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75-588: GCN has its origins in the BATSE coordinates distribution network (BACODINE). The Burst And Transient Source Experiment ( BATSE ) was a scientific instrument on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO), and BACODINE monitored the BATSE real-time telemetry from CGRO. The first function of BACODINE was calculating the right ascension (RA) and declination (dec) locations for GRBs that it detected, and distributing those locations to sites around

150-457: A gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and a combined biological instrument. TRW designed and built the following space observatories : The teams developing the following observatories continued their work as part of Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems: TRW Systems Group designed and manufactured the Vela series of nuclear detection satellites which monitored the 1963 establishment of

225-461: A phoswich : i.e., particle and gamma-ray events from the rear produced slow-rise time (~1 μs) pulses, which could be electronically distinguished from pure NaI events from the front, which produced faster (~0.25 μs) pulses. Thus the CsI backing crystal acted as an active anticoincidence shield, vetoing events from the rear. A further barrel-shaped CsI shield, also in electronic anticoincidence, surrounded

300-642: A TRW subsidiary, was a record label active from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s. Christopher John Boyce was a TRW employee convicted of selling security secrets to the Soviet Union via the Soviet embassy in Mexico City in the mid-1970s. Boyce and his accomplice, Andrew Daulton Lee , were the subjects of the best-selling 1979 Robert Lindsey book The Falcon and the Snowman , and the 1985 film of

375-467: A US$ 5.9 billion hostile bid for TRW. Northrop Grumman, BAE Systems , and General Dynamics contended for the company with Northrop's increased bid of US$ 7.8 billion ultimately being accepted on July 1, 2002. Soon afterward, the automotive assets of LucasVarity and TRW's own automotive group were sold to The Blackstone Group as TRW Automotive . A portion of TRW's Lyndhurst campus was developed as Legacy Village . The headquarters building became home to

450-514: A complement of four instruments that covered an unprecedented six orders of the electromagnetic spectrum , from 20 keV to 30 GeV (from 0.02 MeV to 30000 MeV). Those are presented below in order of increasing spectral energy coverage: The Burst and Transient Source Experiment ( BATSE ) by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center searched the sky for gamma-ray bursts (20 to >600 keV) and conducted full-sky surveys for long-lived sources. It consisted of eight identical detector modules, one at each of

525-426: A direction to the sky, and the angle θ about this direction, defined a cone about V on which the source of the photon must lie, and a corresponding "event circle" on the sky. Because of the requirement for a near coincidence between the two interactions, with the correct delay of a few nanoseconds, most modes of background production were strongly suppressed. From the collection of many event energies and event circles,

600-607: A division of Ramo-Wooldridge Corp., designed and produced the identical payloads for Pioneer 0 , Pioneer 1 and Pioneer 2 . These were intended to orbit and photograph the Moon , but launch vehicle problems prevented this. NASA launched Pioneer 1 as its first spacecraft on 11 October 1958. It set a distance record from Earth, and provided data on the extent of Earth's radiation belts . Pioneer 10 and 11 were nearly identical spacecraft, designed and fabricated by TRW Systems Group. They were optimized for ruggedness since they were

675-474: A field of view of one steradian . For cosmic gamma-ray events, the experiment required two nearly simultaneous interactions, in a set of front and rear scintillators. Gamma rays would Compton scatter in a forward detector module, where the interaction energy E 1 , given to the recoil electron was measured, while the Compton scattered photon would then be caught in one of the second layers of scintillators to

750-414: A former Apple program manager, publicized concerns that the site had not been properly tested since 2015 after receiving an email from Apple notifying employees of forthcoming vapor intrusion testing. An EPA study in 2019 had confirmed the previous remedies effective, but Gjøvik told TechCrunch cracks in the floor were exposing employees to carcinogenic fumes. She filed a whistleblower complaint with

825-530: A map of the positions of sources, along with their photon fluxes and spectra, could be determined. The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope ( EGRET ) measured high energy (20 MeV to 30 GeV) gamma-ray source positions to a fraction of a degree and photon energy to within 15 percent. EGRET was developed by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , and Stanford University . Its detector operated on

