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59-599: The first recorded Slavic tribes living in the regions of Red Rus' were the White Croats and Dulebes . In the year 907 tribes of Croats and Dulebes were involved in the military campaign against Constantinople led by Rus' Prince Oleg of Novgorod . This was the first significant evidence of political affiliation among the native tribes of the Red Rus' region. According to Nestor the Chronicler some strongholds in

118-1069: A -, contradict Abaev's hypothesis. Edward Gibbon refers to the river both as the Niester and Dniester in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . In Ukrainian , it is known as Дністе́р ( translit. Dnister ), in Romanian as Nistru , in Russian as Днестр ( translit. Dnestr ), in Polish as Dniestr , in Yiddish as Nester נעסטער; in Turkish as Turla ( Ottoman Turkish : طورلا ، طورله ), and in Lithuanian as Dniestras . The Dniester rises in Ukraine , near

177-798: A Polish chronicle of 1321, Red Ruthenia was the portion of Ruthenia incorporated into Poland by Casimir the Great during the 14th century. The disintegration of Rus', Red Ruthenia was contested by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the Gediminids ), the Kingdom of Poland (the Piasts ), the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . After the Galicia–Volhynia Wars , for about 400 years most of Red Ruthenia became part of Poland as

236-565: A favourable treaty and a pledge to supply the Empire with auxiliary troops; Yaroslav of Galicia was also persuaded to renounce his Hungarian connections and return fully into the imperial fold. As late as 1200 the princes of Galicia were providing invaluable services against the enemies of the Empire, at that time the Cumans . The restoration of relations with Galicia had an immediate benefit for Manuel when, in 1166, he dispatched two armies to attack

295-746: A pro-Hungarian stance. In 1164–65 Manuel's cousin Andronikos , the future emperor, escaped from captivity in Byzantium and fled to the court of Yaroslav in Galicia. This situation, holding out the alarming prospect of Andronikos making a bid for Manuel's throne sponsored by both Galicia and Hungary, spurred the Byzantines into an unprecedented flurry of diplomacy. Manuel pardoned Andronikos and persuaded him to return to Constantinople in 1165. A mission to Kiev, then ruled by Prince Rostislav , resulted in

354-550: Is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe . It runs first through Ukraine and then through Moldova (from which it more or less separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria ), finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again. The name Dniester derives from Sarmatian dānu nazdya "the close river." (The Dnieper , also of Sarmatian origin, derives from the opposite meaning, "the river on

413-891: Is a term used since the Middle Ages for the south-western principalities of the Kievan Rus' , namely the Principality of Peremyshl and the Principality of Belz . Nowadays the region comprises parts of western Ukraine and adjoining parts of south-eastern Poland . It has also sometimes included parts of Lesser Poland , Podolia , Right-bank Ukraine and Volhynia . Centred on Przemyśl and Belz , it has included major cities such as: Chełm , Zamość , Rzeszów , Krosno and Sanok (now all in Poland), as well as Lviv and Ternopil (now in Ukraine). First mentioned by that name in

472-884: The Dniester Liman . Along the lower half of the Dniester, the western bank is high and hilly while the eastern one is low and flat. The river represents the de facto end of the Eurasian Steppe . Its most important tributaries are Răut and Bîc . During the Neolithic , the Dniester River was the centre of one of the most advanced civilizations on earth at the time. The Cucuteni–Trypillian culture flourished in this area from roughly 5300 to 2600 BC, leaving behind thousands of archeological sites. Their settlements had up to 15,000 inhabitants, making them among

531-555: The First Partition of Poland , remaining part of the empire until 1918. Between World Wars I and II, it belonged to the Second Polish Republic . The region is currently split, with its western portion in southeastern Poland (around Rzeszów, Przemyśl, Zamość and Chełm) and its eastern portion (around Lviv) in western Ukraine . Dniester The Dniester ( / ˈ n iː s t ər / NEE -stər )

