49-638: Gallwey may refer to: People [ edit ] Henry Galway (Henry Gallwey before 1911), British Army officer and Governor of South Australia Peter Gallwey , English Jesuit priest and writer Timothy Gallwey , American tennis coach and writer Ralph Payne-Gallwey , British soldier and writer Payne-Gallwey baronets [ edit ] Frankland-Payne-Gallwey baronets William Payne-Gallwey (disambiguation) Sir William Payne-Gallwey, 1st Baronet Sir William Payne-Gallwey, 2nd Baronet Places [ edit ] Gallwey, South Australia ,
98-510: A former town See also [ edit ] Ferriman–Gallwey score Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gallwey . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallwey&oldid=1138129947 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
147-403: A motion declaring that the sculpture should be returned. A spokesperson from the university stated that "Jesus College acknowledges the contribution made by students in raising the important but complex question of the rightful location of its Benin bronze, in response to which it has removed the okukor from its hall" and that the university is willing "to discuss and determine the best future for
196-538: A reply from the Foreign Office to his request where he stated that: F.O. 2/I02, Phillips to F.O. no. 105 of i6 Nov 1896. 'there is nothing in the shape of a standing army. ... and the inhabitants appear to be if not a peace-loving at any rate a most unwarlike people whose only exploits during many generations had been an occasional quarrel with their neighbours about trade or slave raiding and it appears at least improbable that they have any arms to speak of except
245-611: A soldier serving in the punitive expedition, believed that the human sacrifices he saw were an attempt by Benin City residents to appease the Gods as they tried to defend themselves from the expedition. According to professor of African studies , Robin Law , the issue of human sacrifices is an extremely sensitive one and prone to bias. Law suggests that the reported extent of the practice in Benin
294-686: A strong influence on the early formation of modernism in Europe. The British occupied Benin, which was absorbed into the British Niger Coast Protectorate and eventually into British colonial Nigeria . A general emancipation of slaves followed in the wake of British occupation, and with it came an end to human sacrifice. However, the British instituted a system of drafting locals to work as forced labourers in often poor conditions that were not much better than had been during
343-645: A vague clause about ensuring "the general progress of civilization". While the treaty granted free trade to British merchants operating in the Kingdom of Benin, the Oba persisted in requiring customs duties . Since Major (later Sir) Claude Maxwell Macdonald , the Consul General of the Oil River Protectorate authorities considered the treaty legal and binding, he deemed the Oba's requirements
392-403: A violation of the accord and thus a hostile act. Some historians have suggested that humanitarian motivations were driving British foreign policy in the region. Others, such as Philip Igbafe , consider that the annexation of Benin was driven largely by economic designs. The treaty itself did not mention any goal that removed the "bloody customs" that Burton had written about. In 1894, after
441-600: A wide spectrum of the population. The general public disliked his support of compulsory military training; puritans were angered by his support for gambling and his opposition to prohibition ; progressives were infuriated by his opposition to women's enfranchisement; and the political establishment were aghast at his opposition to the White Australia Policy (on the grounds that the Northern Territory needed Asian workers). For this last opinion, he
490-418: Is a story that still has power to amaze and horrify, as well as to remind us that the British had motives for pushing into Africa other than the intention to exploit the natives and glorify themselves. Here, for instance, are some extracts from the diary of a surgeon who took part in the expedition.:- 'As we neared Benin City we passed several human sacrifices, live women slaves gagged and pegged on their backs to
539-466: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Henry Galway Lieutenant Colonel Sir Henry Lionel Galway , KCMG , DSO (25 September 1859 – 17 June 1949) was a British Army officer and the Governor of South Australia from 18 April 1914 until 30 April 1920. His name was Henry Lionel Gallwey until 1911. Henry Lionel Gallwey
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#1732766124315588-479: Is inconsistent with the perception of Phillips as a man of peace in January 1897. Igbafe posits that Phillips was going on a reconnaissance mission and that Phillips' haste to Benin can be explained by a belief that nothing bad would happen to him or his party. Phillips's journey has been described by Mona Zutshi Opubor as a period of lull before the outbreak of a violent storm which had been gathering for years with
637-647: The Benin Bronzes . The Admiralty confiscated and auctioned off the war booty to defray the costs of the expedition. About 40% of the art was accessioned to the British Museum , while other works were given to individual members of the armed forces as spoils of war, and the remainder was sold at auction by the Admiralty to pay for the expedition as early as May 1897 (Stevens Auction Rooms, 38 King Street, London, 25 May 1897; followed by several sales by
