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54-500: PROJECT REPORT To get this research undertook I bought a needle and the BOOK, and with the BOOK an old and hairy faintly starving dromedary. N.A.M., to help this thesis, gave, on loan, a standard Croesus. When the Croesus, missal-guided went to Heaven's gate and tried it, Peter spoke - "The Gospel proves a camel through a needle moves Sooner than we may admit

108-481: A Rich man." (Christ, J., opus cit). Testing to confirm the Word, I loosed our camel, hunger-spurred, and motivated by a lure of buns behind the aperture, The subject, in a single try, squeezed grunting through the needle's eye; a graceless act. The camel crammed and Croesus muttered, "I'll be damned." ONTOLOGY RECAPITULATES PHILOLOGY One night, a werewolf, having dined, left his wife to clean

162-619: A diacritic or modified letter. These include exposé , lamé , maté , öre , øre , résumé and rosé. In a few words, diacritics that did not exist in the original have been added for disambiguation, as in maté ( from Sp. and Port. mate) , saké ( the standard Romanization of the Japanese has no accent mark ) , and Malé ( from Dhivehi މާލެ ) , to clearly distinguish them from the English words mate, sake, and male. The acute and grave accents are occasionally used in poetry and lyrics:

216-509: A letter or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters. The main use of diacritics in Latin script is to change the sound-values of the letters to which they are added. Historically, English has used the diaeresis diacritic to indicate the correct pronunciation of ambiguous words, such as "coöperate", without which the <oo> letter sequence could be misinterpreted to be pronounced /ˈkuːpəreɪt/ . Other examples are

270-414: A way of indicating that adjacent vowels belonged to separate syllables, but this practice has become far less common. The New Yorker magazine is a major publication that continues to use the diaeresis in place of a hyphen for clarity and economy of space. A few English words, often when used out of context, especially in isolation, can only be distinguished from other words of the same spelling by using

324-613: Is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek διακριτικός ( diakritikós , "distinguishing"), from διακρίνω ( diakrínō , "to distinguish"). The word diacritic is a noun , though it is sometimes used in an attributive sense, whereas diacritical is only an adjective . Some diacritics, such as the acute ⟨ó⟩ , grave ⟨ò⟩ , and circumflex ⟨ô⟩ (all shown above an 'o'), are often called accents . Diacritics may appear above or below

378-569: Is also used in Hermann–Mauguin notation . In music, the tenuto marking resembles the macron. The macron is also used in German lute tablature to distinguish repeating alphabetic characters. The Unicode Standard encodes combining and precomposed macron characters: Macron-related Unicode characters not included in the table above: In TeX a macron is created with the command "\=", for example: M\=aori for Māori. In OpenOffice , if

432-493: Is created by first pressing the key with the diacritic mark, followed by the letter to place it on. This method is known as the dead key technique, as it produces no output of its own but modifies the output of the key pressed after it. The following languages have letters with diacritics that are orthographically distinct from those without diacritics. English is one of the few European languages that does not have many words that contain diacritical marks. Instead, digraphs are

486-520: Is known, most modern computer systems provide a method to input it . For historical reasons, almost all the letter-with-accent combinations used in European languages were given unique code points and these are called precomposed characters . For other languages, it is usually necessary to use a combining character diacritic together with the desired base letter. Unfortunately, even as of 2024, many applications and web browsers remain unable to operate

540-423: Is sorted as such. Other letters modified by diacritics are treated as variants of the underlying letter, with the exception that ⟨ü⟩ is frequently sorted as ⟨y⟩ . Languages that treat accented letters as variants of the underlying letter usually alphabetize words with such symbols immediately after similar unmarked words. For instance, in German where two words differ only by an umlaut,

594-444: Is used for the velar stop /ɡ/ , but g without macron is the voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ . In Marshallese , a macron is used on four letters – ā n̄ ō ū – whose pronunciations differ from the unmarked a n o u . Marshallese uses a vertical vowel system with three to four vowel phonemes, but traditionally their allophones have been written out, so vowel letters with macron are used for some of these allophones. Though

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648-512: Is used to represent complex conjugation : z = a + b i ; z ¯ = a − b i {\displaystyle z=a+bi;\quad {\overline {z}}=a-bi} and to represent a line segment in geometry (e.g., A B ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {AB}}} ), sample means in statistics (e.g., X ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {X}}} ) and negations in logic . It