590-464: The German model (virtually unknown before 1340, when Red Ruthenia was the independent Kingdom of Halych). During the early Middle Ages , the region was part of Kievan Rus' and, from 1199, the independent Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . It came under Polish control in 1340, when Casimir the Great conquered it. During his reign from 1333 to 1370, Casimir the Great founded several cities, urbanizing

649-537: The Ruthenian Voivodeship . A minority of ethnic Poles have lived since the beginning of the second Millennium in northern parts of Red Ruthenia. The exonym " Ruthenians " usually refers to members of the Rusyn and/or Ukrainian ethnicity. The first known inhabitants of northern Red Ruthenia were Lendians and White Croats , while subgroups of Rusyns , such as Boykos and Lemkos , lived in

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708-732: The Soviet Union . In 1919, on Easter Sunday , the bridge was blown up by the French Army to protect Bender from the Bolsheviks . During World War II, German and Romanian forces battled Soviet troops on the western bank of the river. After the Republic of Moldova declared its independence in 1991, the small area to the east of the Dniester that had been part of the Moldavian SSR refused to participate and declared itself

767-567: The 1340s, the influence of the Rurik dynasty ended; most of the area passed to Casimir the Great, with Kiev and the state of Volhynia falling under the control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The Polish region was divided into a number of voivodeships, and an era of German eastward migration and Polish settlement among the Ruthenians began. Armenians and Jews also migrated to the region. A number of castles were built at this time, and

826-689: The 14th century, the Vlachs arrived from the southeastern Carpathians and quickly settled across southern Red Ruthenia. Although during the 15th century the Ruthenians gained a foothold, it was not until the 16th century that the Wallachian population in the Bieszczady Mountains and the Lower Beskids was Ruthenized. From the 14th to the 16th centuries Red Ruthenia underwent rapid urbanization, resulting in over 200 new towns built on

885-643: The 17th century, most during the 15th and 16th centuries (96 and 153, respectively). Ruthenia was subject to repeated Tatar and Ottoman Empire incursions during the 16th and 17th centuries and was impacted by the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1654), the 1654–1667 Russo-Polish War and Swedish invasions during the Deluge (1655–1660); the Swedes returned during the Great Northern War of

944-647: The Black Sea shore. The navigation near the western shore of Black Sea contained stops at Aspron (at the mouth of Dniester), then Conopa, Constantia (localities today in Romania ) and Messembria (today in Bulgaria). From the 14th century to 1812, part of the Dniester formed the eastern boundary of the Principality of Moldavia . Between the World Wars, the Dniester formed part of the boundary between Romania and

1003-521: The Galician throne. But Prince of Volodymir Roman with the help of Prince Leszek the White managed to capture Halych despite a strong resistance of residents. Following next six years lasted a period of continued repression against the nobility and active citizens as well as a significant territorial and political expansion that transformed Halych into the main centre of all Rus'. Volhynian principality

1062-655: The Galicians during which many of them were killed, and later the Igorevich Brothers were executed. On the throne was placed a young son of Roman the Great Daniel of Halych . After his mother made an attempt to concentrate power in her hands as regent, she was banished from the city and Mstislav the Dumb was again invited to reign, but he fled fearing Hungarian troops had been called by of Daniel's mother. After

1121-472: The Great settled German citizens on the borders of Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia to join the acquired territory with the rest of his kingdom. In determining the population of late medieval Poland, colonisation and Polish migration to Red Ruthenia, Spiš and Podlachia (whom the Ukrainians called Mazury —poor peasant migrants, chiefly from Mazowsze ) should be considered. During the second half of

1180-546: The Great , prince of Volodymyr. But almost immediately Roman was replaced by Andrew - the son of Hungarian King Bela III . The reason for this choice was complete freedom of government that was guaranteed by Béla and Andrew to Galicians. This period can be considered as the first experience of self-rule government by noblemen and citizens. However, the vulgar behaviour of the Hungarian garrison and their attempts to install Roman Catholic rites led to another change in mood and to

