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78-415: GameMaker (originally Animo , Game Maker (until 2011) and GameMaker Studio ) is a series of cross-platform game engines created by Mark Overmars in 1999 and developed by YoYo Games since 2007. The latest iteration of GameMaker was released in 2022. GameMaker accommodates the creation of cross-platform and multi-genre video games using a custom drag-and-drop visual programming language or

156-444: A class is only a definition; no memory is allocated. When memory is allocated to a class, it's called an object . Object-oriented imperative languages developed by combining the need for classes and the need for safe functional programming . A function, in an object-oriented language, is assigned to a class. An assigned function is then referred to as a method , member function , or operation . Object-oriented programming

234-420: A fat binary . The use of different toolsets may not be enough to build a working executables for different platforms. In this case, programmers must port the source code to the new platform. For example, an application such as Firefox, which already runs on Windows on the x86 family, can be modified and re-built to run on Linux on the x86 (and potentially other architectures) as well. The multiple versions of

312-435: A scripting language known as Game Maker Language (GML), which can be used to develop more advanced games that could not be created just by using the visual programming features. GameMaker was originally designed to allow novice computer programmers to be able to make computer games without much programming knowledge by use of these actions. Recent versions of software also focus on appealing to advanced developers. GameMaker

390-583: A JVM. Java software can be executed by a hardware-based Java processor . This is used mostly in embedded systems. Java code running in the JVM has access to OS-related services, like disk input/output (I/O) and network access, if the appropriate privileges are granted. The JVM makes the system calls on behalf of the Java application. This lets users to decide the appropriate protection level, depending on an access-control list (ACL). For example, disk and network access

468-442: A client/web-server architecture. The distinction between traditional and web applications is not always clear. Features, installation methods and architectures for web and traditional applications overlap and blur the distinction. Nevertheless, this simplifying distinction is a common and useful generalization. Traditional application software has been distributed as binary files, especially executable files . Executables only support

546-483: A game with the intention of release on the latest Nintendo and Sony game consoles. Should Disney license the game with Sony first, it may be required to release the game solely on Sony's console for a short time or indefinitely . Several developers have implemented ways to play games online while using different platforms. Psyonix , Epic Games , Microsoft , and Valve all possess technology that allows Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 gamers to play with PC gamers, leaving

624-509: A major contributor. The statements were English-like and verbose. The goal was to design a language so managers could read the programs. However, the lack of structured statements hindered this goal. COBOL's development was tightly controlled, so dialects did not emerge to require ANSI standards. As a consequence, it was not changed for 15 years until 1974. The 1990s version did make consequential changes, like object-oriented programming . ALGOL (1960) stands for "ALGOrithmic Language." It had

702-566: A new version of software with capability to export games for web browsers along with desktop. GameMaker: Studio entered public beta in March 2012 and enjoyed a full release in May 2012. Initial supported platforms included Windows, Mac, HTML5, Android, and iOS. Additional platforms and features were introduced over the years following; Late 2012 there was an accident with anti-piracy measures misfiring for some legitimate users. In February 2015, GameMaker

780-645: A particular platform—either the hardware, OS, or virtual machine (VM) it runs on. For example, the Java platform is a common VM platform which runs on many OSs and hardware types. A hardware platform can refer to an instruction set architecture . For example: ARM or the x86 architecture. These machines can run different operating systems. Smartphones and tablets generally run ARM architecture, these often run Android or iOS and other mobile operating systems . A software platform can be either an operating system (OS) or programming environment , though more commonly it

858-635: A profound influence on programming language design. Emerging from a committee of European and American programming language experts, it used standard mathematical notation and had a readable structured design. Algol was first to define its syntax using the Backus–Naur form . This led to syntax-directed compilers. It added features like: Algol's direct descendants include Pascal , Modula-2 , Ada , Delphi and Oberon on one branch. On another branch there's C , C++ and Java . BASIC (1964) stands for "Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code." It

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936-426: A program's state . In much the same way that the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands, an imperative program consists of commands for the computer to perform. Imperative programming focuses on describing how a program operates step by step, rather than on high-level descriptions of its expected results. The term is often used in contrast to declarative programming , which focuses on what

