. It later moved to Williamsburg, Brooklyn , and operated as the Brooklyn Flint Glass Works. The company moved again to its ultimate home and eponym,

1558-601: A partnership with bottle maker Owens-Illinois , which formed the company known today as Owens Corning . Owens Corning was spun off as a separate company in 1938. The company had a history of science-based innovations following World War II and the strategy by management was research and "disruptive" and "on demand" product innovation. In 1962, Corning developed Chemcor, a new toughened automobile windshield designed to be thinner and lighter than existing windshields, which reduced danger of personal injury by shattering into small granules when smashed. This toughened glass had

1640-710: A pre-cat, a small catalytic converter upstream of the main catalytic converter which heats up faster on vehicle start up, reducing the emissions associated with cold starts. A pre-cat is most commonly used by an auto manufacturer when trying to attain the Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV) rating, such as on the Toyota MR2 Roadster. Catalytic converters have proven to be reliable and effective in reducing noxious tailpipe emissions. However, they also have some shortcomings in use, and also adverse environmental effects in production: Because of

1722-405: A precisely controlled air-fuel mixture that quickly and continually cycles between lean and rich combustion. Oxygen sensors monitor the exhaust oxygen content before and after the catalytic converter, and the engine control unit uses this information to adjust the fuel injection so as to prevent the first ( NO x reduction) catalyst from becoming oxygen-loaded, while simultaneously ensuring

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1804-657: A soot trap or diesel particulate filter (DPF). In the U.S., all on-road light, medium, and heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicles built after 1 January 2007, are subject to diesel particulate emission limits, and so are equipped with a 2-way catalytic converter and a diesel particulate filter. As long as the engine was manufactured before 1 January 2007, the vehicle is not required to have the DPF system. This led to an inventory runup by engine manufacturers in late 2006 so they could continue selling pre-DPF vehicles well into 2007. For lean-burn spark-ignition engines, an oxidation catalyst

1886-447: Is also a major manufacturer of ceramic emission control devices for catalytic converters in cars and light trucks that use gasoline engines. The company is also investing in the production of ceramic emission control products for diesel engines as a result of tighter emission standards for those engines both in the U.S. and abroad. In 2007, Corning introduced an optic fiber, ClearCurve , which uses nanostructure technology to facilitate

1968-439: Is as follows: Upon failure, a catalytic converter can be recycled into scrap . The precious metals inside the converter, including platinum, palladium, and rhodium, are extracted. Catalytic converters require a temperature of 400 °C (750 °F) to operate effectively. Therefore, they are placed as close to the engine as possible, or one or more smaller catalytic converters (known as "pre-cats") are placed immediately after

2050-500: Is engaged in research and development on green lasers , mercury abatement, microreactors , photovoltaics, and silicon on glass. Through its Life Sciences division, the company offers products to support life science research, including stem-cell culture products. In September 2019, Apple announced that it would invest $ 250 million in Corning, in an effort to develop and manufacture the glass needed for many of its products, including

2132-461: Is involved in two joint ventures : Dow Corning and Pittsburgh Corning. The company completed the corporate spin-offs of Quest Diagnostics and Covance (now Fortrea ) in January 1997. Corning is one of the main suppliers to Apple Inc. Since working with Steve Jobs in 2007, to develop the iPhone ; Corning develops and manufactures Gorilla Glass , which is used by many smartphone makers. It

2214-566: Is one of the world's biggest glassmakers. Corning won the National Medal of Technology and Innovation four times for its product and process innovations. Corning continues to maintain its world headquarters at Corning, N.Y. The firm also established one of the first industrial research labs there in 1908. It continues to expand the nearby research and development facility, as well as operations associated with catalytic converters and diesel engine filter product lines. Corning has

2296-462: Is permitted and a rich mixture is commanded to increase power and prevent exhaust gas temperature from exceeding design limits. This presents a challenge for control system and catalyst design. During such operations, large amounts of unburnt HC are produced by the engine, well beyond the capacity of the catalyst to release oxygen. The surface of the catalyst quickly becomes saturated with HC. When returning to lower power output and leaner air–fuel ratios,