1239-411: The Great reached the height of its power and was called in the annals as "The Tzar and Autocrator of all Rus'". After the death of Roman in 1205, his widow to keep power in Galicia called for help Hungarian King Andrew , who sent her to the military garrison. However, in the next 1206 years Galicians again invited Vladimir III Igorevich - son of Yaroslav Osmomysl's daughter, and Roman's widow, along with

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1298-725: The Ister (lower Danube ), and formed part of the boundary between Dacia and Sarmatia. It fell into the Pontus Euxinus to the northeast of the mouth of the Ister, the distance between them being 900 stadia – approximately 210 km (130 mi) – according to Strabo (vii.), while 210 km (130 mi) (from the Pseudostoma ) according to Pliny (iv. 12. s. 26). Scymnus (Fr. 51) describes it as of easy navigation, and abounding in fish. Ovid ( ex Pont. iv.10.50) speaks of its rapid course. Greek authors referred to

1357-885: The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, or Transnistria , with its capital at Tiraspol on the river. In Moldova, the Dniester Day ( Romanian : Ziua Nistrului ) is celebrated every year in the last Sunday of May. From source to mouth, right tributaries , i.e. on the southwest side, are the Stryi (231 km or 144 mi), Svicha  [ uk ] (107 km or 66 mi), Limnytsia  [ de ] (122 km or 76 mi), Bystrytsia (101 km), Răut (283 km or 176 mi), Ichel  [ ro ] (101 km or 63 mi), Bîc (155 km or 96 mi), and Botna (152 km or 94 mi). Left tributaries, on

1416-528: The Principality of Halych. The western edge passed to Poland and the rest to Hungary. Palatine Benedict returned to Halych and the son of Hungarian king Andrew Koloman, received the crown from the Pope with the title of "King of Galicia." However, religious conflict with the local population and capture by Hungarians territory that was transferred to Poland, led to the expulsion in 1215 of all foreign forces and

1475-666: The Terebovlia Principality was secured by the Council of Liubech after several years of a civil war with Vasylko Rostyslavych . In 1124 the Principality of Galicia was given as a minor principality to Ihor Vasylkovich by his father Vasylko, the Prince of Terebovlia who removed it from the larger Terebovlia Principality . The Rostislavich Brothers managed not only to be politically separate from Volodymyr but also to defend themselves from external enemies. In 1099, in

1534-543: The West Part of Red Rus' were conquered by Vladimir the Great in 981, and in 992 or 993 Vladimir carried out a military campaign against the Croats. Around that time the city of Volodymyr was established in honour of him which became the main centre of political power in the region. During the 11th century western border cities including Przemysl , were twice annexed by the Kingdom of Poland (1018–1031, and 1069–1080). In

1593-780: The battle on Rozhne field, the Galicians defeated the army of the Grand Prince Sviatopolk II of Kiev and later that year the army of Hungarian king Coloman near Przemysl. These two significant victories brought nearly one hundred years of relatively peaceful development in the Galician Principality. The four sons of the Rostystlavych Brothers divided the area into four parts with centres in Przemysl (Rostislav), Zvenyhorod (Volodymyrko), Halych and Terebovlia (Ivan and Yuriy). After

1652-512: The cities of Stanisławów (Stanyslaviv in Ukrainian , now Ivano-Frankivsk ) and Krystynopol (now Chervonohrad ) were founded. In October 1372, Władysław Opolczyk was deposed as count palatine . Although he retained most of his castles and goods in Hungary, his political influence waned. As compensation, Opolczyk was made governor of Hungarian Galicia. In this new position, he contributed to

1711-504: The city of Turka , close to the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea . Its course marks part of the border of Ukraine and Moldova , after which it flows through Moldova for 398 kilometres (247 mi), separating the main territory of Moldova from its breakaway region Transnistria . It later forms an additional part of the Moldova-Ukraine border, then flows through Ukraine to the Black Sea, where its estuary forms

1770-629: The construction of the Assumption Cathedral - the second largest temple of Ancient Rus after St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev , was completed in Halych. The city itself grew into a big agglomeration being approximately 11 x 8.5 kilometers in size. Despite his strong position in the international arena, Yaroslav was under the control of the Galicians citizens whose will he had to consider even sometimes in matters of his personal, and family life. In