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900-516: A mile along Cleveland's Euclid Avenue. It employed over 16,000 workers at the peak of WW II production. As jet aircraft replaced piston-engined aircraft, Thompson Products became a major manufacturer of turbine blades for jet engines. In 1950, Simon Ramo and Dean Wooldridge while working for Hughes Aircraft , led the development of the Falcon radar-guided missile , among other projects. They grew frustrated with Howard Hughes ' management, and formed

975-755: A mysterious apparent nuclear test now called the Vela incident . First launched in 1970, the company built all twenty-three reconnaissance satellites in the Defense Support Program (DSP), which are the principal components of the Satellite Early Warning System currently used by the United States. These are operated by the Air Force Space Command , and they detect missile or spacecraft launches and nuclear explosions using sensors that detect

1050-432: A satellite. TRW Inc. TRW Inc. was an American corporation involved in a variety of businesses, mainly aerospace , electronics , automotive , and credit reporting . It was a pioneer in multiple fields including electronic components, integrated circuits, computers, software and systems engineering . TRW built many spacecraft , including Pioneer 1 , Pioneer 10 , and several space-based observatories . It

1125-506: A speed of approximately 2 degrees per second. The Imaging Compton Telescope ( COMPTEL ) by the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , the University of New Hampshire , Netherlands Institute for Space Research , and ESA's Astrophysics Division was tuned to the 0.75-30 MeV energy range and determined the angle of arrival of photons to within a degree and the energy to within five percent at higher energies. The instrument had

1200-454: Is also found in household cleaners. As a result of pipe and tank degradation, the tanks leaked into the ground, resulting in contaminated soil and groundwater. TCE was later determined to be toxic to humans at high concentrations. In 2013, The Atlantic referred to the site as a "paved-over environmental disaster zone". In the 1980s, the US introduced the federal Superfund program to clean up

1275-634: Is enough. The TRW-6425 design was later bought from Oerlikon -Bührle, it was improved and manufactured as the Oerlikon KBA 25 mm. The Ramo-Wooldridge Corp formed Pacific Semiconductors in June 1954, under the leadership of Harper North who had been head of electronics R+D at Hughes Aircraft Company . The funding for this endeavor from Thompson Products was about ten times their initial investment in Ramo-Wooldridge. The original goal

1350-495: Is now part of ZF Friedrichshafen . TRW veterans were instrumental in the founding of corporations like SpaceX . In 1953, the company was recruited to lead the development of the United States' first ICBM . Starting with the initial design by Convair , the multi-corporate team launched Atlas in 1957. It flew its full range in 1958 and was then adapted to fly the Mercury astronauts into orbit. TRW also led development of

1425-586: The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (PCA and ASM) and Ulysses . BATSE The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory ( CGRO ) was a space observatory detecting photons with energies from 20 k eV to 30 GeV, in Earth orbit from 1991 to 2000. The observatory featured four main telescopes in one spacecraft, covering X-rays and gamma rays , including various specialized sub-instruments and detectors. Following 14 years of effort,

1500-965: The Hubble Space Telescope , the Chandra X-ray Observatory , and the Spitzer Space Telescope . It was the second of the series to be launched into space, following the Hubble Space Telescope. The CGRO was named after Arthur Compton , an American physicist and former chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis who received the Nobel prize for work involved with gamma-ray physics. CGRO was built by TRW (now Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) in Redondo Beach , California . CGRO

1575-565: The Naval Research Laboratory detected gamma rays entering the field of view of any of four detector modules, which could be pointed individually, and were effective in the 0.05 to 10 MeV range. Each detector had a central scintillation spectrometer crystal of NaI(Tl) 12 in (303 mm) in diameter, by 4 in (102 mm) thick, optically coupled at the rear to a 3 in (76.2 mm) thick CsI (Na) crystal of similar diameter, viewed by seven photomultiplier tubes , operated as

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1650-745: The Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation in September 1953, with the financial support of Thompson Products. The detonation of a thermonuclear bomb by the Soviet Union spurred Trevor Gardner to form the Teapot Committee in October 1953. Chaired by John von Neumann , its purpose was to study the development of ballistic missiles , including ICBMs. Ramo and Wooldridge were committee members, and Ramo-Wooldridge Corp. became