2378-407: Is used in the same manner as in a diesel engine. Emissions from lean burn spark ignition engines are very similar to emissions from a diesel compression ignition engine. Many vehicles have a close-coupled catalytic converter located near the engine's exhaust manifold . The converter heats up quickly, due to its exposure to the very hot exhaust gases, allowing it to reduce undesirable emissions during

2460-499: Is usually in response to government regulation, either through environmental regulation or through health and safety regulations. Catalytic converter prototypes were first designed in France at the end of the 19th century, when only a few thousand "oil cars" were on the roads; these prototypes had inert clay-based materials coated with platinum , rhodium , and palladium and sealed into a double metallic cylinder. A few decades later,

2542-404: Is usually not possible because of lead's high boiling point. Any condition that causes abnormally high levels of unburned hydrocarbons (raw or partially burnt fuel or oils) to reach the converter will tend to significantly elevate its temperature bringing the risk of a meltdown of the substrate and resultant catalytic deactivation and severe exhaust restriction. These conditions include failure of

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2624-617: The European Union and the United Kingdom since January 1, 1993 in order to comply with the Euro 1 emission standards . Faulty catalytic converters as well as undamaged early types of converters can restrict the flow of exhaust, which negatively affects vehicle performance and fuel economy. Modern catalytic converters do not significantly restrict exhaust flow. A 2006 test on a 1999 Honda Civic, for example, showed that removing

2706-469: The RDNA 2 architecture. The smartphone features a non-removable Li-Ion 5000  mAh battery with a 25  W fast charging support. The Galaxy A55 5G has a triple rear camera setup, including a 50  MP Sony IMX906 wide-angle lens with an f/ 1.8 aperture , phase detection autofocus , and optical image stabilization ; a 12 MP Sony IMX258 ultrawide-angle lens with an f/2 .2 aperture and

2788-484: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's new exhaust emissions regulations, most gasoline-powered vehicles manufactured from 1975 onwards are equipped with catalytic converters. Early catalytic converters were "two-way", combining oxygen with carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC, chemical compounds in fuel of the form C m H n ) to produce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O). These stringent emission control regulations also resulted in

2870-404: The alternator , wiring or fuel lines, with potentially dangerous consequences. In 2023, bipartisan legislation to combat catalytic converter theft was introduced in the U.S. Senate . The Preventing Auto Recycling Thefts Act (PART Act) would mandate catalytic converters in new vehicles to come with traceable identification numbers. Additionally, the legislation would make catalytic converter theft

2952-510: The stoichiometric point. For gasoline combustion, this ratio is between 14.6 and 14.8 parts air to one part fuel, by weight. The ratio for autogas (or liquefied petroleum gas LPG), natural gas , and ethanol fuels can vary significantly for each, notably so with oxygenated or alcohol based fuels, with E85 requiring approximately 34% more fuel, requiring modified fuel system tuning and components when using those fuels. Engines fitted with regulated 3-way catalytic converters are equipped with

3034-439: The 1970 model year Javelins and AMXs built by American Motors Corporation (AMC) . As there were no mandatory safety standards for motor vehicle windshields, the larger automakers had no financial incentive to change from the cheaper existing products. Corning terminated its windshield project in 1971, after it turned out to be one of the company's "biggest and most expensive failures." However, like many Corning innovations,

3116-967: The 1975 model year are equipped with catalytic converters. These "two-way" converters combine oxygen with carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) to produce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O). Although two-way converters on gasoline engines were rendered obsolete in 1981 by "three-way" converters that also reduce oxides of nitrogen ( NO x ), they are still used on lean-burn engines to oxidize particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions (including diesel engines, which typically use lean combustion), as three-way-converters require fuel-rich or stoichiometric combustion to successfully reduce NO x . Although catalytic converters are most commonly applied to exhaust systems in automobiles, they are also used on electrical generators , forklifts , mining equipment, trucks , buses , locomotives , motorcycles , and on ships. They are even used on some wood stoves to control emissions. This

3198-451: The U.S. added catalytic systems to their vehicles to meet federal emissions requirements. Two techniques have been developed for the catalytic reduction of NO x emissions under lean exhaust conditions, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and the NO x adsorber . Instead of precious metal-containing NO x absorbers, most manufacturers selected base-metal SCR systems that use

