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33-517: The name Gallùra is allegedly supposed to mean "stony area". Gallùra has an area of 3,550 square kilometres (1,370 sq mi). It is 187 kilometres (101 nautical miles) from the Italian peninsula and 11 km (6 nmi) from the French island of Corsica . The coast of Gallura is very jagged and continues along in a continuous series of small fiords, rock-cliffs and little islands that form

66-832: A sea. A piece of land on a very tight river bend or one between two rivers is sometimes said to form a peninsula, for example in the New Barbadoes Neck in New Jersey , United States. A peninsula may be connected to the mainland via an isthmus , for example, in the Isthmus of Corinth which connects to the Peloponnese peninsula. Peninsulas can be formed from continental drift , glacial erosion , glacial meltwater , glacial deposition , marine sediment , marine transgressions , volcanoes, divergent boundaries or river sedimentation. More than one factor may play into

99-564: A town of about 14,000 inhabitants in the Gallura region of northern Sardinia , Italy , in the province of Sassari . It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Cultural and delegated administrative centre of the Gallura sub-region, Tempio has an ancient history. Typical granite -stone architecture of the historical centre presents many similarities with southern Corsican towns. From 2005 - 2016 it

132-477: Is Monte Cruzitta (666 m). Even if it is not very high, it offers a very characteristic landscape. The climate is typical of the Mediterranean. The weather is clear. During the year approximately 300 days are sunny and the few others are rainy, with a major concentration of rainfall in the winter and autumn, some heavy showers in the spring, and snowfalls on the highest massifs and highlands. The mistral

165-486: Is known as Olbia) was the capital of the Giudicato of Gallura and the (first) bishop's see. The Judicate of Gallura included today's area of Gallura, the area surrounding the city of Nuoro , and the area called Baronias (Italian: Baronie ). It was occupied by the republic of Pisa in 1288 after the fall of the last ruling judge Nino Visconti . At the end of the 13th century, the city of Civita (today's Olbia) takes

198-536: Is located in Gallura, i.e., the Archipelago of La Maddalena's National Park . This park is a world-famous tourist area due to the beauty of its beaches and to the one of its landscape, where granite rocks alternate with green areas. Renewable energies have increased impressively during the recent years in Sardinia. Due to the windy climate, the most important renewable energy in Gallura is the wind power. During

231-446: Is quite important. It is mostly based on cork work and mineral processing of granite. In fact, it is easy to find cork oaks in many parts of the region and the whole area is rich in granite, especially in vicinity of Monte Limbara. Cork production is one of the main economic activity in the interior, while on the coasts are developed fish factories and shipyards. Gallura has one international airport ( Olbia-Costa Smeralda Airport ), which

264-574: Is situated in the city of Olbia. It represents one of the three international airports of Sardinia and the base of the Sardinian airline Meridiana , Italy's third-largest airline. Another way to reach the region of Gallura is by ferry . The ferry companies operating on the Island are Tirrenia di Navigazione, Moby Lines, Corsica Ferry, Grandi Navi Veloci, Snav, SNCM and CMN. They link the harbors of Olbia, Golfo Aranci, Santa Teresa di Gallura and Palau to

297-515: Is the dominant wind, fresh, strong, and usually dry and cold, blowing from the northwest throughout the year, but most frequently in winter and spring. The first human settlements in Gallura date back to approximately 30.000 years ago, when the first populations crossed the strait between Tuscany and Sardinia. This historic period is known as the Stone Age . Foreign populations colonize Gallura due to its numerous natural resources. Many people from

330-729: The Nuraghes , the biggest megalithic edifices ever found in Europe, which still today represent a symbol for Sardinia. The Phoenicians founded the (hence Punic) city of Olbia (renamed in Greek, though), which was conquered by the Romans with all of Gallura in 238 BC. During the Middle Ages , Gallura was one of the four Judicates , the four autonomous states into which Sardinia was divided under pope Alexander's assent. Civita (which today

363-413: The archipelago of La Maddalena , a natural bridge towards nearby Corsica. The landscape is characterised by granite rocks and harsh mountains that, even if not particularly high, have constituted for millennia a barrier between this region and the nearby territories of Baronie and Montalbo . Monte Limbara is the highest mountain (1,362 m/4,469 ft). It represents the boundary between Gallura and

