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69-572: Gamla Stan has played a prominent role in the history of Swedish architecture , with many of Sweden's most renowned architects shaping the area; these include figures such as Nicodemus Tessin and Carl Hårleman , who worked on the Stockholm Palace , still located in the area. Other notable buildings in the old town include Tessin's own palace , the Stockholm Stock Exchange Building , Bonde Palace (seat of

138-456: A slum , many of its historical buildings left in disrepair, and just after World War II , several blocks together five alleys were demolished for the enlargement of the Riksdag (see Brantingtorget ). From the 1970s and 80s, however, it has become a tourist attraction as the charm of its medieval , Renaissance architecture and later additions have been valued by later generations. While

207-497: A drunken stupor, Skjalf had him hanged in his gold necklace before escaping. While the reliability of this story remains disputed, dendrochronological examinations of logs found on Helgeandsholmen just north of Stadsholmen in 1978–1980, concluded these trees were cut down during the period 970–1020, most of them from the later part of that period, and these logs presumably gave the entire city its present name, Stock-holm , "Log-Islet". The original wall-enclosed city only encompassed

276-586: A few burgher's houses in Stockholm and Visby , some castles, fortresses, and fortifications. The 13th century city walls around Visby are some of the best-preserved medieval city walls in Europe. The street layout of Stockholm's Old City is still medieval. In other Swedish cities secular buildings from the Middle Ages are very rare and often heavily rebuilt during the following centuries. One example of that

345-646: A fire in the early 15th century, was eventually surrounded by permanent buildings and evolved into the present public square Stortorget ("The Large Square"), still located south of the so-called Stock Exchange and the Cathedral . While Stockholm is likely to have expanded quickly, it remains much debated if the expansion was planned in accordance to the model of southern prototypes (e.g. such as Lübeck ) and, as historical sources traditionally have rendered it, governed directly by Birger Jarl (1210–1266) and Magnus Ladulås (1240–1290), or, as some historian have argued,

414-406: A harbour town that was established around 980, developed about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of Old Sigtuna , which, according to Old Norse religion , was previously the home of the widely revered god Odin . The name of Sigtuna was moved from what is presently called Signhildsberg . The meaning of Sigtuna is contested. According to one theory, it is a compound name where the second element

483-399: A medieval-style town centre with restaurants, cafes and small shops. The old church ruins, Viking runestones and the old main street ( Stora gatan ) are popular attractions for tourists, especially in the summertime. The small streets with low-built wooden houses lead up to several handicrafts shops and the old tiny town hall ( Sigtuna Rådhus ). There are restaurants and Sigtuna Stadshotell ,

552-419: A presumably mythological king who, in a dim and distant past (around 400 A.D. according to some historians), encamped here after having successfully raided Finland . His intentions were to marry Skjalf , the daughter of the defeated Finnish chieftain. The young woman, however, tricked him to arrange a celebration including prominent guests which eventually turned into a boozing party, and, while Agne slept in

621-573: A proposal for two streets roughly equivalent to the southern stretches of today's Tyska Brinken and Stora Nygatan . Within short, however, it was realized that with the proposal the northern end of the boulevard -like street would be pointing at a non-notable medieval façade, and it was thus decided the street had to be lengthened all the way to the northern shore of the island — a project that would take decades to complete. The two straight streets Stora Nygatan and Lilla Nygatan ("Large/Small New Street") — both children of this second regulation — took

690-582: A small courtyard at Slottsbacken behind the Finnish Church , just south of the main approach to the Royal Palace, is home to one of the smallest statues in Sweden, a little boy in wrought iron. The plaque just below the statue says its name " Järnpojken " ("The Iron Boy"). It was created by Liss Eriksson in 1967. From the mid-19th century to the early-mid 20th century Gamla stan was considered

759-475: A somewhat desultory if not entirely unmethodical process. Nevertheless, the medieval thoroughfares led from the large square in all four cardinal directions : Köpmangatan ("Merchant's Street") led east down to a second square by the water, Fisketorget ("Fishery Square"). Svartmangatan ("Black Man's Street", named after the Blackfriars monastery) and Skomakargatan ("Shoemaker's Street") led south to