702-499: The Banks Islands , including Mwotlap , the simple m stands for /m/ , but an m with a macron ( m̄ ) is a rounded labial-velar nasal /ŋ͡mʷ/ ; while the simple n stands for the common alveolar nasal /n/ , an n with macron ( n̄ ) represents the velar nasal /ŋ/ ; the vowel ē stands for a (short) higher /ɪ/ by contrast with plain e /ɛ/ ; likewise ō /ʊ/ contrasts with plain o /ɔ/ . In Hiw orthography,

756-607: The French là ("there") versus la ("the"), which are both pronounced /la/ . In Gaelic type , a dot over a consonant indicates lenition of the consonant in question. In other writing systems , diacritics may perform other functions. Vowel pointing systems, namely the Arabic harakat and the Hebrew niqqud systems, indicate vowels that are not conveyed by the basic alphabet. The Indic virama (  ्  etc.) and

810-580: The Hanyu Pinyin official romanization system for Mandarin in China, diacritics are used to mark the tones of the syllables in which the marked vowels occur. In orthography and collation , a letter modified by a diacritic may be treated either as a new, distinct letter or as a letter–diacritic combination. This varies from language to language and may vary from case to case within a language. In some cases, letters are used as "in-line diacritics", with

864-551: The macron below is typically used to mark the begadkefat consonant lenition . However, for typographical reasons a regular macron is used on p and g instead: p̄, ḡ . The macron is used in the orthography of a number of vernacular languages of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu , particularly those first transcribed by Anglican missionaries . The macron has no unique value, and is simply used to distinguish between two different phonemes. Thus, in several languages of

918-440: The velar nasal /ŋ/ . Also, in some instances, a diacritic will be written like a macron, although it represents another diacritic whose standard form is different: Continuing previous Latin scribal abbreviations , letters with combining macron can be used in various European languages to represent the overlines indicating various medical abbreviations , particularly including: Note, however, that abbreviations involving

972-591: The Arabic sukūn (  ـْـ  ) mark the absence of vowels. Cantillation marks indicate prosody . Other uses include the Early Cyrillic titlo stroke (  ◌҃  ) and the Hebrew gershayim (  ״  ), which, respectively, mark abbreviations or acronyms , and Greek diacritical marks, which showed that letters of the alphabet were being used as numerals . In Vietnamese and

1026-536: The Aryan, and turned, save Fridays, vegetarian. Seeds and weeds he bolted whole with faith as firm as amphibole, till vitals issued, overloaded, lapsed Pelagian and exploded. So littoral this revelation fish schools died of inspiration. The Saint, recalled to bless the lowly, said only: "Holy! Holy! Holy!" THE MOONSHEEP The Moonsheep cropped the Furthest Clearing, Awaiting patiently

1080-473: The Fish ˉ ˘ ˘ ˉ ˉ ˉ ˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ ˉ ˉ ˉ ˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ ˉ ˉ ˉ ˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ ˉ ˉ ˉ ˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ ˉ ˉ ˉ ˘ ˘ ˉ by Christian Morgenstern Macron (diacritic) A macron ( / ˈ m æ k r ɒ n , ˈ m eɪ -/ MAK -ron, MAY - ) is a diacritical mark : it is a straight bar ¯ placed above a letter, usually a vowel . Its name derives from Ancient Greek μακρόν ( makrón ) 'long' because it

1134-535: The Roman alphabet are transliterated , or romanized, using diacritics. Examples: Possibly the greatest number of combining diacritics required to compose a valid character in any Unicode language is 8, for the "well-known grapheme cluster in Tibetan and Ranjana scripts" or HAKṢHMALAWARAYAṀ . It consists of An example of rendering, may be broken depending on browser: ཧྐྵྨླྺྼྻྂ Some users have explored

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1188-685: The Shearing. The Moonsheep. The Moonsheep munched some grass and then Turned leisurely back to its Pen. The Moonsheep. Asleep, the Moonsheep dreamt he was The Universal Final Cause. The Moonsheep. Morning came. The sheep was dead. His Corpse was white, the Sun was red. The Moonsheep. Σ Ξ MAN MET A Π MAN After many "if"s and "but"s, emendations, notes, and cuts, they bring their theory, complete, to lay, for Science, at his feet. But Science, sad to say it, he seldom heeds