1725-541: The Titan missile, which was later adapted to fly the Gemini missions. The company served the U.S. Air Force as systems engineers on all subsequent ICBM development efforts but TRW never produced any missile hardware because of the conflict of interest . In 1960, Congress spurred the formation of the non-profit Aerospace Corporation to provide systems engineering support to the U.S. government but TRW continued to guide

1800-621: The infrared emissions from these intense sources of heat. During Desert Storm , for example, DSP satellites were able to detect the launches of Iraqi Scud missiles and provide timely warnings to civilians and military forces in Israel and Saudi Arabia . The initial seven Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) were built by TRW to improve communication coverage for the Space Shuttle , International Space Station (ISS), and U.S. military satellites. When first launched in 1983,

1875-548: The Cleveland Clinic Wellness Institute. The TRW headquarters building was demolished in 2023. Bill Gates , the founder of Microsoft , says that he got "his first big break" at age fifteen, debugging energy-grid control software for TRW. "It was kind of scary", Gates said, realizing the things the program was going to help operate. "This thing needs to work". TRW Inc. was active in the development of missile systems and spacecraft, notably,

1950-558: The EPA had not been properly monitoring the site and notififying residents of a possible health issue. The EPA litigated with the responsible parties in order update its notification and testing measures to warn residents about possible exposure as early as possible and keeping people away from any unsafe areas. As of 2016 , the site is owned by GI Partners, an investment company, and has been leased by Apple Inc. since 2015 for research and development as of 2021 . The octagonal glass building

2025-413: The EPA, and geologist Michael Calhoun. In 2014 and 2015, a newly required vapor intrusion test of the surrounding residential area, including homes, apartment buildings, and four schools, showed unacceptable levels of TCE. A 2011 study had revealed TCE caused birth defects and cancer by all pathways of exposure. In 2014, the region's congressional representative Anna Eshoo expressed concerns that

2100-579: The Earth's water cycle in the oceans, lakes, atmosphere, polar ice caps , and vegetation . TRW designed and built the descent engine or (LMDE) for the Apollo lunar lander . Due to the need for a soft landing on the Moon, it was the first throttleable engine for crewed space flight . This, and the requirements for high thrust , low weight , and crushability (in case of landing on a large rock), earned surprising praise from NASA's history pages, considering

2175-448: The GCN relies on Kafka to distribute the alerts, improving on previous versions which used three separate protocols. The infrastructure for sending the alerts towards the GCN is managed by the respective observatories. For the historical gamma-ray burst observatories, which are based on spacecraft, this involves sending the information to a ground station; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

2250-618: The ICBM efforts. TRW originated in 1901 with the Cleveland Cap Screw Company , founded by David Kurtz and four other Cleveland residents. Their initial products were bolts with heads electrically welded to the shafts. In 1904, a welder named Charles E. Thompson adapted their process to making automobile engine valves and by 1915, the company was the largest valve producer in the United States . Charles Thompson

2325-467: The LAD rates triggered a high-speed data storage mode, the details of the burst being read out to telemetry later. Bursts were typically detected at rates of roughly one per day over the 9-year CGRO mission. A strong burst could result in the observation of many thousands of gamma-rays within a time interval ranging from ~0.1 s up to about 100 s. The Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment ( OSSE ) by

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2400-607: The Offy engine design with his partner Louis Meyer in 1946 and won the Indianapolis 500 twenty-seven times, more than any other engine design. During the period leading up to World War II , through the end of the Korean war , Thompson Products was a key manufacturer of component parts for aircraft engines, including cylinder valves . The TAPCO plant, owned by the U.S. government but operated by Thompson Products, extended for almost

2475-460: The RW-300 for sales in 1959, one of the first "all-transistor" computers with a power supply that used vacuum tubes . The computer was targeted at industrial control applications, with 1024 analog inputs multiplexed to a 1.9K sample/s 10-bit analog-to-digital converter which was transparent to the programmer. It weighed about 600 lb (270 kg). The real-time operating system