1014-520: A rapid growth in interest in object-oriented programming . These languages were imperative in style, but added features to support objects . The last two decades of the 20th century saw the development of many such languages. Smalltalk -80, originally conceived by Alan Kay in 1969, was released in 1980, by the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center ( PARC ). Drawing from concepts in another object-oriented language— Simula (which

1092-492: A syntax that would likely fail IBM's compiler. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) developed the first Fortran standard in 1966. In 1978, Fortran 77 became the standard until 1991. Fortran 90 supports: COBOL (1959) stands for "COmmon Business Oriented Language." Fortran manipulated symbols. It was soon realized that symbols did not need to be numbers, so strings were introduced. The US Department of Defense influenced COBOL's development, with Grace Hopper being

1170-443: A third. While this is straightforward, compared to developing for only one platform it can cost much more to pay a larger team or release products more slowly. It can also result in more bugs to be tracked and fixed. Another approach is to use software that hides the differences between the platforms. This abstraction layer insulates the application from the platform. Such applications are platform agnostic . Applications that run on

1248-527: A time-consuming task because different OSs have different application programming interfaces (API). Software written for one OS may not automatically work on all architectures that OS supports. Just because software is written in a popular programming language such as C or C++ , it does not mean it will run on all OSs that support that language—or even on different versions of the same OS. Web applications are typically described as cross-platform because, ideally, they are accessible from any web browser :

1326-469: A workaround for this problem. Tools such as the Page Object Model allow cross-platform tests to be scripted so that one test case covers multiple versions of an app. If different versions have similar user interfaces, all can be tested with one test case. Web applications are becoming increasingly popular but many computer users still use traditional application software which does not rely on

1404-700: Is IBM PowerVM Lx86 , which allows Linux/x86 applications to run unmodified on the Linux/Power OS. Example of cross-platform binary software: A script can be considered to be cross-platform if its interpreter is available on multiple platforms and the script only uses the facilities built into the language. For example, a script written in Python for a Unix-like system will likely run with little or no modification on Windows, because Python also runs on Windows; indeed there are many implementations (e.g. IronPython for .NET Framework ). The same goes for many of

1482-418: Is a combination of both. An exception is Java , which uses an OS-independent virtual machine (VM) to execute Java bytecode . Some software platforms are: The Java language is typically compiled to run on a VM that is part of the Java platform. The Java virtual machine (Java VM, JVM) is a CPU implemented in software, which runs all Java code. This enables the same code to run on all systems that implement

1560-442: Is a form of structured programming . Since the 1960s, structured programming and modular programming in general have been promoted as techniques to improve the maintainability and overall quality of imperative programs. The concepts behind object-oriented programming attempt to extend this approach. Procedural programming could be considered a step toward declarative programming. A programmer can often tell, simply by looking at

1638-534: Is a function with the same name as the class name. It is executed when the calling operation executes the new statement. A module's other file is the source file . Here is a C++ source file for the GRADE class in a simple school application: Here is a C++ header file for the PERSON class in a simple school application: Here is a C++ source file for the PERSON class in a simple school application: Here

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1716-399: Is a relatively small language -- making it easy to write compilers. Its growth mirrored the hardware growth in the 1980s. Its growth also was because it has the facilities of assembly language , but uses a high-level syntax . It added advanced features like: C allows the programmer to control in which region of memory data is to be stored. Global variables and static variables require

1794-516: Is a term that can also apply to video games released on a range of video game consoles . Examples of cross-platform games include: Miner 2049er , Tomb Raider: Legend , FIFA series , NHL series and Minecraft . Each has been released across a variety of gaming platforms, such as the Wii , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , personal computers , and mobile devices . Some platforms are harder to write for than others, requiring more time to develop

1872-413: Is an IDE with built-in editors for raster graphics, level design , scripting, paths , and shaders ( GLSL or HLSL ). Additional functionality can be implemented in software's scripting language or platform-specific native extensions. In GameMaker Studio 2, users can choose whether to export the game as an NSIS installer, or a .zip file containing the game, the data.win file, and any files added under