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828-427: A time long to realize and were not completed until the funeral of King Charles X in 1660. Soon this ambitious project led to a more representative framework. The informal northern end of Stora Nygatan was thus connected to the newly created square Mynttorget by Myntgatan , and the slope Storkyrkobrinken was widened. On the eastern side of the island, the obsolete medieval wall was gradually demolished, and before

897-688: A variety of different trends. A rich use of form developed that had not been seen since the National Romantic Style. One of the most important exponents of postmodernism in Sweden was the British-born Ralph Erskine . Today, architecture in Sweden is being defined by such architects as Gert Wingårdh , who started as a postmodernist , but is known to pick up new trends (the works show influences from ecological design as well as Minimalism , High-tech , Expressionism , and Neofunctionalism). Sigtuna Sigtuna

966-601: Is Skytteanum in Uppsala . After the Rise of Sweden as a Great Power in the 17th century, the aristocracy began to build again. At the same time, the notion of the architect was established and the profession developed, its reputation bolstered by the works of Simon de la Vallée and Nicodemus Tessin the Elder . Numerous city palaces and Landschlösser were built following Western European, and above all, French models. Additionally,

1035-420: Is - tuna and the first one is either of two closely related dialectal words, viz. sig meaning "seeping water" or "swamp" or sik meaning "swamp". As a basis for this interpretation, a brook south of Signhildsberg has been mentioned, or the fact that the estate was surrounded by marshy terrain. Another theory considers the name to be an ancient prestigious " wander toponym ", meaning "strong fortress", like

1104-492: Is a locality situated in the eponymous Sigtuna Municipality , in Stockholm County , Sweden with 9,689 inhabitants in 2020. It is the namesake even though the seat of the municipality is in another locality, Märsta . Sigtuna is for historical reasons still often referred to as a stad . Sigtuna is situated at the bay Skarven, stretching around Upplands-Bro and a part of Lake Mälaren . Present-day Sigtuna,

1173-451: Is occasionally called "The city between the bridges". Stockholm derives its mythological origin from a dwelling place called Agnefit . As the second element fit means 'moist meadow ', this place was supposedly located on the western shore of today's Stadsholmen (arguably the only possible location for a meadow at the time). The first element of this name is, explains the historian Snorri Sturluson (1178–1241), derived from King Agne ,

1242-595: Is the longest operated restaurant with an unchanged environment and is one of the oldest restaurants in the world. It is now owned by the Swedish Nobel Academy that have their "Thursday luncheons" there every week. A statue of St. George and the Dragon (sculpted by Bernt Notke ) can be found in the Stockholm Cathedral , while Riddarholmskyrkan is the royal burial church. Bollhustäppan ,

1311-506: The Celtic toponym Segodunum , from Proto-Germanic * siga tūna , Old Norse Sigtún , cf. Proto-Germanic * segaz ~ *sigiz - "victory": Gothic sigis , Old Norse sigr , Old English sigor , Old Frisian sige, sīge , Old High German sigi, sigu . Sigtuna was founded on what was then the shore of Lake Mälaren just over 1,000 years ago. It took its name from an ancient royal estate (see Uppsala öd ) several kilometers to

1380-584: The Gothic style . Johan Fredrik Åbom , the most prolific Swedish architect of his age, designed numerous churches and a series of Burgher houses in Neo-Renaissance style. The Berns Salonger with its restaurant and stages is also a notable expression of the new civic pride, as immortalised in August Strindberg 's novel The Red Room . At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of

1449-668: The Second World War a massive building project was undertaken to satisfy the housing shortage and improve standards. In 1965 the government announced the Million Programme —the building of a million new dwellings within ten years (with a population of 7.8 million). Entire dormitory suburbs were built within a very short time. Land in many city centre areas was purchased and replanned in a modern and functional way to make room for offices. The enormous building projects were planned and led by large architects' offices. Often

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1518-596: The Stockholm Cathedral , the Nobel Museum , and the Riddarholm church , Gamla stan also boasts Kungliga slottet , Sweden's baroque Royal Palace , built in the 18th century after the previous palace Tre Kronor burned down. The House of Nobility ( Riddarhuset ) is on the north-western corner of Gamla stan. The restaurant Den gyldene freden is located on Österlånggatan . It has been in business, continuously, since 1722 and according to Guinness World Records