3280-459: The air pump, which led to the development of the three-way catalytic converter. The two-way catalytic converter also continued to be used on certain, lower-cost cars in some markets such as Europe, where NO x emissions were not universally regulated until the introduction of the Euro 3 emissions standard in 2000. The three-way catalytic converters have the additional advantage of controlling

3362-447: The air–fuel mixture is brought back to slightly rich, at a small penalty in CO and HC oxidation efficiency, and the cycle repeats. Efficiency is improved when this oscillation around the stoichiometric point is small and carefully controlled. Closed-loop control under light to moderate load is accomplished by using one or more oxygen sensors in the exhaust system. When oxygen is detected by

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3444-468: The car. Vehicles fitted with catalytic converters emit most of their total pollution during the first five minutes of engine operation; for example, before the catalytic converter has warmed up sufficiently to be fully effective. In the early 2000s it became common to place the catalyst converter right next to the exhaust manifold, close to the engine, for much quicker warm-up. In 1995, Alpina introduced an electrically heated catalyst. Called "E-KAT", it

3526-479: The catalyst at reducing NO x is good, and the production of NO x by the engine decreases. To maintain catalyst efficiency, the air–fuel ratio must stay close to stoichiometric and not remain rich or lean for too long. Closed-loop engine control systems are used for effective operation of three-way catalytic converters because of this continuous rich-lean balance required for effective NO x reduction and HC+CO oxidation. The control system allows

3608-412: The catalyst to release oxygen during slightly rich operating conditions, which oxidizes CO and HC under conditions that also favor the reduction of NOx. Before the stored oxygen is depleted, the control system shifts the air–fuel ratio to become slightly lean, improving HC and CO oxidation while storing additional oxygen in the catalyst material, at a small penalty in NO x reduction efficiency. Then

3690-543: The challenge of fabricating the required optic for his Palomar project. A previous effort to fabricate the optic from fused quartz had failed. Corning's first attempt was a failure, the cast blank having voids. Using lessons learned, Corning was successful in the casting of the second blank. After a year of cooling, during which it was almost lost to a flood, in 1935, the blank was completed. The first blank now resides in Corning's Museum of Glass. In 1935, Corning formed

3772-525: The city of Corning, New York , in 1868, under leadership of the founder's son, Amory Houghton, Jr. In 1915, Corning created an improved heat resistant glass formula and launched Pyrex, the first-ever consumer cooking products made with temperature-resistant glass, in 1915. The California Institute of Technology 's 200-inch (5.1 m) telescope mirror at Palomar Observatory was cast by Corning during 1934–1936, out of low expansion borosilicate glass. In 1932, George Ellery Hale approached Corning with

3854-523: The control system must prevent excessive oxygen from reaching the catalyst too quickly, as this will rapidly burn the HC in the already hot catalyst, potentially exceeding the design temperature limit of the catalyst. Excessive catalyst temperature can prematurely age the catalyst, reducing its efficiency before reaching its design lifetime. Excessive catalyst temperature can also be caused by cylinder misfire, which continuously flows unburnt HC combined with oxygen to

3936-409: The conversion of HC and CO is very efficient due to the available oxygen, oxidizing to H 2 O and CO 2 . Slightly rich of stoichiometric, the production of CO and unburnt HC by the engine starts to increase dramatically, available oxygen decreases, and the efficiency of the catalyst for oxidizing CO and HC decreases significantly, especially as stored oxygen becomes depleted. However, the efficiency of

4018-850: The converter in order to pass an emission test. In the United States, it is a violation of Section 203(a)(3)(A) of the 1990 amended Clean Air Act for a vehicle repair shop to remove a converter from a vehicle, or cause a converter to be removed from a vehicle, except in order to replace it with another converter, and Section 203(a)(3)(B) makes it illegal for any person to sell or to install any part that would bypass, defeat, or render inoperative any emission control system, device, or design element. Vehicles without functioning catalytic converters generally fail emission inspections. The automotive aftermarket supplies high-flow converters for vehicles with upgraded engines, or whose owners prefer an exhaust system with larger-than-stock capacity. xxx Catalytic converters have been mandatory on all new gasoline cars sold in

4100-414: The dot-com market had a major impact on the company, and Corning stock plummeted to $ 1 per share. However, as of 2007 the company had posted five straight years of improving financial performance. The turning point for Corning came when Apple approached it to develop a robust display screen for its upcoming iPhone . Later, other companies also adopted its Gorilla Glass screen. In 2011, Corning announced