2550-714: The TDRS satellites were the largest, most sophisticated communications satellites built at the time. The seventh vehicle in the series was ordered as a replacement when TDRS-B was lost in the Challenger accident . Launched in 2002, TRW produced the Aqua spacecraft based on their modular standardized satellite bus . A joint project of the U.S. Global Change Research Program ( NASA ), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ), and National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil , Aqua delivers 750 Gigabytes per day detailing

2625-415: The air. Jared Blumenfeld, the former EPA director, said that TCE released in the air after the cleanup efforts reduces the concentrations to levels that eliminate health risks. Blumenfeld said that airborne TCE is not ideal, but the cleanup has reduced the toxins by 90% as of 2013 , according to Max Shahbacian, the project's lead at California State Water Resources Control Board before it was transferred to

2700-478: The board of Space Technology Laboratories (STL), the division which continued to support the Air Force ICBM efforts. Other aerospace companies believed TRW's Air Force advisory role granted it unfair access to their technologies and in September 1959, Congress issued a report recommending that STL be converted to a non-profit organization. With nearly half of STL's employees, The Aerospace Corporation

2775-437: The budget cuts, forcing responsible parties to pay for the cleanup. Scott Pruitt, Trump's head of the EPA threatened to cut budgets again for the enforcement. In 2019, the EPA and Philips Semiconductors agreed to a consent decree, with Northrop Grumman as a signatory, to fund the remaining cleanup and monitoring of the site, along with two nearby sites collectively known as the "Triple Site". In March 2021, Ashley Gjøvik ,

2850-579: The cafeteria of Building S. William Shatner had previously filmed at the TRW campus for the Outer Limits episode "Cold Hands, Warm Heart". In the episode, he plays an astronaut for "Project Vulcan". The 1967 sci-fi film Countdown , also filmed at the TRW Space Park. The TRW building is supposedly one of the credit company buildings demolished in the 1999 film Fight Club . This is because at

2925-446: The central detector on the sides and provided coarse collimation, rejecting gamma rays and charged particles from the sides or most of the forward field-of-view (FOV). A finer level of angular collimation was provided by a tungsten slat collimator grid within the outer CsI barrel, which collimated the response to a 3.8° x 11.4° FWHM rectangular FOV. A plastic scintillator across the front of each module vetoed charged particles entering from

3000-651: The complexity of the lunar missions: "The lunar module descent engine probably was the biggest challenge and the most outstanding technical development of Apollo". This engine was used on Apollo 13 to achieve free return trajectory and make a minor course correction after damage to the Service Module . After the Apollo program Moon landings, the LMDE was further developed into the TRW TR-201 engine. This engine

3075-454: The country's toxic waste sites. The site TRW (now Northrop Grumman) is responsible for is called the ' TRW Microwave site '. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) worked with TRW to treat the water with ultraviolet light and oxygenation and excavate the contaminated soil. In 1994, a public health study determined that the groundwater was still unacceptably contaminated, which can cause vapor intrusion . The EPA says

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3150-418: The direct conversion of approximately two solar masses into energy. This finally convinced the community that GRB afterglows resulted from highly collimated explosions, which strongly reduced the needed energy budget. It was deployed to an altitude of 450 km on April 7, 1991, when it was first launched. Over time the orbit decayed and needed re-boosting to prevent atmospheric entry sooner than desired. It

3225-478: The early development of the U.S. ICBM program under the leadership of the Teapot Committee led by John von Neumann . TRW pioneered systems engineering, creating the ubiquitous N chart and the modern functional flow block diagram . It served as the primary source of systems engineering for the United States Air Force ballistic missile programs. Space Technology Laboratories (STL), then

3300-469: The early stage of American research, TRW was one of the companies involved in the development of automatic guns of the Bushmaster program, where, under the leadership of engineer Eugene Stoner , the author of the famous M16 rifle, a 25 mm automatic cannon was developed under the internal designation TRW model 6425 , an ordinary system with automatic gas venting and locking the barrel with a rotary bolt