1950-430: Is available on Windows, macOS (both PowerPC and x86 through what Apple Inc. calls a Universal binary ), Linux, and BSD on multiple computer architectures. The four platforms (in this case, Windows, macOS, Linux, and BSD) are separate executable distributions, although they come largely from the same source code . In rare cases, executable code built for several platforms is combined into a single executable file called

2028-851: Is considered the world's first object-oriented programming language , developed in the 1960s)— Bjarne Stroustrup designed C++ , an object-oriented language based on C . Design of C++ began in 1979 and the first implementation was completed in 1983. In the late 1980s and 1990s, the notable imperative languages drawing on object-oriented concepts were Perl , released by Larry Wall in 1987; Python , released by Guido van Rossum in 1990; Visual Basic and Visual C++ (which included Microsoft Foundation Class Library (MFC) 2.0), released by Microsoft in 1991 and 1993 respectively; PHP , released by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994; Java , by James Gosling ( Sun Microsystems ) in 1995, JavaScript , by Brendan Eich ( Netscape ), and Ruby , by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto, both released in 1995. Microsoft's .NET Framework (2002)

2106-401: Is designed to execute machine code , which is native to the computer and is usually written in the imperative style, although low-level compilers and interpreters using other paradigms exist for some architectures such as lisp machines . From this low-level perspective, the program state is defined by the contents of memory, and the statements are instructions in the native machine language of

2184-602: Is executing operations on objects . Object-oriented languages support a syntax to model subset/superset relationships. In set theory , an element of a subset inherits all the attributes contained in the superset. For example, a student is a person. Therefore, the set of students is a subset of the set of persons. As a result, students inherit all the attributes common to all persons. Additionally, students have unique attributes that other persons don't have. Object-oriented languages model subset/superset relationships using inheritance . Object-oriented programming became

2262-493: Is imperative at its core, as are its main target languages, VB.NET and C# that run on it; however Microsoft's F# , a functional language, also runs on it. FORTRAN (1958) was unveiled as "The IBM Mathematical FORmula TRANslating system." It was designed for scientific calculations, without string handling facilities. Along with declarations , expressions , and statements , it supported: It succeeded because: However, non IBM vendors also wrote Fortran compilers, but with

2340-401: Is met. Otherwise, the statements are skipped and the execution sequence continues from the statement following them. Unconditional branching statements allow an execution sequence to be transferred to another part of a program. These include the jump (called goto in many languages), switch , and the subprogram, subroutine , or procedure call (which usually returns to the next statement after

2418-659: Is primarily intended for making games with 2D graphics, allowing out-of-box use of raster graphics , vector graphics (via SWF ), and 2D skeletal animations (via Esoteric Software's Spine) along with a large standard library for drawing graphics and 2D primitives . While the software allows for limited use of 3D graphics , this is in form of vertex buffer and matrix functions, and as such not intended for novice users. The engine uses Direct3D on Windows, UWP, and Xbox One; OpenGL on macOS and Linux; OpenGL ES on Android and iOS, WebGL or 2d canvas on HTML5, and proprietary APIs on consoles . The engine's primary element

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2496-448: Is separation of functionality, which disables functionality not supported by browsers or OSs, while still delivering a complete application to the user. (See also: Separation of concerns .) This technique is used in web development where interpreted code (as in scripting languages) can query the platform it is running on to execute different blocks conditionally. Third-party libraries attempt to simplify cross-platform capability by hiding

2574-577: Is source-to-source compiled to JavaScript with optimizations and minification applied in non-debug builds. GML Visual (originally called "Drag and Drop") is GameMaker's visual scripting tool. GML Visual allows developers to perform common tasks (like instantiating objects, calling functions, or working with files and data structures) without having to write a single line of code. It remains to be largely aimed at novice users. While historically GML Visual remained fairly limited in what can be comfortably done with it, GameMaker Studio 2 had seen an overhaul to