686-671: The Kingdom of Benin was eventually absorbed into colonial Nigeria . The expedition freed about 100 Africans enslaved by the Oba . Current policy of the Nigerian government see all repatriated Benin Bronzes turned over to the ownership of Ewuare II, the current Oba of Benin and direct descendant of the ruler of Benin overthrown by the British in 1897. At the end of the 19th century, the Kingdom of Benin had retained its independence during
735-605: The Scramble for Africa , and the Oba of Benin exercised a monopoly over trade in Benin's territories which the Royal Niger Company considered a threat. In 1892, Deputy Commissioner and Vice-Consul Captain Henry Lionel Galway (1859–1949) tried to negotiate a trade agreement with Oba Ovọnramwẹn Nọgbaisi (1888–1914) to allow for the free passage of goods through his territory and the development of
784-612: The okukor , including the question of repatriation. On 27 October 2021, the okukor was received by Nigeria's National Commission for Museums and Monuments in a Benin Bronze Restitution Ceremony held and livestreamed by Jesus College. The University of Aberdeen became the first institution to agree to the full repatriation of a Benin Bronze from a museum in March 2021 and handed back a bronze sculpture, depicting
833-601: The palm oil industry. Captain Gallwey (as his name was then spelled) pushed for British interests in the region, especially of the palm oil industry, by attempting to negotiate a free trade agreement with the Oba at the time. Later, Ralph Moor urged the Foreign Office to use whatever means to secure the signed treaty, up to and including force. Gallwey signed the treaty with the Oba and his chiefs which gave Britain legal justification for exerting greater influence in
882-806: The 'Benin Massacre', were Captain Alan Maxwell Boisragon , Commandant of the Constabulary of the Niger Coast Protectorate, who had been shot in the right arm and knee, and Ralph Locke, District Commissioner of Warri, who had been shot four times in the arm, and once in the hip. On 12 January 1897, Rear-Admiral Harry Rawson , commander of the Royal Navy forces at the Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa Station ,
931-788: The Acting Consul-General, James Robert Phillips , visited the Benin River District and met with the agents and traders, who convinced him that "there is a future on the Benin River if Benin territories were opened". In November 1896, Phillips, the Vice Consul of a trading post on the African coast, decided to meet with the Oba in Benin City in regards to the trade agreement that the Oba had made with
980-492: The British but was not keeping. He formally asked his superiors in London for permission to visit Benin City, claiming that the costs of such an embassy would be recouped by trading for ivory. In late December 1896, without waiting for a reply or approval, Phillips embarked on an expedition comprising: Phillips had sent a message to the Oba, claiming that his present mission was to discuss trade and peace and demanding admission to
1029-630: The British, and enslaved them in Benin. Within the week, news had made it to London of the massacre. This event led to the mounting of the Punitive Expedition. As a result of this attack, the Foreign Office authorized military action, leading to the "punitive expedition", the purported intention by Moor: »It is imperative that a most severe lesson be given the Kings, Chiefs, and JuJu men of all surrounding countries, that white men cannot be killed with impunity, and that human sacrifices, with
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#17327661243151078-616: The Oba's trial in September 1897, showed that the people of Benin Empire did not believe that Phillips' party had peaceful intentions, since the capture of Nana, there had been a long expectation of war in Benin. In 2017 a cockerel statue or okukor looted during the 1897 Benin Expedition was removed from the hall of Jesus College, Cambridge , following protests by students of the university . Jesus College's student union passed
1127-971: The Protectorate had planned for early 1895. Even so, between September 1895 and mid-1896 three attempts were made by the Protectorate to enforce the Gallwey Treaty of 1892: firstly by Major P. Copland-Crawford, Vice-Consul of the Benin District; secondly by Ralph Frederick Locke, the Vice-Consul Assistant; and thirdly by Captain Arthur Maling, Commandant of the Niger Coast Protectorate Force detachment based in Sapele . In March 1896, following price fixing and refusals by Itsekiri middle men to pay
1176-484: The age of 89. Benin Expedition of 1897 [REDACTED] British Empire The Benin Expedition of 1897 was a punitive expedition by a British force of 1,200 men under Sir Harry Rawson . It came in response to the ambush and slaughter of a 250 strong party led by British Acting Consul General James Phillips of the Niger Coast Protectorate . Rawson's troops captured Benin City and
1225-548: The capture of Ebrohimi, the trading town of the chief Nana Olomu (the leading Itsekiri trader in the Benin River District) by a combined Royal Navy and Niger Coast Protectorate force, the Kingdom of Benin increased the military presence on its own southern borders. These developments combined with the Colonial Office 's refusal to grant approval for an invasion of Benin City scuttled an expedition