1242-542: The Vienna public libraries, for example (before digitization). Among the types of diacritic used in alphabets based on the Latin script are: The tilde, dot, comma, titlo , apostrophe, bar, and colon are sometimes diacritical marks, but also have other uses. Not all diacritics occur adjacent to the letter they modify. In the Wali language of Ghana, for example, an apostrophe indicates a change of vowel quality, but occurs at

1296-593: The acute and grave accents, which can indicate that a vowel is to be pronounced differently than is normal in that position, for example not reduced to /ə/ or silent as in the case of the two uses of the letter e in the noun résumé (as opposed to the verb resume ) and the help sometimes provided in the pronunciation of some words such as doggèd , learnèd , blessèd , and especially words pronounced differently than normal in poetry (for example movèd , breathèd ). Most other words with diacritics in English are borrowings from languages such as French to better preserve

1350-414: The acute to indicate stress overtly where it might be ambiguous ( rébel vs. rebél ) or nonstandard for metrical reasons ( caléndar ), the grave to indicate that an ordinarily silent or elided syllable is pronounced ( warnèd, parlìament ). In certain personal names such as Renée and Zoë , often two spellings exist, and the person's own preference will be known only to those close to them. Even when

1404-506: The acute, grave, and circumflex accents and the diaeresis: ( Cantillation marks do not generally render correctly; refer to Hebrew cantillation#Names and shapes of the ta'amim for a complete table together with instructions for how to maximize the possibility of viewing them in a web browser.) The diacritics 〮 and 〯  , known as Bangjeom ( 방점; 傍點 ), were used to mark pitch accents in Hangul for Middle Korean . They were written to

1458-402: The base letter. The ISO/IEC 646 standard (1967) defined national variations that replace some American graphemes with precomposed characters (such as ⟨é⟩ , ⟨è⟩ and ⟨ë⟩ ), according to language—but remained limited to 95 printable characters. Unicode was conceived to solve this problem by assigning every known character its own code; if this code

1512-425: The beginning of the word, as in the dialects ’Bulengee and ’Dolimi . Because of vowel harmony , all vowels in a word are affected, so the scope of the diacritic is the entire word. In abugida scripts, like those used to write Hindi and Thai , diacritics indicate vowels, and may occur above, below, before, after, or around the consonant letter they modify. The tittle (dot) on the letter ⟨i⟩ or

1566-644: The cave and visited a scholar's grave asking, "How am I declined?" Whatever way the case was pressed the ghost could not decline his guest, but told the wolf (who'd been well-bred and crossed his paws before the dead), "The Iswolf, so we may commence, the Waswolf, simple past in tense, the Beenwolf, perfect; so construed, the Werewolf is subjunctive mood." The werewolf's teeth with thanks were bright, but, mitigating his delight, there rose

1620-462: The combining diacritic concept properly. Depending on the keyboard layout and keyboard mapping , it is more or less easy to enter letters with diacritics on computers and typewriters. Keyboards used in countries where letters with diacritics are the norm, have keys engraved with the relevant symbols. In other cases, such as when the US international or UK extended mappings are used, the accented letter

1674-485: The consonant r̄ stands for the prestopped velar lateral approximant /ᶢʟ/ . In Araki , the same symbol r̄ encodes the alveolar trill /r/ – by contrast with r , which encodes the alveolar flap /ɾ/ . In Bislama (orthography before 1995), Lamenu and Lewo , a macron is used on two letters m̄ p̄ . m̄ represents /mʷ/ , and p̄ represents /pʷ/ . The orthography after 1995 (which has no diacritics) has these written as mw and pw . In Kokota , ḡ

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1728-463: The dark he took the interspaces from the slats and built a set of modern flats. The fence looked nothing as it should, since nothing twixt its pickets stood. This artefact soon fated it, the senate confiscated it, and marked the architect to go to Arctic - or Antarctico. THE SHARK When Anthony addressed the fishes a simple shark became religious, adored the Host, denounced

1782-482: The description of the metrics of other literatures, the macron was introduced and is still widely used in dictionaries and educational materials to mark a long (heavy) syllable . Even relatively recent classical Greek and Latin dictionaries are still concerned with indicating only the length (weight) of syllables; that is why most still do not indicate the length of vowels in syllables that are otherwise metrically determined. Many textbooks about Ancient Rome and Greece use