4182-605: The emission of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) (both together abbreviated with NO x and not to be confused with nitrous oxide (N 2 O) ). NO x are precursors to acid rain and smog . Since 1981, the three-way (oxidation-reduction) catalytic converters have been used in vehicle emission control systems in the United States and Canada; many other countries have also adopted stringent vehicle emission regulations that in effect require three-way converters on gasoline-powered vehicles. The reduction and oxidation catalysts are typically contained in

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4264-427: The engine is operated within a narrow band of air–fuel ratios near the stoichiometric point. Total conversion efficiency falls very rapidly when the engine is operated outside of this band. Slightly lean of stoichiometric, the exhaust gases from the engine contain excess oxygen, the production of NO x by the engine increases, and the efficiency of the catalyst at reducing NO x falls off rapidly. However,

4346-432: The engine warm-up period. This is achieved by burning off the excess hydrocarbons which result from the extra-rich mixture required for a cold start. When catalytic converters were first introduced, most vehicles used carburetors that provided a relatively rich air-fuel ratio . Oxygen (O 2 ) levels in the exhaust stream were therefore generally insufficient for the catalytic reaction to occur efficiently. Most designs of

4428-583: The exhaust manifold. A 2-way (or "oxidation", sometimes called an "oxi-cat") catalytic converter has two simultaneous tasks: The two-way catalytic converter is widely used on diesel engines to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. They were also used on gasoline engines in American and Canadian automobile markets until 1981. Because of their inability to control oxides of nitrogen , manufacturers briefly installed twin catalyst systems, with an NO x reducing, rhodium/platinum catalyst ahead of

4510-644: The expansion of existing facilities and the construction of a Gen 10 facility co-located with the Sharp Corporation manufacturing complex in Sakai, Osaka , Japan. The LCD glass substrate is produced without heavy metals. Corning is a leading manufacturer of the glass used in liquid crystal displays . The company continues to produce optical fiber and cable for the communications industry at its Wilmington and Concord plants in North Carolina. It

4592-533: The external location and the use of valuable precious metals including platinum , palladium and rhodium , catalytic converters are a target for thieves. The problem is especially common among late-model pickup trucks and truck-based SUVs , because of their high ground clearance and easily removed bolt-on catalytic converters. Welded-on converters are also at risk of theft, as they can be easily cut off. The Toyota Prius catalytic converters are also targets for thieves. The catalytic converters of hybrids need more of

4674-417: The gasoline additive MMT ), and silicon , which can enter the exhaust stream if the engine has a leak that allows coolant into the combustion chamber. Phosphorus is another catalyst contaminant. Although phosphorus is no longer used in gasoline, it (and zinc , another low-level catalyst contaminant) was widely used in engine oil antiwear additives such as zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP). Beginning in 2004,

4756-416: The hot catalyst, burning in the catalyst and increasing its temperature. Unwanted reactions result in the formation of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia , which poison catalysts. Nickel or manganese is sometimes added to the washcoat to limit hydrogen-sulfide emissions. Sulfur-free or low-sulfur fuels eliminate or minimize problems with hydrogen sulfide. For compression-ignition (i.e., diesel ) engines,

4838-463: The iPhone, Apple Watch, and iPad. Though not confirmed by either company, the investment could be used to develop new products in the future. Apple had already invested $ 200 million in Corning in 2017. In November 2024, The European Commission announced that Corning Inc. was under investigation for potential antitrust violations related to exclusive supply agreements with mobile phone manufacturers and raw glass processors, which may hinder competition in

4920-414: The late 1990s during the dot-com boom, and Corning expanded its fiber operations significantly through the acquisition of telecommunications company Oak Industries and building several new plants. The company also entered the photonics market, investing heavily with the intent of becoming the leading provider of complete fiber-optic systems. Failure to succeed in photonics and the collapse in 2000 of

5002-596: The most commonly used catalytic converter is the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). DOCs contain palladium or platinum supported on alumina . This catalyst converts particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and water. These converters often operate at 90 percent efficiency, virtually eliminating diesel odor and helping reduce visible particulates. These catalysts are ineffective for NO x , so NO x emissions from diesel engines are controlled by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). In 2010, most light-duty diesel manufacturers in