1274-461: The east and west. The 'Sapoba' and 'Main' columns reached Benin City after ten days of fighting. The 'Gwato' column (under Captain Gallwey ) took the same route as that taken by the previous mission and came on the scene of the massacre, finding headless bodies of the victims. Elspeth Huxley spent some time researching in Benin in 1954, and wrote: " ... to hear an account of the Benin massacre of 1897 and its sequel from one who had taken part. It
1323-552: The ethnographic dealer William Downing Webster , Bicester, between 1898 and 1900). Most of the Benin Bronzes sold at auction were purchased by museums, mainly in Germany . The dispersal of Benin artworks to museums around the world catalysed the beginnings of a long and slow European reassessment of the value of West African art. The Benin art was copied and the style integrated into the art of many European artists and thus had
1372-572: The expedition, which took place over three weeks. After the capture of Benin City, houses, sacred sites, ceremonial buildings and palaces of many high-ranking chiefs were looted and many buildings were burned down, including the Palace building itself on Sunday 21 February. There was evidence of previous human sacrifice found by members of the expedition, with journalists from Reuters and the Illustrated London News reporting that
1421-521: The ground, the abdominal wall being cut in the form of a cross, and the uninjured gut hanging out. These poor women were allowed to die like this in the sun. Men slaves, with their hands tied at the back and feet lashed together, also gagged, were lying about. As we neared the city, sacrificed human beings were lying in the path and bush—even in the king's compound the sight and stench of them was awful. Dead and mutilated bodies were everywhere – by God! May I never see such sights again! . . .'" Herbert Walker,
1470-491: The head of an Oba, to the Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments on 28 October 2021. It had been purchased by the university at an auction in 1957 and was identified as a Benin bronze in a recent collections review. Current day policy of the Nigerian government see all repatriated Benin Bronzes turned over to the ownership of Ewuare II, the current Oba of Benin and direct descendant of
1519-518: The island of Saint Helena , where he revived capital punishment . Appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1910, he was transferred to be governor of the Gambia in 1911. Galway was appointed Governor of South Australia in 1914. He resented the limitations placed upon a constitutional governor, and his governorship was defined by controversy. He managed to anger
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1568-442: The oppression of the weak and poor, must cease.« According to historian Philip Igbafe, the humanitarian and punitive justifications given by Moor ran counter to the economic justifications for military action that he and other members of the Protectorate administration promoted in the months and years before the events of February 1897. The two British that survived the annihilation of Phillips' expedition, which became known as
1617-556: The pressure of traders, consuls and a few visits of armed Europeans to the Benin Empire. The suspicion among the Oba of Benin, therefore, only deepened with Phillips's mission. The previous deportations of the Jaja of Opobo in 1887 and Nana Olomu in 1894 in neighboring British controlled territories may have made the Benin Empire anxious about safety of their Oba and the true intentions of the British. According to Igbafe, evidence at
1666-516: The previous Benin Empire. There has much debate of why James Phillips set out on the mission to Benin without much weaponry. Some have argued he was going on a peaceful mission. Such commentators argue that the message from the Oba that his festival would not permit him to receive European visitors touched the humanitarian side of Phillips's character because of an assumption that the festival included human sacrifice. According to Igbafe, this does not explain why Phillips set out before he had received
1715-571: The region. The Oba was hesitant to sign the treaty. After the British consul Richard Burton visited Benin in 1862 he described it a place of "gratuitous barbarity which stinks of death", a narrative which was publicized in Britain and increased pressure for the territory's incorporation into the British Empire . The treaty itself does not explicitly mention anything about the "bloody customs" that Burton had written about, and instead includes
1764-469: The required tributes, the Oba of Benin ordered a cessation of the supply of oil palm produce to them. The trade embargo brought trade in the Benin River region to a standstill, and the British merchants in the region appealed to the Protectorate's Consul-General to "open up" Benin territories and to send the Oba (whom they claimed was an obstruction to their trading activities) into exile. In October 1896
1813-457: The role. A motion in the legislature by the Labor opposition in 1917 calling for the abolition of his office failed. After the war, Premier Archibald Peake was considering a proposal to build a national war memorial on the site of Government House, Adelaide , with a new vice-regal residence to be purchased in the suburbs. Galway managed to dissuade Peake from this scheme, and the war memorial