2652-547: Is the practice of deliberately writing software to work on more than one platform. There are different ways to write a cross-platform application. One approach is to create multiple versions of the same software in different source trees —in other words, the Microsoft Windows version of an application might have one set of source code files and the Macintosh version another, while a FOSS *nix system might have

2730-411: Is used with this technique. Cross-platform applications need much more integration testing . Some web browsers prohibit installation of different versions on the same machine. There are several approaches used to target multiple platforms, but all of them result in software that requires substantial manual effort for testing and maintenance. Techniques such as full virtualization are sometimes used as

2808-764: Is usually enabled for desktop applications, but not for browser-based applets . The Java Native Interface (JNI) can also be used to access OS-specific functions, with a loss of portability. Currently, Java Standard Edition software can run on Microsoft Windows, macOS, several Unix-like OSs, and several real-time operating systems for embedded devices. For mobile applications, browser plugins are used for Windows and Mac based devices, and Android has built-in support for Java. There are also subsets of Java, such as Java Card or Java Platform, Micro Edition , designed for resource-constrained devices. For software to be considered cross-platform, it must function on more than one computer architecture or OS. Developing such software can be

2886-422: The open-source scripting languages . Unlike binary executable files, the same script can be used on all computers that have software to interpret the script. This is because the script is generally stored in plain text in a text file . There may be some trivial issues, such as the representation of a new line character . Some popular cross-platform scripting languages are: Cross-platform or multi-platform

2964-748: The "Included Files" tab in the editor. GameMaker supports building for Microsoft Windows , macOS , Ubuntu , HTML5 , Android , iOS , Amazon Fire TV , Android TV , Raspberry Pi , Microsoft UWP , PlayStation 4 , Nintendo Switch and Xbox One ; support for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X|S was announced in February 2021 though an "Enterprise" license is needed to build games for these consoles. In past, GameMaker supported building for Windows Phone (deprecated in favor of UWP), Tizen , PlayStation 3 , and PlayStation Vita (not supported in GMS2 "largely for business reasons"). PlayStation Portable support

3042-523: The Basic syntax was too simple for large programs. Recent dialects added structure and object-oriented extensions. Microsoft's Visual Basic is still widely used and produces a graphical user interface . C programming language (1973) got its name because the language BCPL was replaced with B , and AT&T Bell Labs called the next version "C." Its purpose was to write the UNIX operating system . C

3120-763: The GameMaker engine. In January 2022, YoYo Games changed GameMaker Studio 2's numbering scheme so the version corresponds to the year and the month it was released (For example, 2022.1 for January 2022) . In April 2022, YoYo Games dropped the GameMaker Studio 2 name in order to match its new version numbering scheme, changing it to simply GameMaker . The program currently holds a rating of 8.5/10 on Mod DB based on 223 user reviews; many cite its flexibility and ease of use as positives and instability, crashes, project corruption and outdated features as negatives. Douglas Clements of Indie Game Magazine wrote that

3198-583: The JVM are built this way. Some applications mix various methods of cross-platform programming to create the final application. An example is the Firefox web browser, which uses abstraction to build some of the lower-level components, with separate source subtrees for implementing platform-specific features (like the GUI), and the implementation of more than one scripting language to ease software portability . Firefox implements XUL , CSS and JavaScript for extending

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3276-440: The assignment of the resulting value to memory. Looping statements (as in while loops , do while loops , and for loops ) allow a sequence of statements to be executed multiple times. Loops can either execute the statements they contain a predefined number of times, or they can execute them repeatedly until some condition is met. Conditional branching statements allow a sequence of statements to be executed only if some condition

3354-486: The browser is the platform. Web applications generally employ a client–server model , but vary widely in complexity and functionality. It can be hard to reconcile the desire for features with the need for compatibility. Basic web applications perform all or most processing from a stateless server , and pass the result to the client web browser. All user interaction with the application consists of simple exchanges of data requests and server responses. This type of application

3432-500: The browser, in addition to classic Netscape -style browser plugins. Much of the browser itself is written in XUL, CSS, and JavaScript. There are many tools available to help the process of cross-platform programming: There are many challenges when developing cross-platform software. Imperative programming In computer science , imperative programming is a programming paradigm of software that uses statements that change