3375-411: The first man-made objects to pass through the asteroid belt and Jupiter's radiation belt. Simplicity, redundancy , and use of proven components were essential. As NASA's first all-atomic powered spacecraft, these used plutonium-238 units developed by Teledyne Isotopes . Pioneer 10 carried eleven instruments and Pioneer 11 carried twelve for investigating Jupiter and Saturn , respectively. Data

3450-399: The front. The four detectors were typically operated in pairs of two. During a gamma-ray source observation, one detector would take observations of the source, while the other would slew slightly off source to measure the background levels. The two detectors would routinely switch roles, allowing for more accurate measurements of both the source and background. The instruments could slew with

3525-484: The interest of public safety that a controlled crash into an ocean was preferable to letting the craft come down on its own at random. It entered the Earth's atmosphere on 4 June 2000, with the debris that did not burn up ("six 1,800-pound aluminum I-beams and parts made of titanium, including more than 5,000 bolts") falling into the Pacific Ocean. This de-orbit was NASA's first intentional controlled de-orbit of

3600-591: The lead contractor of the resulting ICBM development effort, reporting to the United States Air Force . With continued backing from Thompson Products, Ramo-Wooldridge diversified into computers and electronic components , founding Pacific Semiconductors in 1954. They also produced scientific spacecraft such as Pioneer 1 . Thompson Products and Ramo-Wooldridge merged in October 1958 to form Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc., unofficially known as "TRW". In February 1959, Jimmy Doolittle became chairman of

3675-507: The nuclear Partial Test Ban Treaty . Subsequently, they produced the Advanced Vela series, first launched in 1967, which could detect nuclear air bursts using instruments actually called bhangmeters . It had the first dual-spin attitude control system with the total system momentum controlled to zero. The Vela and Advanced Vela satellites were the first to alert astronomers to the presence of gamma-ray bursts . They also reported

3750-562: The observatory was launched from Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS-37 on April 5, 1991, and operated until its deorbit on June 4, 2000. It was deployed in low Earth orbit at 450 km (280 mi) to avoid the Van Allen radiation belt . It was the heaviest astrophysical payload ever flown at that time at 16,300 kilograms (35,900 lb). Costing $ 617 million, the CGRO was part of NASA 's Great Observatories series, along with

3825-453: The principle of electron- positron pair production from high energy photons interacting in the detector. The tracks of the high-energy electron and positron created were measured within the detector volume, and the axis of the V of the two emerging particles projected to the sky. Finally, their total energy was measured in a large calorimeter scintillation detector at the rear of the instrument. Gamma ray burst 990123 (23 January 1999)

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3900-452: The production of computers and monitors . Thompson Ramo Wooldridge officially became TRW Inc. in July 1965. Free of anti-competitive restrictions short of ICBM hardware, STL was renamed TRW Systems Group that same month. In 1968, the company entered the credit reporting industry by purchasing Credit Data Corporation and renaming it TRW Information Systems and Services Inc. The Credit Data group

3975-404: The rear, where its total energy, E 2 , would be measured. From these two energies, E 1 and E 2 , the Compton scattering angle, angle θ, can be determined, along with the total energy, E 1 + E 2 , of the incident photon. The positions of the interactions, in both the front and rear scintillators, was also measured. The vector , V , connecting the two interaction points determined

4050-479: The same title. Representatives from Space Technology Laboratories (STL) present their ICBM expertise to Don and Pete in Mad Men season 2 episode " The Jet Set ". The Star Trek: The Original Series season 1 episode " Operation -- Annihilate! " (13 April 1967) was filmed on the then-TRW campus (now Northrop Grumman's Space Park ) in Redondo Beach, California . The two sets of stairs shown are those leading to

4125-459: The satellite's corners. Each module consisted of both a NaI(Tl) Large Area Detector (LAD) covering the 20 keV to ~2 MeV range, 50.48 cm in dia by 1.27 cm thick, and a 12.7 cm dia by 7.62 cm thick NaI Spectroscopy Detector, which extended the upper energy range to 8 MeV, all surrounded by a plastic scintillator in active anti-coincidence to veto the large background rates due to cosmic rays and trapped radiation. Sudden increases in