1587-531: The Swedish Supreme Court ) and the important House of Nobility ; the last of these buildings hosted the parliament for many years. The town dates back to the 13th century, and consists of medieval alleyways, cobbled streets, and archaic architecture. North German architecture has had a strong influence in the Old Town's construction. Stortorget is the name of the scenic large square in

1656-414: The architecture of Sweden from a historical perspective. As is the norm in the history of architecture , the architectural history of a nation naturally lends itself to the history of its monuments, and to the development of that nation's institutions of power: palaces, castles, and churches. This also applies in the case of the history of architecture in Sweden. The break comes with the modern era, with

1725-422: The 12th century, stone became the predominant building material for the construction of Romanesque monasteries and churches. Notable examples are Lund Cathedral , Sigtuna monastery , Husaby Church and Alvastra monastery . The smaller Romanesque churches in the countryside were often fortified. The medieval churches on Gotland constitute a group of unusually well-preserved medieval churches, also compared with

1794-553: The 13th century by the Dominican order as a monastery church, still remains largely intact. The Dominican monastery played an important role in the Swedish Middle Ages and produced many important church officials, among them many Swedish archbishops . Many church and monastery ruins still stand, including St. Pers Church ( S:t Pers kyrkoruin ) dating the 1100s, St. Olof Church ( S:t Olofs kyrkoruin ) dated from around

1863-735: The 20th century a new generation of architects emerged who turned away from historicism and classicism. On the one hand they absorbed influences from abroad, e.g. the Jugendstil execution of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, on the other hand they looked for precedents in Swedish cultural history and Swedish building traditions. From this search they developed the National Romantic Style , which took

1932-685: The Botany building in Uppsala or the high school in Härnösand . After the Napoleonic Wars and the loss of Finland , national building activity was concentrated within the military sector. The Karlsborg Fortress and the Göta Canal , employing 60,000 men in a 23-year period, were the largest Swedish building projects of all time. The leading architect of the first half of the 19th century

2001-490: The Ear Street", historical, corrupted). In average, the medieval streets are found some three meters below the present streets. Archaeological excavations have shown the oldest streets were covered with wood, the oldest being the three layers of wooden pavings found under the northern end of Västerlånggatan from around 1250–1300. During the later part of the 14th century, the streets started to get paved in stone, and as

2070-479: The National Romantic Style is the Stockholm City Hall , designed by Ragnar Östberg and built between 1903 and 1923. Gustaf Wickman dedicated himself to a task of a different nature, he built the entire city of Kiruna within three decades in an uninhabited wilderness. Although the city of Kiruna caused many problems for the indigenous Sami people , disrupting reindeer herding routes and polluting

2139-494: The National Romantic style. Its timber construction demonstrates and connects the influences of Norwegian Stave churches and American architectural traditions. Modern architecture in Sweden was prefaced by a group of architects who took up a very rigorous and stark form of Neo-classicism . Gunnar Asplund and Ivar Tengbom were two of the most well-known representatives during the 1910s and 1920s, contributing to

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2208-439: The archaeological deposits above them are composed of thin layers of filth containing few findings, street cleansing was apparently improved during this era. Waste and garbage was often simply poured out into the alleys, occasionally through apertures used exclusively for the purpose. Though a few assumed medieval subterranean wooden tubes and vaulted underground chambers have been found, relatively few traces remain in Stockholm of

2277-530: The archaeology of the 370 properties in Gamla stan remains poorly documented, recent inventories done by volunteers have shown many buildings previously dated to the 17th and 18th centuries, can be up to 300 years older. The name "Stockholm" originally referred to Gamla Stan only, but as the city has expanded, the name now also refers to several suburban areas that are included in the metro region. "Stockholm" means "log island" in Swedish. The previous capital of Sweden

2346-465: The area. After a rich source of iron ore was found and a railway line built, Wickman was charged with the design of the city. Within a few years, he had completed the design and construction of the directors and engineers villas, the worker's housing, offices, schools, a hospital, a fire station, the post office and bank, and a swimming pool. Amongst his best work is the Kiruna Church designed in

2415-526: The building of churches was resumed. Katarina Church in Stockholm became the model for many buildings and churches in the realm. The work of renowned architect Nicodemus Tessin the Younger moved architectural development in Sweden into High Baroque; examples include Stockholm Palace and Kalmar Cathedral , as well as the completion of the Drottningholm Palace . The 17th century also saw