1829-570: The death of Volodymyrko, the Galician throne was succeeded by his only son Yaroslav Osmomysl . Yaroslav began his reign with the Battle on the river Siret in 1153 with Grand Prince Iziaslav, which resulted a heavy losses for the Galicians but led to the retreat of Izyaslav, who died shortly thereafter. Thus the danger from the east had passed and Jaroslav via diplomacy reached peace with his other neighbors - Hungary and Poland. Subsequently, thanks to negotiations Jaroslav neutralized his only rival - Ivan,

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1888-421: The death of three of them Volodimyrko took Przemysl and Halych and gave Zvenyhorod to Ivan - son of his older brother Rostyslav. In 1141 Volodymyrko moved his residence from Przemysl to more geographically advantageous Halych giving birth to a united Galician Principality. In 1145 citizens of Halych, taking advantage of the absence of Volodymyrko, called Ivan of Zvenyhorod to reign. After the defeat of Ivan under

1947-532: The early 18th century. Red Ruthenia consisted of three voivodeships: Ruthenia, whose capital was Lviv and provinces were Lviv, Halych, Sanok, Przemyśl and Chełm ; Bełz , separating the provinces of Lviv and Przemyśl from the rest of the Ruthenian voivodeship; and Podolia , with its capital at Kamieniec Podolski . Red Ruthenia (except for Podolia ) was conquered by the Austrian Empire in 1772 during

2006-681: The eastern provinces of Hungary in a vast pincer movement. One army crossed the Walachian Plain and entered Hungary through the Transylvanian Alps ( Southern Carpathians ), while the other army made a wide circuit to Galicia and, with Galician aid, crossed the Carpathian Mountains . It resulted in the Hungarian province of Transylvania being thoroughly ravaged by the Byzantine armies. A significant feature in

2065-577: The economic development of the territories entrusted to him. Although Opolczyk primarily resided in Lwów , at the end of his rule he spent more time in Halicz. The only serious conflict during his time as governor involved his approach to the Eastern Orthodox Church , which angered the local Catholic boyars . Under Polish rule 325 towns were founded from the 14th century to the second half of

2124-423: The eldest descendant of the Rostislavich Brothers, former Prince of Zvenyhorod. These diplomatic successes enabled Yaroslav to focus on the internal development of the Principality: the construction of new buildings in the capital and other cities, enrichment of monasteries, as well as strengthening his power over the territory in lower courses of Dniester , Prut and Danube rivers. During this time (around 1157)

2183-453: The enthronement of Prince Mstislav the Bold from Novgorod under whose reign all power was concentrated in the hands of the nobility and Prince not disposed even Galician army. Despite this Mstislav also was not popular among the Galicians, who gradually began to favor Prince Andrew. In 1227 Mstislav allowed his daughter to marry him and gave them government in Galicia. Andrew has been a long time favorite of Galicia due to its careful approach to

2242-512: The failure of the Hungarian King's campaign, the local community had made a unique step in the history of Rus', enthroned in 1211 or 1213 one of the Galician nobles Volodyslav Kormylchych. This episode can be considered as a peak of citizens-nobles democracy in Halych. Rule of Volodyslav caused aggression of neighboring states and in spite of the Galicians' resistance they managed to overwhelm Volodyslav's army. In 1214 Hungarian King Andrew and Polish Prince Leszek signed an agreement about partition of

2301-507: The far side".) Alternatively, according to Vasily Abaev Dniester would be a blend of Scythian dānu "river" and Thracian Ister , the previous name of the river, literally Dān-Ister (River Ister). The Ancient Greek name of Dniester, Tyras (Τύρας), is from Scythian tūra , meaning "rapid." The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Indo-Iranian word *dānu "river". Classical authors have also referred to it as Danaster. These early forms, without - i - but with -