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5084-582: The oxidation reactions. An upstream air injection point, ahead of the catalytic converter, is also sometimes present to provide additional oxygen only during the engine warm up period. This causes unburned fuel to ignite in the exhaust tract, thereby preventing it reaching the catalytic converter at all. This technique reduces the engine runtime needed for the catalytic converter to reach its "light-off" or operating temperature . Most newer vehicles have electronic fuel injection systems, and do not require air injection systems in their exhausts. Instead, they provide

5166-404: The precious metals to work properly compared to conventional internal combustion vehicles because they do not get as hot as those installed on conventional vehicles, since the combustion engines of hybrids only run part of the time. Pipecutters are often used to quietly remove the converter but other tools such as a portable reciprocating saw can damage other components of the car, such as

5248-610: The primary mirror in the Hubble Space Telescope . In 1982, Corning launched Chameleon ® Sunglasses and Serengeti ® sunglasses at retail, featuring the exclusive combination of Photochromic and Spectral Control ® technologies in the lenses. In July 2008, Corning announced the sale of Steuben Glass Works to Steuben Glass LLC, an affiliate of the private equity firm Schottenstein Stores Corporation . Steuben Glass had been unprofitable for more than

5330-414: The removal of the antiknock agent tetraethyl lead from automotive gasoline, to reduce lead in the air. Lead and its compounds are catalyst poisons and foul catalytic converters by coating the catalyst's surface. Requiring the removal of lead allowed the use of catalytic converters to meet the other emission standards in the regulations. To lower harmful NO x emissions, a twin-catalyst system

5412-417: The role of smokestack exhaust and automobile exhaust in air pollution and founded a company called Oxy-Catalyst. Houdry first developed catalytic converters for smokestacks , called "cats" for short, and later developed catalytic converters for warehouse forklifts that used low grade, unleaded gasoline. In the mid-1950s, he began research to develop catalytic converters for gasoline engines used on cars and

5494-474: The second (HC and CO oxidation) catalyst is sufficiently oxygen-saturated. Catalyst poisoning occurs when the catalytic converter is exposed to exhaust containing substances that coat the working surfaces, so that they cannot contact and react with the exhaust. The most notable contaminant is lead , so vehicles equipped with catalytic converters can run only on unleaded fuel. Other common catalyst poisons include sulfur , manganese (originating primarily from

5576-468: The sensing of the changed air–fuel ratio by the sensor, as well as the sigmoidal response of the oxygen sensors. Typical control systems are designed to rapidly sweep the air–fuel ratio such that it oscillates slightly around the stoichiometric point, staying near the optimal efficiency point while managing the levels of stored oxygen and unburnt HC. Closed loop control is often not used during high load/maximum power operation, when an increase in emissions

5658-418: The sensor, the air–fuel ratio is lean of stoichiometric, and when oxygen is not detected, it is rich. The control system adjusts the rate of fuel being injected into the engine based on this signal to keep the air–fuel ratio near the stoichiometric point in order to maximize the catalyst conversion efficiency. The control algorithm is also affected by the time delay between the adjustment of the fuel flow rate and

5740-845: The small radius bending found in FTTX installations. Gorilla Glass, an outgrowth of the 1960s Chemcor project, is a high-strength alkali- aluminosilicate thin sheet glass used as a protective cover glass offering scratch resistance and durability in many touchscreens. According to the book Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson, Gorilla Glass was used in the first iPhone released in 2007. On October 25, 2011, Corning unveiled Lotus Glass , an environmentally friendly and high-performance glass developed for OLED and LCD displays. Corning invests about 10% of revenue in research and development , and has allocated US$ 300 million towards further expansion of its Sullivan Park research facility near headquarters in Corning, New York. Corning Incorporated manufactures

5822-424: The specialty glass market. Corning employs roughly 61,200 people worldwide and had sales of $ 14.08 billion in 2021. The company has been listed for many years among Fortune magazine's 500 largest companies, and was ranked #297 in 2015. Although the company has long been publicly owned, James R. Houghton , great-great-grandson of the founder, served as chairman of the board of directors from 2001 to 2007. Over