2484-597: The buildings. The German Friedrich August Stüler received the prestigious commission for building the National Museum of Fine Arts , which he designed in Renaissance Revival style . Fredrik Wilhelm Scholander 's Stockholm Synagogue is inspired by Assyrian architecture . His pupil Helgo Zettervall , followed in his footsteps with the comprehensive renovations to the cathedrals of Uppsala , Skara and Linköping , which express his interpretation of

2553-500: The bumpy paving and hand-drawn vehicles made walking circumstantial; and where odours and scents from dung, food, fishes, leather, furnaces, and seasonal spices mingled. During nights (and certainly during the long winters) the city was completely dark, save for exceptional fire watchers and nocturnal ramblers who used torches to find their bearing. Neither were there any street signs guiding foreigners as no streets were officially named, instead referred to as "the thoroughfare running from

2622-426: The central elevated area of the present old town located between the two long streets — Västerlånggatan and Österlånggatan (i.e. "Western/Eastern Long Street") — which passed between the shorelines of the era and the eastern and western city walls . The eastern wall passed between two defensive towers; the northern being that of what was to become the castle Three Crowns , destroyed by fire in 1697, and

2691-686: The centre of Gamla Stan, which is surrounded by old merchants' houses including the Stockholm Stock Exchange Building . The square was the site of the Stockholm Bloodbath , where Swedish noblemen were massacred by the Danish King Christian II in November, 1520. The following revolt and civil war led to the dissolution of the Kalmar Union and the subsequent election of King Gustav I . As well as being home to

2760-481: The change in the role of architects in society, towards a concern with questions concerning the entire population, such as housing and the infrastructure of a social democracy. In Sweden , the Middle Ages lasted for approximately 500 years, from the baptism of Olof of Sweden in 1000 AD until Gustav I of Sweden seized power in 1523. At first almost all buildings, urban and rural, were constructed of timber. In

2829-425: The city walls — Västerlånggatan and Prästgatan (some 5 metres) — and the streets running parallel to them, just inside the city walls — Österlånggatan and Bollhusgränd - Baggensgatan (up to 10 metres). The center of the medieval city was probably just a fairground south of the town hall and the only church in the village. The market place, originally smaller than the present and enlarged following

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2898-788: The coup of Gustav III a new direction was taken employing classical precedents. In 1773 the Building School of the Academy of Arts was founded, shortly afterwards the Office for Supervision of the Building Industry was instituted. Both raised the quality of architecture, but at the expense of local building traditions. Testimony to the new classical ideals in architecture can be found in the Palace Theatre in Gripsholm,

2967-613: The cultural and building precedents and merged them with ideas from the English Arts and Crafts Movement to create a very distinct Swedish architecture often in brick and wood. Carl Westman 's Swedish General Medical Association building in Stockholm was one of the first buildings built in the style, with the Röhss Museum in Gothenburg and Stockholm Court House providing two further examples. The crowning achievement of

3036-540: The end of the century completely replaced by a row of private palaces, the so-called Skeppsbroraden , the "Row of Skeppsbron ". To what extent these two projects were planned and initiated by the King Gustavus II Adolphus himself remains undocumented, but undoubtedly he must have played an important role. These projects were, nevertheless, accompanied by similar ambitions for Riddarholmen , where eventually several new palaces would be built, and for

3105-465: The financial centre of the city. Located where is today Järntorget ("The Iron Square"), this marketplace was at the time not much more than two landing stages separated by an open space on the southern corner of the island. On either side of this marketplace, considerably larger than the present square, was on its eastern side Koggabron (named after, cogs , a type of medieval merchant vessel) and today superseded by Skeppsbron , and on its western side

3174-465: The first half of the 17th century was a period of awakening which preceded the so-called Swedish Empire . Following the death of Gustavus II Adolphus (1594–1632) the nation was determined never having to repeat the embarrassment experienced when Stockholm, still medieval in character, caused hesitation on whether to invite foreign statesmen for fear the lamentable appearance might undermine the nation's authority. A map of Stadsholmen dated 1626 presents

3243-629: The forthcoming years—particularly in housing—this was to become the dominant ideology. A typical example of the strong link between Functionalism and the political left is the Kvarnholmen quarter in Nacka , designed in the 1930s by the architecture department of the Consumer Cooperative which was founded in 1924 as the first collectively organised architects practice. Despite these initiatives, housing standards in Sweden were low. After