2360-430: The fight against Cumans . Red Ruthenia Red Ruthenia , or Red Rus or Red Russia ( Ukrainian : Червона Русь , romanized :  Chervona Rus' ; Polish : Ruś Czerwona ; Latin : Ruthenia Rubra ; Russia Rubra ; Russian : Червoнная Русь , romanized :  Chervonnaya Rus' or Russian : Красная Русь , romanized :  Krasnaya Rus' ; Romanian : Rutenia Roșie ),

2419-475: The first large farming communities in the world. In antiquity, the river was considered one of the principal rivers of European Sarmatia , and it was mentioned by many Classical geographers and historians. According to Herodotus (iv.51) it rose in a large lake, whilst Ptolemy (iii.5.17, 8.1 &c.) places its sources in Mount Carpates (the modern Carpathian Mountains ), and Strabo (ii) says that they are unknown. It ran in an easterly direction parallel with

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2478-408: The hands of nobleman Dmytro Dedko , at the nominal reign of prince Liubartas . In 1349, after the death of Dmytro, Polish King Casimir III the Great marched on Lviv, while coercing with the Golden Horde and the Hungarian kingdom. The result was the end of political independence of Galicia and its annexation into the Polish crown. In 1387 all lands of the Galician principality were included in to

2537-522: The meantime, Yaroslav the Wise established a "solid foot" in the region founding the city of Jarosław . As part of the territory of the Kievan Rus' , the area was later organized as the southern part of the Volodymyr Principality. Around 1085, with the help of the Grand Prince of Kiev Vsevolod I of Kiev the three Rostystlavych brothers - sons of Rostislav Vladimirovich (of Tmutarakan) settled. Their lands were organized into three smaller principalities of Przemysl , Zvenyhorod and Terebovlia . In 1097

2596-405: The political life of the Galician Principality was the decisive role of nobles and citizens. Galicians used the principle of ″freedom in princes″ and invited and expelled princes, also correcting their activities. Contrary to the will of Yaroslav Osmomysl who left the throne to his younger son Oleg, the Galicians invited his brother Vladimir II Yaroslavich , and later, after conflict with him, Roman

2655-459: The possessions of Polish Queen Jadwiga , and later in 1434 transformed into Rus' Voivodeship . In 1772, Galicia was attached to the Austrian Empire within which it existed as an administrative unit called " Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria " with the center in Lviv . Galician Principality had a close ties with Byzantine Empire , closest than any other principality of Kievan Rus . According to some records, Volodar of Peremyshl 's daughter Irina

2714-403: The rights of the nobility. However, in 1233 part of Galicians invited Daniel . As a result of the siege and the death of Andrew Daniel briefly seized the capital, but was forced to leave it not finding support of citizens majority. In 1235, at the invitation of Galicians to the city came Chernigov Prince Michael of Chernigov and his son Rostislav (his mother was the daughter of Roman the Great,

2773-424: The river as Tyras ( Greek : ὁ Τύρας ). At a later period it obtained the name of Danastris or Danastus , whence its modern name of Dniester (Niester), though the Turks still called it Turla during the 19th century. The form Τύρις is sometimes found. According to Constantine VII , the Varangians used boats on their trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks , along Dniester and Dnieper and along

2832-483: The rural province. The Polish name Ruś Czerwona (translated as "Red Rus") came into use for the territory extending to the Dniester , centring on Przemyśl . Since the reign of Władysław Jagiełło (d. 1434) the Przemyśl Voivodeship was called the Ruthenian Voivodeship ( województwo ruskie ), centring on Lwów . The voivodeship consisted of five regions: Lwów, Sanok , Halicz ( Halych ), Przemyśl , and Chełm . The town of Halych gave its name to Galicia . During

2891-417: The same period, Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos attempted to draw the Russian principalities into his net of diplomacy directed against Hungary. Volodymyrko was described as Manuel's vassal ( hypospondos ). Following the deaths of both Iziaslav and Vladimirko, the situation became reversed; when Yuri of Suzdal, Manuel's ally, took over Kiev and Yaroslav , the new ruler of Principality of Galicia, adopted