3510-564: The call). Early in the development of high-level programming languages , the introduction of the block enabled the construction of programs in which a group of statements and declarations could be treated as if they were one statement. This, alongside the introduction of subroutines , enabled complex structures to be expressed by hierarchical decomposition into simpler procedural structures. Many imperative programming languages (such as Fortran , BASIC , and C ) are abstractions of assembly language . The earliest imperative languages were

3588-449: The code may be stored as separate codebases, or merged into one codebase. An alternative to porting is cross-platform virtualization , where applications compiled for one platform can run on another without modification of the source code or binaries. As an example, Apple's Rosetta , which is built into Intel -based Macintosh computers, runs applications compiled for the previous generation of Macs that used PowerPC CPUs. Another example

3666-470: The code, but can be worthwhile where the amount of platform-specific code is high. This strategy relies on having one codebase that may be compiled to multiple platform-specific formats. One technique is conditional compilation . With this technique, code that is common to all platforms is not repeated. Blocks of code that are only relevant to certain platforms are made conditional, so that they are only interpreted or compiled when needed. Another technique

3744-447: The complexities of client differentiation behind a single, unified API, at the expense of vendor lock-in . Responsive web design (RWD) is a Web design approach aimed at crafting the visual layout of sites to provide an optimal viewing experience—easy reading and navigation with a minimum of resizing, panning, and scrolling—across a wide range of devices, from mobile phones to desktop computer monitors. Little or no platform-specific code

3822-448: The computer. Higher-level imperative languages use variables and more complex statements, but still follow the same paradigm. Recipes and process checklists , while not computer programs , are also familiar concepts that are similar in style to imperative programming; each step is an instruction, and the physical world holds the state. Since the basic ideas of imperative programming are both conceptually familiar and directly embodied in

3900-429: The current subscription system would be replaced by a one-time license. GameMaker Language (GML) is GameMaker's scripting language. It is an imperative , dynamically typed language commonly likened to JavaScript and C-like languages. The language's default mode of operation on native platforms is via a stack machine ; it can also be source-to-source compiled to C++ via LLVM for higher performance. On HTML5, GML

3978-526: The decision of which platform to use to consumers. The first game to allow this level of interactivity between PC and console games (Dreamcast with specially produced keyboard and mouse) was Quake 3 . Games that feature cross-platform online play include Rocket League , Final Fantasy XIV , Street Fighter V , Killer Instinct , Paragon and Fable Fortune , and Minecraft with its Better Together update on Windows 10 , VR editions, Pocket Edition and Xbox One . Cross-platform programming

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4056-433: The dominant language paradigm by the late 1990s. C++ (1985) was originally called "C with Classes." It was designed to expand C's capabilities by adding the object-oriented facilities of the language Simula . An object-oriented module is composed of two files. The definitions file is called the header file . Here is a C++ header file for the GRADE class in a simple school application: A constructor operation

4134-413: The fewest clock cycles to store. The stack is automatically used for the standard variable declarations . Heap memory is returned to a pointer variable from the malloc() function. In the 1970s, software engineers needed language support to break large projects down into modules . One obvious feature was to decompose large projects physically into separate files . A less obvious feature

4212-408: The hardware, most computer languages are in the imperative style. Assignment statements , in imperative paradigm, perform an operation on information located in memory and store the results in memory for later use. High-level imperative languages, in addition, permit the evaluation of complex expressions , which may consist of a combination of arithmetic operations and function evaluations, and

4290-460: The imperative paradigm to a logical extreme, by not having any statements at all, relying purely on commands, even to the extent of making the IF and ELSE commands independent of each other, connected only by an intrinsic variable named $ TEST. COBOL (1960) and BASIC (1964) were both attempts to make programming syntax look more like English. In the 1970s, Pascal was developed by Niklaus Wirth , and C

4368-464: The license scheme to only two tiers, one that supported publishing on all non-console platforms, and a higher tier that added in console platform publishing support at a lower rate than the prior Ultimate license. These changes were aided by the financial investment of Opera into YoYo Games to help reduce costs for GameMaker users. On 22 November 2023, GameMaker announced that it would be "free for non-commercial use on all platforms (excluding console)," and