3312-530: The founding of a number of cities. They were set out with a regular Grid plan street pattern with central squares. The exceptions to this are the Danish Skåne and in Gothenburg , which were laid out to Dutch models in 1619 and include canals. The designs are still recognisable today, even where the original timber buildings have now perished. In the second half of the 18th century, particularly after

3381-441: The islets Helgeandsholmen and Strömsborg . The name Gamla stan probably dates back to the early 20th century, when it was used colloquially. "Gamla" means "(the) old." The word stan is simply a contraction of the word staden ("sta'n"), meaning "the town." In 1957 a station of the Stockholm metro was opened here with the name Gamla stan . Even though the official name was changed to Gamla stan in 1980, modern Stockholm

3450-465: The large royal mint which was located in the town. Since 1971 the coat of arms has been valid for the much larger Sigtuna Municipality . In the late 19th century Sigtuna still hosted only about 600 people, and was the smallest town in Sweden. The town remained insignificant until the second half of the 20th century. Much of the population growth can be related to Stockholm Arlanda Airport (IATA: ARN), situated some 10 km from Sigtuna. Sigtuna has

3519-470: The middle of the 11th century, and St. Lars Church ( S:t Lars kyrkoruin ) dating from the middle of the 13th century. In 1187, Sigtuna was attacked and pillaged by raiders from across the Baltic Sea , possibly from Curonia , or Estonians from the island of Saaremaa ( Oeselians ), or Karelians and Novgorodians , Archaeological excavations have not verified the traditions of destruction of

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3588-478: The new capital of Sweden. The island of Stockholm had the advantage that it was an island, easy to defend from armed gangs that could be thought to want to attack the city. It also had the advantage that it was situated just at the inlet of Lake Mälaren, which was very important in trade to and from the Baltic. There is a sculpture symbolizing the old log at Stadshuset (City Hall). Until the mid-19th century Gamla Stan

3657-453: The outer southern gate and up to the cross and the chapel" or constantly renamed after the most prominent person settled in an exposed part of the alley. Indeed, historical records contain many examples of obscure references to locations in the city, close to impossible to pin down as some streets have been renamed dozens of times, often carrying the same or a similar name as other streets before physically ceasing to exist. In Swedish history ,

3726-435: The placement of bogs forbidden next to neighbours and thoroughfares. Latrines were gathered on central locations known as flugmöten ("fly meetings") where the number of insects darkened the sky well into the 19th century. The present alleys only give a vague glimpse of the appearance of the medieval city where the gables of the building were facing the streets and contained window bays for offering goods of sale; where filth,

3795-494: The present location of Slottsbacken ("Palace Slope"), south of the palace, and Högvaktsterrassen ("Terrace of the Main Guard"), west of it. Within the city, the artery roads were stipulated to be eight ell wide ( aln , e.g. barely five meters) to allow horse-drawn vehicles to pass, while no rules restricted the width of cross-streets. As the city started to get overcrowded in the 14th century, new buildings were built on

3864-501: The quality of buildings and their design were of secondary importance to the delivery of such large numbers of projects. The 1973 oil crisis put an end to the Million Programme. Even before this, the programme was receiving vociferous criticism against the pattern book architecture and negative social consequences which these buildings produced. Out of this criticism, the term postmodern emerged in Sweden, encompassing

3933-478: The rest of Europe. The advent of the Brick Gothic style brought brick to Sweden as a new building material. The cathedrals of Västerås , Strängnäs and Uppsala were all constructed of brick, whereas the cathedrals of Skara and Linköping were made of limestone. While about 1,500 of Sweden's 4,000 churches date to the Middle Ages, very few secular buildings survive from this period. There are, however,

4002-635: The ridges surrounding the city, where Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna had the medieval slum replaced by a more representative Baroque city. Gamla Stan is referenced in the Yorushika song, "August, A Certain Place, Moonlight" and "Nautilus". The street of Tyska Skolgränd is the cover picture for Yorushika 's album " That's Why I Gave Up on Music " 59°19′30″N 18°04′15″E  /  59.32500°N 18.07083°E  / 59.32500; 18.07083 Architecture of Sweden This article covers