5904-400: The stock catalytic converter netted only a 3% increase in maximum horsepower; a new metallic core converter only cost the car 1% horsepower, compared to no converter. Carburetors on pre-1981 vehicles without feedback fuel-air mixture control could easily provide too much fuel to the engine, which could cause the catalytic converter to overheat and potentially ignite flammable materials under

5986-442: The time therefore included secondary air injection , which injected air into the exhaust stream. This increased the available oxygen, allowing the catalyst to function as intended. Some three-way catalytic converter systems have air injection systems with the air injected between the first ( NO x reduction) and second (HC and CO oxidation) stages of the converter. As in two-way converters, this injected air provides oxygen for

6068-438: The unique process to manufacture this automotive glass was resurrected and is today the basis of their very profitable LCD glass business. In the fall of 1970, the company announced that researchers Robert D. Maurer, Donald Keck, Peter C. Schultz, and Frank Zimar had demonstrated an optical fiber with a low optical attenuation of 17 dB per kilometer by doping silica glass with titanium . A few years later they produced

6150-476: The upstream components of the exhaust system (manifold or header assembly and associated clamps susceptible to rust, corrosion or fatigue such as the exhaust manifold splintering after repeated heat cycling), ignition system (e.g., coil packs, primary ignition components, distributor cap, wires, ignition coil and spark plugs) or damaged fuel system components (e.g., fuel injectors, fuel pressure regulator, and associated sensors). Oil and coolant leaks, perhaps caused by

6232-530: The years Houghton family ownership has declined to about 2%. Wendell P. Weeks has been with the company since 1983 and as of March 2013 was chairman, chief executive officer, and president. Over its 160-year history Corning invented a process for rapid and inexpensive production of light bulbs , including developing the glass for Thomas Edison 's light bulb. Corning was the glass supplier for lightbulbs for General Electric after Edison General Electric merged with Thomson-Houston Electric Company in 1892. It

6314-413: Was an early major manufacturer of glass panels and funnels for television tubes, invented and produced Vycor (high temperature glass with high thermal shock resistance). Corning invented and produced Pyrex , CorningWare and Visions Pyroceram glass-ceramic cookware, and Corelle durable glass dinnerware. Corning manufactured the windows for US crewed space vehicles , and supplied the glass blank for

6396-422: Was awarded United States Patent 2,742,437 for his work. Catalytic converters were further developed by a series of engineers including Carl D. Keith , John J. Mooney , Antonio Eleazar, and Phillip Messina at Engelhard Corporation, creating the first production catalytic converter in 1973. The first widespread introduction of catalytic converters was in the United States automobile market. To comply with

6478-575: Was considered a steep loss in profit and productivity. The following year the project made a partial recovery. This incident has been cited as a case study by the Harvard School of Business. In 1998, the kitchenware division of Corning Inc. responsible for the development of Pyrex spun off from its parent company as Corning Consumer Products Company, subsequently renamed Corelle Brands. Corning Inc. no longer manufactures or markets consumer products, only industrial ones. Company profits soared in

6560-521: Was developed in the 1970s – this added a separate (rhodium/platinum) catalyst which reduced NO x ahead of the air pump, after which a two-way catalytic converter (palladium/platinum) removed HC and CO. This cumbersome and expensive system was soon made redundant, after it was noted that under some conditions the initial catalyst also removed HC and CO. This led to the development of the three-way catalyst, made possible by electronics and engine management developments. William C. Pfefferle developed

6642-586: Was named Corning Glass Works until 1989. Corning divested its consumer product lines (including CorningWare and Visions Pyroceram -based cookware, Corelle Vitrelle tableware, and Pyrex glass bakeware) in 1998 by selling the Corning Consumer Products Company subsidiary (later Corelle Brands ) to Borden . As of 2014 , Corning had five major business sectors: display technologies, environmental technologies, life sciences, optical communications, and specialty materials. Corning

6724-543: Was used in Alpina's B12 5,7 E-KAT based on the BMW 750i . Heating coils inside the catalytic converter assemblies are electrified just after the engine is started, bringing the catalyst up to operating temperature very quickly to qualify the vehicle for low emission vehicle (LEV) designation. BMW later introduced the same heated catalyst, developed jointly by Emitec, Alpina, and BMW, in its 750i in 1999. Some vehicles contain

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