4446-423: The machine languages of the original computers. In these languages, instructions were very simple, which made hardware implementation easier but hindered the creation of complex programs. FORTRAN , developed by John Backus at International Business Machines (IBM) starting in 1954, was the first major programming language to remove the obstacles presented by machine code in the creation of complex programs. FORTRAN

4524-454: The more recent versions of popular web browsers. These features include Ajax , JavaScript , Dynamic HTML , SVG , and other components of rich web applications . Because of the competing interests of compatibility and functionality, numerous design strategies have emerged. Many software systems use a layered architecture where platform-dependent code is restricted to the upper- and lowermost layers. Graceful degradation attempts to provide

4602-490: The names, arguments, and return types of procedures (and related comments), what a particular procedure is supposed to do, without necessarily looking at the details of how it achieves its result. At the same time, a complete program is still imperative since it fixes the statements to be executed and their order of execution to a large extent. The programming paradigm used to build programs for almost all computers typically follows an imperative model. Digital computer hardware

4680-542: The platform they were built for—which means that a single cross-platform executable could be very bloated with code that never executes on a particular platform. Instead, generally there is a selection of executables, each built for one platform. For software that is distributed as a binary executable, such as that written in C or C++, there must be a software build for each platform, using a toolset that translates—transcompiles—a single codebase into multiple binary executables. For example, Firefox , an open-source web browser,

4758-749: The program "[s]implifies and streamlines game development" and is "easy for beginners yet powerful enough to grow as you develop", though noting that "resource objects have to be gathered if unable to create" and that licensing between Steam and the YoYo Games website is "convoluted". Cross-platform For example, a cross-platform application may run on Linux , macOS and Microsoft Windows . Cross-platform software may run on many platforms, or as few as two. Some frameworks for cross-platform development are Codename One , ArkUI-X, Kivy , Qt , GTK , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Apache Cordova , Ionic , and React Native . Platform can refer to

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4836-574: The program should accomplish without specifying all the details of how the program should achieve the result. Procedural programming is a type of imperative programming in which the program is built from one or more procedures (also termed subroutines or functions). The terms are often used as synonyms, but the use of procedures has a dramatic effect on how imperative programs appear and how they are constructed. Heavy procedural programming, in which state changes are localized to procedures or restricted to explicit arguments and returns from procedures,

4914-602: The program were being developed in Delphi . Subsequent releases saw the name changed to Game Maker and software moving towards more general-purpose 2D game development. Versions 5.0 and below have been freeware ; version 5.1 introduced an optional registration fee; version 5.3 (January 2004) introduced a number of new features for registered users, including particle systems , networking, and possibility to extend games using DLLs. Version 6.0 (October 2004) introduced limited functionality for use of 3D graphics, as well as migrating

4992-423: The runtime's drawing pipeline from VCL to DirectX . Growing public interest led Overmars to seek help in expanding the program, which led to partnership with YoYo Games in 2007. From this point onward, development was handled by YoYo Games while Overmars retained a position as one of the company's directors. Version 7.0 was the first to emerge under this partnership. The first macOS compatible version of program

5070-497: The same or similar functionality to all users and platforms, while diminishing that functionality to a least common denominator for more limited client browsers. For example, a user attempting to use a limited-feature browser to access Gmail may notice that Gmail switches to basic mode, with reduced functionality but still of use. Some software is maintained in distinct codebases for different (hardware and OS) platforms, with equivalent functionality. This requires more effort to maintain

5148-409: The system, allowing more tasks to be done with GML Visual, and having it translate directly to code (with an in-IDE preview for users interested in migrating to code). GameMaker was originally developed by Mark Overmars . The program was first released on 15 November 1999 under the name of Animo (at the time, it was just a graphics tool with limited visual scripting capabilities). The first versions of