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396-533: The 20th century, tourism increased greatly, especially in the areas of Costa Smeralda , Santa Teresa di Gallura and San Teodoro . Today, Gallura has the highest capital income in all of Sardinia. The region's original Roman bishopric, the Diocese of Fausania (P(h)ausania), founded no later than the 5th century (tradition says by the 3rd century saint Simplicius), of disputed location ( Olbia , Tempio Pausania or Posano) perished under Byzantine rule, probably in

429-554: The 8th century. It was restored under the name of Gallura in 1070, renamed Civita after its see (the medieval name of Olbia) and from 1506 held in personal union with the Diocese of Ampurias , but no later than the 12th century a second bishopric was established, the Diocese of Galtelli . Gallura has a population of 143,921 people; the Sardinians from this area are called Galluresi ( Gallurese : Gadduresi ). The population density has remarkably increased in small centers along

462-537: The LiMuri Tomba dei Giganti (Giants’ Grave). La Maddalena is part of an archipelago called Arcipelago della Maddalena. It is situated in the Straits of Bonifacio , which divide Sardinia from Corsica. La Maddalena represents the largest town of this archipelago, which includes the islands of Caprera, S. Stefano, Spargi, Budelli, S. Maria and Razzoli. La Maddalena represents an important tourist site in Gallura and

495-464: The characteristic carnevale (carnival), which takes place at the end of February. Arzachena is a town of 12,080 inhabitants. It represents the administrative capital of the Costa Smeralda tourist area. Founded in 1961 by the prince Karim Aga Khan, Costa Smeralda represents the most exclusive tourist area of Gallura. Arzachena is also famous for its archeology. Its archeological sites include

528-399: The eastern coast and in the cities of Arzachena and Olbia. The population density of 12 municipalities out of 26 has however decreased (-4%) in centers located in the country -side and on the mountains. This tendency depends on the increase of the seaside tourism. In general, Sardinia represents the Italian region with the lowest fertility rate (1.087 births per woman), and the region with

561-500: The economic center of Sardinia due to its airport , its seaport and also to its closeness to the famous Costa Smeralda tourist area. Tempio Pausania is a town of 13,800 inhabitants. Together with Olbia, it is the administrative capital of the province Olbia-Tempio. Founded around 250 BC, Tempio Pausania is located 560m above the sea level. It represents both the geographical and the cultural capital of Gallura. Every year, thousands of tourists come to visit Tempio Pausania to assist to

594-498: The formation of a peninsula. For example, in the case of Florida , continental drift, marine sediment, and marine transgressions were all contributing factors to its shape. In the case of formation from glaciers (e.g., the Antarctic Peninsula or Cape Cod ), peninsulas can be created due to glacial erosion , meltwater or deposition . If erosion formed the peninsula, softer and harder rocks were present, and since

627-474: The glacier only erodes softer rock, it formed a basin . This may create peninsulas, and occurred for example in the Keweenaw Peninsula . In the case of formation from meltwater, melting glaciers deposit sediment and form moraines , which act as dams for the meltwater. This may create bodies of water that surround the land, forming peninsulas. If deposition formed the peninsula, the peninsula

660-472: The harbors of the Italian peninsula, France, Corsica and Spain. The native language of the area is Gallurese , which is also recognized by the Regional Government of Sardinia. Gallurese is usually not considered a dialect of Sardinian , since it is quite different from most of the other Sardinian dialects, but rather as a direct offshoot from Corsican . Luras and Padru , two small towns in

693-449: The island of Caprera is famous for being the residence of the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi . The economy of Gallura is based mostly on tourism and hospitality due to the presence of Costa Smeralda and other world-famous sea sites. The primary sector is not as important as in the rest of Sardinia. It is based mostly on wine production. Also sheep breeding, dairy production, and poultry farm are relevant. The secondary sector

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726-408: The language and the culture of Gallura, which still today is considered quite different from the culture and the dialects of the rest of Sardinia. By the end of the 1700s people started to move from the hinterland to the coasts. During the nineteenth century the bishop's see was transferred from the city of Olbia to the city of Tempio, which also became a district's capital. In the second half of