1836-582: The diacritic developed from initially resembling today's acute accent to a long flourish by the 15th century. With the advent of Roman type it was reduced to the round dot we have today. Several languages of eastern Europe use diacritics on both consonants and vowels, whereas in western Europe digraphs are more often used to change consonant sounds. Most languages in Europe use diacritics on vowels, aside from English where there are typically none (with some exceptions ). These diacritics are used in addition to

1890-491: The extension Compose Special Characters is installed, a macron may be added by following the letter with a hyphen and pressing the user's predefined shortcut key for composing special characters. A macron may also be added by following the letter with the character's four-digit hex-code, and pressing the user's predefined shortcut key for adding unicode characters. Diacritical mark A diacritic (also diacritical mark , diacritical point , diacritical sign , or accent )

1944-401: The laity - abstractedly he flips his hand, mutters "metaphysic" and bends himself again to start another curve on another chart. "Come," says Pitts, "his line is laid; the only points he'll miss, we've made." THE AESTHETE When I sit, I sitting, tend to sit a seat with sense so fine that I can feel my sit-soul blend insensibly with seat's design. Seeking no support

1998-710: The left of a syllable in vertical writing and above a syllable in horizontal writing. In addition to the above vowel marks, transliteration of Syriac sometimes includes ə , e̊ or superscript (or often nothing at all) to represent an original Aramaic schwa that became lost later on at some point in the development of Syriac. Some transliteration schemes find its inclusion necessary for showing spirantization or for historical reasons. Some non-alphabetic scripts also employ symbols that function essentially as diacritics. Different languages use different rules to put diacritic characters in alphabetical order. For example, French and Portuguese treat letters with diacritical marks

2052-474: The letter ⟨j⟩ , of the Latin alphabet originated as a diacritic to clearly distinguish ⟨i⟩ from the minims (downstrokes) of adjacent letters. It first appeared in the 11th century in the sequence ii (as in ingeníí ), then spread to i adjacent to m, n, u , and finally to all lowercase i s. The ⟨j⟩ , originally a variant of i , inherited the tittle. The shape of

2106-456: The letter h take their macron halfway up the ascending line rather than at the normal height for unicode macrons and overlines: ħ . This is separately encoded in Unicode with the symbols using bar diacritics and appears shorter than other macrons in many fonts. The overline is a typographical symbol similar to the macron, used in a number of ways in mathematics and science. For example, it

2160-493: The macron, even if it was not actually used at that time (an apex was used if vowel length was marked in Latin). The following languages or transliteration systems use the macron to mark long vowels : The following languages or alphabets use the macron to mark tones : Sometimes the macron marks an omitted n or m , like the tilde , in which context it is referred to as a " nasal suspension": In romanizations of Hebrew ,

2214-489: The main way the Modern English alphabet adapts the Latin to its phonemes. Exceptions are unassimilated foreign loanwords, including borrowings from French (and, increasingly, Spanish , like jalapeño and piñata ); however, the diacritic is also sometimes omitted from such words. Loanwords that frequently appear with the diacritic in English include café , résumé or resumé (a usage that helps distinguish it from

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2268-741: The name of a person is spelled with a diacritic, like Charlotte Brontë , this may be dropped in English-language articles, and even in official documents such as passports , due either to carelessness, the typist not knowing how to enter letters with diacritical marks, or technical reasons ( California , for example, does not allow names with diacritics, as the computer system cannot process such characters). They also appear in some worldwide company names and/or trademarks, such as Nestlé and Citroën . The following languages have letter-diacritic combinations that are not considered independent letters. Several languages that are not written with

2322-786: The same as the underlying letter for purposes of ordering and dictionaries. The Scandinavian languages and the Finnish language , by contrast, treat the characters with diacritics ⟨å⟩ , ⟨ä⟩ , and ⟨ö⟩ as distinct letters of the alphabet, and sort them after ⟨z⟩ . Usually ⟨ä⟩ (a-umlaut) and ⟨ö⟩ (o-umlaut) [used in Swedish and Finnish] are sorted as equivalent to ⟨æ⟩ (ash) and ⟨ø⟩ (o-slash) [used in Danish and Norwegian]. Also, aa , when used as an alternative spelling to ⟨å⟩ ,