2950-491: The second half of the thirteenth century, he raised the importance of Lviv - a new political-administrative center, founded near Zvenyhorod on the border with Volhynia. Near 1300, Leo, in a short time, achieved power over Kiev, remaining however dependent on the Golden Horde. After the death of Leo, the center of the united Galician-Volhynian state returns to the city of Volodymyr . In the times of following princes, nobles gradually regained power, and from 1341 to 1349, it came in

3009-492: The sister of Daniel). During the Mongol invasion , Halych turns in the hands of Daniel, but his power was not certain, because at this time chronicle mentions an ascension to the throne a loсal nobleman Dobroslav Suddych. In the 1240s in Galician Principality's history occurred an important changes. In 1241 Наlych was captured by the Mongol army. In 1245 Daniel won a decisive battle over the Hungarian-Polish army of his opponent Rostislav and again unites Galicia with Volhynia. After

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3068-433: The sons to flee the city. Vladimir III reigned in Galicia only for two years. As a result of feuds with his brother Roman II, he was expelled and the latter took the Galicia throne. But very soon Roman was replaced by Rostislav II of Kiev . When Roman II managed to overthrow Rostislav, Galicians called for help from the Hungarian king who sent to Halych palatine Benedict. While Benedict remained in Halych citizens called to

3127-424: The south. Later Walddeutsche ("Forest Germans"), Jews , Armenians and Poles also made up part of the population. According to Marcin Bielski , although Bolesław I Chrobry settled Germans in the region to defend the borders against Hungary and Kievan Rus' the settlers became farmers. Maciej Stryjkowski described German peasants near Rzeszów , Przemyśl , Sanok , and Jarosław as good farmers. Casimir

3186-435: The throne Prince Mstislav the Dumb from Peresopnytsya, who also with ridicules sent home. To get rid of Benedict, the citizens again invited the Ihrevychiv Brothers - Vladimir III and Roman II who expelled Benedict and regained their rule in the Principality. Vladimir III settled in Halych, Roman II in Zvenyhorod and their brother Svyatoslav in Przemysl. Attempts of the Igorevich Brothers to rule by themselves led to conflict with

3245-409: The throne again was returned Vladimir II, who ruled in Halych next decade up to the year 1199. After the death of the last descendant of Principality's founders Rostislavich Brothers - Vladimir II in 1199, Galicians started negotiations with the sons of his sister (daughter of Yaroslav Osmomysl) and the legendary Prince Igor (the main hero of the poem The Tale of Igor's Campaign ) about succession to

3304-438: The victory build his residence in Holm in the western part of Volhynia. After Daniel's visit to Batu Khan , started payments of tribute to Golden Horde . All these factors led to the beginning of cultural, economic and political decline of Halych. Already in the time of Daniel's rule Galicia turned to the hands of his elder son Leo I of Galicia , who, after his father's death, gradually takes power in all areas of Volhynia. In

3363-417: The walls of Halych, the Zvenyhorod Principality was also incorporated into the Galician lands. Volodymyrko pursued a policy of balancing between neighbours. He managed to strengthen the power of the principality, attach some cities belonging to the Kiev Grand Prince and force to keep them despite the conflict with both two powerful rulers Iziaslav II of Kiev and the king Géza II of Hungary . In 1152, after

3422-442: Was married in 1104 to Isaac - third son of Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos . Her son, future Emperor Andronicus I Comnenus some time lived in Halych and ruled by several cities of principality in years 1164-65. According to reports of Bartholomew of Lucca Byzantine Emperor Alexius III fled to Halych after the capture of Constantinople by Crusaders in 1204 . Galician Principality and Byzantine Empire were frequent allies in

3481-410: Was united with Galicia but this time the new Centre of Galicia-Volhynia principality became Halych. Further successful war with Igorevich Brother's contenders for the Galician throne enabled Roman the Great to establish his control over Kiev and place there his henchmen, one of them with the consent of Vsevolod the Big Nest . After victorious campaigns against the Cumans, and probably Lithuanians, Roman

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