4071-430: The shores outside the city wall, and gradually land fillings between the bridges along the shores gave room for sheds and storehouses forming the elongated blocks separated by narrow alleys which are today characteristic for the old town. Within the old city center, larger blocks were partitioned into smaller ones, which resulted in several narrow streets such as Trädgårdsgatan ("Garden Street") and Kindstugatan ("Box on

4140-406: The sort of sophisticated system of sewers found in for example Visby and Bergen , so most likely the sloping alleys simply had to do the job. Many public notices were in vain devoted to restrain the habit of littering the surrounding waters and restricting the number of animals kept within the city walls, and not until the end of the Middle Ages were gutters ordered to be cleaned twice a week and

4209-496: The southern, of which no archaeological traces have been found, is known to have been given to the Blackfriars by King Magnus Eriksson (1316–1377) in 1336 and therefore was arguably located at the location for the monastery, in the southern end of Prästgatan , north of the square Järntorget . The steep precipices forming the outskirts of the original city is still discernible in the pronounced difference of levels in today's urban landscape: The two long streets which ran just outside

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4278-727: The style which became known internationally as Swedish Grace  [ sv ] . Asplund's most important works include the Listers District Court House  [ sv ] in Sölvesborg , Stockholm Public Library and, in collaboration with Sigurd Lewerentz , both the (temporary) Stockholm Exhibition (1930) and the Stockholm South (Woodland) Cemetery (today a UNESCO World Heritage Site ). The Stockholm Exhibition for Industry, Arts and Crafts 1930 helped Functionalism break-through in Sweden. In

4347-537: The town. Normal life in Sigtuna continued until the town started to slowly lose its importance during the 13th century due to navigability problems caused by post-glacial rebound . The current coat of arms can be traced to the town's first known seal , dating from 1311. According to a legend (possibly inspired by the town arms), Sigtuna was once the Royal seat, but this cannot be confirmed. The crown may also symbolize

4416-571: The wall: Through the eastern wall a single gate allowed Köpmangatan to pass down to the shore, while the others, all leading to Västerlånggatan, were located where today are Storkyrkobrinken ("Slope of the Great Church"), Kåkbrinken ("Slope of the [Ramshackle] House"), and Tyska Brinken ("German Slope"). Surrounding the Royal Palace was an open area called Sanden ("The Sand"), intentionally kept free for defensive reasons and including

4485-460: The west (see Fornsigtuna ). Various sources claim King Eric the Victorious as founder while others claim King Olof Skötkonung . It operated as a royal and commercial centre for some 250 years, and was one of the most important cities of Sweden. During a brief period at the end of the 10th and beginning of the 11th century, Sweden's first coins were minted here. St. Mary's Church , built in

4554-415: Was Kornhamn ("Corn Harbour") receiving the ships from Lake Mälaren , located near today's Kornhamnstorg . Trångsund ("Narrow Strait"), at the time much narrower than today, was leading north past the cathedral. As the city gates were patently the weakest point in all medieval fortifications, the fewer the better was the obvious rule. In medieval Stockholm, presumably three or four narrow gates opened

4623-683: Was also a soldier, Colonel Fredrik Blom , he designed a series of barracks and also the classically styled Skeppsholmen Church in Stockholm and, as the house architect to the royal family, he built the Rosendal Palace . In the second half of the 19th century the industrialisation of Sweden began. The population of the cities tripled in the space of a few decades. This rapid urbanisation lead to prolific construction activity: tenement houses and public buildings such as schools, hospitals, prisons, hotels, banks, market halls, theatres and churches were built. An eclectic historicism distinguishes many of

4692-479: Was located in Sigtuna . A thousand years ago Sigtuna had problems with armed gangs attacking the city. The situation became untenable and there was a need to find a new location for the capital. According to legend, the leaders in Sigtuna took a log, hollowed it out, filled it with gold, and set it afloat. Several days later it landed at the island where Gamla Stan is located today. This is where they decided to found

4761-428: Was referred to as själva staden ("the city itself"), since the areas surrounding it were still mostly rural in character. They were referred to as malmarna ("the ridges"). However, from the mid-19th century onwards it started to be called staden mellan broarna ("the city between the bridges") or staden inom broarna ("the city within the bridges"), a name that remained official until 1980, and from 1934 also included

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