4200-495: The site has institutional controls to protect people from contact with affected water. Drinking water in the area comes from Hetch Hetchy and municipal wells. In the 2000s, a bioremediation method developed by Stanford University using bacteria in molasses to naturally breakdown the TCE into harmless sub-compounds was implemented. Other measures included engineering vapor pathways to avoid direct human contact by releasing it into

4275-685: The time the book was written, TRW was in the business of credit reporting. However, there is no TRW building in Delaware , where the demolition purportedly happens. TRW equipment/boxes can be seen stored and being unloaded in the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind during scenes filmed at Devils Tower. In the 1960s and 1970s, TRW stored trichloroethylene (TCE), a critical chemical for cooling and degreasing computer chips , in tanks deep underground in Sunnyvale, California for later use. TCE

4350-447: The world in real-time. Since the de-orbiting of the CGRO, this function of BACODINE is no longer operational. The second function of BACODINE was collecting right ascension and declination locations of GRBs detected by spacecraft other than CGRO, and then distributing that information. With this functionality, the original BACODINE name was changed to the more general name GCN. It later evolved to include alerts from non-GRB observatories and

4425-655: Was #57 on the 1986 Fortune 500 list, and had 122,258 employees. The company was called Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc. , after the 1958 merger of the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation and Thompson Products. This was later shortened to TRW. The company was founded in 1901 and lasted for just over a century until being acquired by Northrop Grumman in 2002. It spawned a variety of corporations, including Pacific Semiconductors, The Aerospace Corporation , Bunker-Ramo and Experian . Its automotive businesses were sold off by Northrop Grumman as TRW Automotive , which

4500-531: Was 57th on the Fortune 500 list of highest revenue American companies in 1986 and had 122,258 employees in 2000. It operated in 25 countries. On 3 February 1986, the TRW plant in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania , burned to the ground in an eight-alarm fire . The damage was estimated to be greater than US$ 10 million and was the most serious fire to date in the area. In February 2002, Northrop Grumman launched

4575-736: Was a wholly owned subsidiary formed to commercialize the integrated circuit technology the company had developed in support of its aerospace business. They produced some of the first commercially available digital signal processing ICs including the TDC1008 multiplier-accumulator . They also made the first 8-bit flash ADC IC, the TDC1007, resulting in an Emmy Award for analog/digital video conversion technology. TRW also pioneered gallium arsenide (GaAs) chip applications for local multipoint distribution service (LMDS) systems, radios, and satellite communications. Bel Canto Stereophonic Recordings,

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4650-598: Was an international collaboration and additional contributions came from the European Space Agency and various universities, as well as the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory . Successors to CGRO include the ESA INTEGRAL spacecraft (launched 2002), NASA's Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission (launched 2004), ASI AGILE (satellite) (launched 2007) and NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (launched 2008); all remain operational as of May 2023. CGRO carried

4725-471: Was formed in 1970 to compete with Dun & Bradstreet , from the combination of TRWISS and ESL Incorporated to specialize in technical strategic reconnaissance . TRW Information Systems and Services Division (Credit Data) was spun off in 1996 to form Experian . TRW acquired LucasVarity in 1999, then selling Lucas Diesel Systems to Delphi Automotive and Lucas Aerospace (then called TRW Aeronautical Systems) to Goodrich Corporation . The company

4800-705: Was formed in June 1960. It headed the Atlas conversion for Mercury , Titan conversion for Gemini , and provided ongoing systems engineering support for the government. The Air Force continued its ICBM work with TRW. Dean Wooldridge retired in January 1962 to become a professor at California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Simon Ramo became president of the Bunker-Ramo Corporation in January 1964, jointly owned by TRW and Martin Marietta for

4875-540: Was named general manager of the company, which became Thompson Products in 1926. Their experimental hollow sodium -cooled valves aided Charles Lindbergh 's solo flight across the Atlantic. In 1937, Thompson Motor Products bought J.A. Drake and Sons (JADSON). The company made high-performance valves that were used in many racing engines of the day, including the Miller Offy . Dale Drake (son of J.A. Drake) bought