2376-442: The same function as ancillary glyphs, in that they modify the sound of the letter preceding them, as in the case of the "h" in the English pronunciation of "sh" and "th". Such letter combinations are sometimes even collated as a single distinct letter. For example, the spelling sch was traditionally often treated as a separate letter in German. Words with that spelling were listed after all other words spelled with s in card catalogs in

2430-443: The spelling, such as the diaeresis on naïve and Noël , the acute from café , the circumflex in the word crêpe , and the cedille in façade . All these diacritics, however, are frequently omitted in writing, and English is the only major modern European language that does not have diacritics in common usage. In Latin-script alphabets in other languages, diacritics may distinguish between homonyms , such as

2484-414: The standard diacritic involved is a macron, there are no other diacritics used above letters, so in practice other diacritics can and have been used in less polished writing or print, yielding nonstandard letters like ã ñ õ û , depending on displayability of letters in computer fonts . In Obolo , the simple n stands for the common alveolar nasal /n/ , while an n with macron ( n̄ ) represents

2538-517: The thought, how could one be hypostasized contingency? The ghost observed that few could live, if werewolves were indicative; whereat his guest perceived the role of Individual in the Whole. Condition contrary to fact, a single werewolf Being lacked but in his conjugation showed the full existence, a la mode. DISINTERMENT Once there was a picket fence of interstitial excellence. An architect much liked its look; protected by

2592-467: The unaccented vowels ⟨a⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , as the acute accent in Spanish only modifies stress within the word or denotes a distinction between homonyms , and does not modify the sound of a letter. For a comprehensive list of the collating orders in various languages, see Collating sequence . Modern computer technology

2646-428: The underlying vowel). In Spanish, the grapheme ⟨ñ⟩ is considered a distinct letter, different from ⟨n⟩ and collated between ⟨n⟩ and ⟨o⟩ , as it denotes a different sound from that of a plain ⟨n⟩ . But the accented vowels ⟨á⟩ , ⟨é⟩ , ⟨í⟩ , ⟨ó⟩ , ⟨ú⟩ are not separated from

2700-463: The verb resume ), soufflé , and naïveté (see English terms with diacritical marks ). In older practice (and even among some orthographically conservative modern writers), one may see examples such as élite , mêlée and rôle. English speakers and writers once used the diaeresis more often than now in words such as coöperation (from Fr. coopération ), zoölogy (from Grk. zoologia ), and seeër (now more commonly see-er or simply seer ) as

2754-589: The while it assesses stools for style, leaving what the structure means for blind behinds of Philistines. Zwei Trichter wandeln durch die Nacht. Durch ihres Rumpfs verengten Schacht fließt weißes Mondlicht still und heiter auf ihren Waldweg u. s. w. Through darkest night two funnels go; and in their narrow necks below moonbeams gather to cast the better a light upon their path et c. "Fisches Nachtgesang" ("Fish's Night Song") consists only of patterns of macrons and breves printed to suggest fish scales or ripples. The Night Song of

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2808-406: The word without it is sorted first in German dictionaries (e.g. schon and then schön , or fallen and then fällen ). However, when names are concerned (e.g. in phone books or in author catalogues in libraries), umlauts are often treated as combinations of the vowel with a suffixed ⟨e⟩ ; Austrian phone books now treat characters with umlauts as separate letters (immediately following

2862-669: Was developed mostly in countries that speak Western European languages (particularly English), and many early binary encodings were developed with a bias favoring English—a language written without diacritical marks. With computer memory and computer storage at premium, early character sets were limited to the Latin alphabet, the ten digits and a few punctuation marks and conventional symbols. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ), first published in 1963, encoded just 95 printable characters. It included just four free-standing diacritics—acute, grave, circumflex and tilde—which were to be used by backspacing and overprinting

2916-584: Was originally used to mark long or heavy syllables in Greco-Roman metrics . It now more often marks a long vowel . In the International Phonetic Alphabet , the macron is used to indicate a mid-tone ; the sign for a long vowel is instead a modified triangular colon ⟨ ː ⟩. The opposite is the breve ⟨˘⟩ , which marks a short or light syllable or a short vowel. In Greco-Roman metrics and in

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