5226-482: The target platform they wanted to publish on (such as desktop or mobile). An annual license was required to publish for consoles, which was also contained in an all-encompassing annual Ultimate license that covered all supported platforms. Yoyo Games announced a change to the licensing approach in August 2021, allowing GameMaker to be used for free to learn, and eliminating the single-purchase options. Instead, it simplified

5304-447: The type of processor (CPU) or other hardware on which an operating system (OS) or application runs, the type of OS, or a combination of the two. An example of a common platform is Android which runs on the ARM architecture family . Other well-known platforms are Linux / Unix , macOS and Windows , these are all cross-platform. Applications can be written to depend on the features of

5382-497: The video game to the same standard. To offset this, a video game may be released on a few platforms first, then later on others. Typically, this happens when a new gaming system is released, because video game developers need to acquaint themselves with its hardware and software. Some games may not be cross-platform because of licensing agreements between developers and video game console manufacturers that limit development to one particular console. As an example, Disney could create

5460-479: Was a compiled language that allowed named variables, complex expressions, subprograms, and many other features now common in imperative languages. The next two decades saw the development of many other major high-level imperative programming languages. In the late 1950s and 1960s, ALGOL was developed in order to allow mathematical algorithms to be more easily expressed and even served as the operating system 's target language for some computers. MUMPS (1966) carried

5538-499: Was acquired by Playtech together with YoYo Games. Announcement reassured that GameMaker will be further improved and states plans to appeal to broader demographic, including more advanced developers. November 2016 saw the initial release of GameMaker Studio 2 beta, with full release in March 2017. This version spots a completely redesigned IDE (rewritten in C#) and a number of new editor and runtime features. In August 2020, major update 2.3

5616-504: Was created by Dennis Ritchie while he was working at Bell Laboratories . Wirth went on to design Modula-2 and Oberon . For the needs of the United States Department of Defense , Jean Ichbiah and a team at Honeywell began designing Ada in 1978, after a 4-year project to define the requirements for the language. The specification was first published in 1983, with revisions in 1995, 2005, and 2012. The 1980s saw

5694-441: Was demonstrated in May 2010, but never made publicly available (with only a small selection of titles using it). Between 2007 and 2011, YoYo Games maintained a custom web player plugin for GameMaker games before releasing it as open-source mid-2011 and finally deprecating in favor of HTML5 export. Prior to August 2021, users had to obtain a single-purchase license for one of five different platforms, excluding consoles, depending on

5772-438: Was developed at Dartmouth College for all of their students to learn. If a student did not go on to a more powerful language, the student would still remember Basic. A Basic interpreter was installed in the microcomputers manufactured in the late 1970s. As the microcomputer industry grew, so did the language. Basic pioneered the interactive session . It offered operating system commands within its environment: However,

5850-457: Was released in 2009, allowing games to be made for two operating systems with minimal changes. Version 8.1 (April 2011) sees the name changed to GameMaker (lacking a space) to avoid any confusion with the 1991 software Game-Maker . This version also had the runtime rewritten in C++ to address performance concerns with previous versions. September 2011 sees the initial release of "GameMaker: HTML5" -

5928-413: Was released, bringing a host of new features to IDE, runtime, and the scripting language. In January 2021, YoYo Games was sold to Opera Software for roughly 10 million USD . The development team of GameMaker remains the same, and has not caused any major development changes to GameMaker Studio. In August 2021, YoYo Games announced that they are changing their licenses and will offer a free version of

6006-565: Was the norm in the early phases of World Wide Web application development. Such applications follow a simple transaction model, identical to that of serving static web pages . Today, they are still relatively common, especially where cross-platform compatibility and simplicity are deemed more critical than advanced functionality. Prominent examples of advanced web applications include the Web interface to Gmail and Google Maps . Such applications routinely depend on additional features found only in

6084-519: Was to decompose large projects logically into abstract datatypes . At the time, languages supported concrete ( scalar ) datatypes like integer numbers, floating-point numbers, and strings of characters . Concrete datatypes have their representation as part of their name. Abstract datatypes are structures of concrete datatypes — with a new name assigned. For example, a list of integers could be called integer_list . In object-oriented jargon, abstract datatypes are called classes . However,

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