4950-420: Was one of the brightest bursts recorded at the time, and was the first GRB with an optical afterglow observed during the prompt gamma ray emission (a reverse shock flash). This allowed astronomers to measure a redshift of 1.6 and a distance of 3.2 Gpc. Combining the measured energy of the burst in gamma-rays and the distance, the total emitted energy assuming an isotropic explosion could be deduced and resulted in

5025-563: Was reboosted twice using onboard propellant: in October 1993 from 340 km to 450 km altitude, and in June 1997 from 440 km to 515 km altitude, to potentially extend operation to 2007. After one of its three gyroscopes failed in December 1999, the observatory was deliberately de-orbited. At the time, the observatory was still operational; however the failure of another gyroscope would have made de-orbiting much more difficult and dangerous. With some controversy, NASA decided in

5100-559: Was renovated in 2014 and made available for occupancy in 2015. The safety of the site was verified by the EPA. In 2016, the Donald Trump administration cut funding the Superfund program by $ 330 million and EPA funding by more than 30%, resulting in a significant reduction in enforcement and testing. During his presidency, the EPA increased its use of consent decrees, or administrative settlements, to ensure progress continued under

5175-551: Was sometimes referred to as GCN/TAN (for Transient Astronomy Network). The GCN relies on two types of alerts: notices and circulars. Notices are machine-readable alerts, which are distributed in real time; they typically include only basic information about the event. Circulars are brief human-readable alerts, which are distributed (typically by e-mail) with a low latency but not in real time; they can also contain predictions, requests for follow-up observations from other observatories, or advertise observing plans. The current version of

5250-746: Was the center in charge of sending the notices from GRB observatories. As of April 2023, 14 missions are sending alerts to the GCN ;: Past spacecraft and instruments that participated in GCN include Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors ( ALEXIS ), BeppoSAX , the Imaging Compton Telescope (COMPTEL) on CGRO, the X-Ray/Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (XGRS) on NEAR Shoemaker , the High Energy Transient Explorer (WMM and SXC),

5325-612: Was the electronics industry standard for two decades, was invented by TRW's James L. Buie in 1961. In 1965, engineers Don Nelson and Dick Pick at TRW developed the Generalized Information Retrieval Language and System, for use by the U.S. Army to control the inventory of Cheyenne helicopter parts. This developed into the Pick Database Management System which is still in use as of 2016. TRW LSI Products, Inc.

5400-529: Was to produce the recently invented transistor for commercial sales. In 1957, Howard Sachar and Sanford "Sandy" Barnes invented the Varicap electronic component (also known as the varactor diode) at Pacific Semiconductors. This device reduced the physical size of radio tuners and eliminated the need for moving mechanical parts. This simplified the implementation of remote control TV tuners. Sachar and Barnes were awarded an Emmy in 2007. The company manufactured

5475-573: Was transmitted back to Earth at 8 watts , 128 bytes/s at Jupiter, and 1 byte/s from further out. Pioneer 10 was the first man-made object to pass the planetary orbits and its last telemetry was received in 2002, thirty years after launch. TRW Systems Group designed and built the instrument package which performed the Martian biological experiments , searching for life aboard the two Viking Landers launched in 1975. The 15.5 kg (34 lb) system performed four experiments on Martian soil using

5550-619: Was used in the second stage Delta-P of the Delta launch vehicle for 77 launches between 1972–1988. At the turn of 1964-65, the United States started the ambitious Bushmaster program to create small-caliber assault guns for arming promising infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) of the American Army. The result of this program was the creation of a whole series of automatic cannons with an external automatic drive in caliber from 25 to 40 mm, which received their own general name Bushmaster . At

5625-638: Was written by John Neblett, and was the intellectual precursor of the RSX-11 operating system for the PDP-11 . The TRW-130 computer was introduced in 1961, and designated the AN/UYK-1 by the U.S. Navy as part of its pre-GPS TRANSIT (NAVSAT) satellite-based location system . It used Doppler shifts to compute a location in about 15 minutes, and had rounded corners to allow installation in submarines. The Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) logic gate, which

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