759-433: The name of Terranova, a new settlement founded by the pisans near the site of the ancient Roman port of Olbia. Pirates – primarily from North Africa – raided the coasts of Gallura and people moved consequently from there to the hinterland. The city of Tempio became especially populated. Between 1300 and 1800 there was a big emigration of people from the nearby island of Corsica to Gallura. Corsicans deeply influenced

792-539: The nearby island of Corsica came as well to Gallura during this historic period. The mid-late neolithic Arzachena culture subsisted almost exclusively in this area, and here is found the remains of perhaps the oldest megalith on Sardinia, at Li Muri . The historic period that goes from 1700 BC to the Roman Age is also known in Sardinia as the Nuragic Age . The particular name of this historic period takes after

825-598: The nearby region called Logudoro . Its highest peak is Punta Balestrieri (1362 m above the sea level). In the past, Monte Limbara used to be the location of an important NATO long range radar base and a Carabinieri ’s barrack. Today it is used as a telecommunications center for the Italian Air Force and a heliport for the Servizio Antincendi. It is also the location of all the major TV relay stations of West Sardinia. Another small mountain

858-436: The past years however, the installation of wind power systems has been the subject of controversial debates due to its landscape impact. 41°00′00″N 9°18′00″E  /  41.0000°N 9.3000°E  / 41.0000; 9.3000 Peninsula A peninsula is a landform that extends from a mainland and is surrounded by water on most sides. Peninsulas exist on each continent. The largest peninsula in

891-479: The province of Olbia-Tempio, are the only areas in Gallura in which Gallurese is not traditionally spoken. Sardinian is also spoken in its Logudorese variety . With 1,213,250 hectares of woods, Sardinia represents the Italian region with the largest forest extension. Regional landscape plans regulate building activities along the coasts, the forests, and other natural sites. Sardinia has ten regional parks and three national parks . One of these three national parks

924-495: The second lowest birth rate . Olbia (medieval Civita) is a town of approximately 55,000 inhabitants. It represents the city with the highest population density of the entire Gallura. In 2005 it became an administrative capital together with Tempio-Pausania. They form the province called Olbia-Tempio. Founded in 350 BC, it used to be one of the most important trade areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Today, it represents

957-468: The sediment is deposited, forming a delta peninsula. Marine transgressions (changes in sea level) may form peninsulas, but also may affect existing peninsulas. For example, the water level may change, which causes a peninsula to become an island during high water levels. Similarly, wet weather causing higher water levels make peninsulas appear smaller, while dry weather make them appear larger. Sea level rise from global warming will permanently reduce

990-399: The size of some peninsulas over time. Peninsulas are noted for their use as shelter for humans and Neanderthals . The landform is advantageous because it gives hunting access to both land and sea animals. They can also serve as markers of a nation's borders. Tempio Tempio Pausania ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈtɛmpjo pauˈzaːnja] ; Gallurese : Tèmpiu ) is

1023-564: The volcano erupts near shallow water. Marine sediment may form peninsulas by the creation of limestone . A rift peninsula may form as a result of a divergent boundary in plate tectonics (e.g. the Arabian Peninsula ), while a convergent boundary may also form peninsulas (e.g. Gibraltar or the Indian subcontinent ). Peninsulas can also form due to sedimentation in rivers. When a river carrying sediment flows into an ocean,

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1056-447: The world is the Arabian Peninsula . The word peninsula derives from Latin paeninsula , from paene  'almost' and insula  'island'. The word entered English in the 16th century. A peninsula is generally defined as a piece of land surrounded on most sides by water. A peninsula may be bordered by more than one body of water, and the body of water does not have to be an ocean or

1089-546: Was composed of sedimentary rock , which was created from a large deposit of glacial drift . The hill of drift becomes a peninsula if the hill formed near water but was still connected to the mainland, for example during the formation of Cape Cod about 23,000 years ago. In the case of formation from volcanoes, when a volcano erupts magma near water, it may form a peninsula (e.g., the Alaskan Peninsula ). Peninsulas formed from volcanoes are especially common when

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