1862-656: The territory. Ahead of Phillips, he had sent an envoy bearing numerous gifts for trade. It was during this time that the Oba was celebrating Igue festival , and he sent word that he did not wish to see the British at the time, and he would send word in a month or two, when he was ready to receive just Phillips and one Jakri chief. On 4 January 1897, Phillips and his entire party was ambushed along their journey to Benin City, at Ugbine village near Gwato. British officers and African porters were slaughtered. Only two British survived their wounds, Alan Boisragon and Ralph Locke. The Edo ambushers captured over 100 Itseriki porters hired by
1911-440: The town 'reeked of human blood.' Inside the abandoned palace, a terrible sight was revealed to the British. The Oba in panic of what he had done and in fear of a retaliatory attack, had embarked in a great mass of human sacrifice in order to stave off full disaster. Bodies of those sacrificed by the Oba laid in pits and many hung crucified in trees. The Oba was eventually captured by the British consul-general, Ralph Moor . He
1960-493: The usual number of trade guns... When Captain Gallwey visited the city the only canon he saw were half a dozen old Portuguese guns. They were lying on the grass unmounted'. Compare this with the opinion of his immediate predecessor, Ralph Moor, who was convinced that 'the people in all the villages are no doubt possessed of arms' (F.O. 2/84, Moor to F.O. no. 39 of I2 Sept. 1895). Igbafe also points to Phillips' November 1896 advocacy of military force regarding Benin, arguing that this
2009-709: Was appointed by the Admiralty to lead a force to invade the Kingdom of Benin and capture the Benin Oba. The operation was named the Benin Punitive Expedition. On 9 February 1897, the invasion of the Kingdom of Benin began. The British invasion force of about 1,200 Royal Marines , sailors and Niger Coast Protectorate Forces was organised into three columns: the 'Sapoba', ' Gwato ' and 'Main' columns. Flotillas of warships (including HMS Philomel and Phoebe ) and gunboats approached Benin City from
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2058-456: Was appointed deputy commissioner and vice-consul in the newly established Oil Rivers Protectorate (later the Niger Coast Protectorate ) in 1891. In March 1892, he failed to convince the Oba of Benin , Ovonramwen , into signing a 'treaty of friendship' that would make the Kingdom of Benin a British colony. Instead, the oba issued an edict barring all British officials and traders from entering Benin territories. The 'Gallwey Treaty', although it
2107-735: Was attached as a political officer to the staff of the British Field Force during the Aro-Anglo war from November 1901 until March 1902 and was mentioned in despatches by the High Commissioner to Southern Nigeria. Given the rank of lieutenant colonel when he was placed on half-pay in 1901, Gallwey retired from the army in December 1902. Gallwey was in November 1902 appointed as governor and commander-in-chief of
2156-489: Was born on 25 September 1859 at Alverstoke , Hampshire, England, to Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Lionel Gallwey and his second wife, Alicia Dorinda Lefanu, née MacDougall. He was educated at Cheltenham College . After attending the Royal Military College, Sandhurst , Gallwey was commissioned in 1878. He served as an aide-de-camp to the governors of Bermuda , being promoted to captain in 1887. Gallwey
2205-627: Was built in a corner of the grounds of Government House. Galway's appointment was not renewed when it expired in 1920; although he was liked by the Adelaide establishment, he had been a spectacularly controversial governor, and the Colonial Office did not give him another post. He returned to England later in 1920. In November 1911, Gallwey changed his surname to 'Galway'. On 26 August 1913 in London he married Baroness Marie Carola Franciska Roselyne d'Erlanger . He died on 17 June 1949, at
2254-434: Was deposed and exiled, with two of his eighty wives, to Calabar . A British Resident was appointed, and six chiefs were hanged in Benin City's marketplace. Most of the plunder from the city was retained by the expedition with some 2,500 (official figures) religious artefacts, Benin visual history, mnemonics and artworks being sent to Britain. They include over a thousand metal plaques and sculptures collectively known as
2303-544: Was exaggerated by the British in order to establish the need for military intervention. Eight members of the punitive force were recorded as being killed in action during the Benin Expedition; the number of military and civilian casualties amongst the Benin people was not estimated but is thought to have been very high. The Benin Expedition was described as such: All-in-all, around 5,000 men were mobilised for
2352-550: Was forced to issue a full retraction and apology. A speech in 1915 in which Galway suggested that trade unionists should be conscripted and sent to the front was widely criticised and gave local cartoonists a field day. It was eventually Galway's support for conscription that saved his governorship; the legislature decided that his efforts to increase voluntary recruitment for the First World War , as well as his support for conscription referendums, warranted keeping him in
2401-586: Was never signed, became the legal basis for the Benin Expedition of 1897 , which overthrew the Kingdom of Benin. Captain Gallwey commanded one of the three columns of the expedition. Gallwey was often mentioned in despatches during this time, and was rewarded with the Distinguished Service Order (DSO; 1896), appointment as Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG; 1899) and promotion to major (1897). Gallwey
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