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43-745: The island is separated from Gimpo (on the South Korean mainland) by a narrow channel spanned by two bridges, and from Kaesong (Gaeseong) in North Korea by the main channel of the Han River. It offers some of the closest views in the South of North Korean villages, which can be seen on clear days from less than two kilometers. It is strategically located, controlling access to the river, which runs through former Joseon and South Korea's capital, Seoul . Its fortifications were repeatedly attacked in

86-479: A repressor protein, which binds to the trp operon . Binding of this repressor to the tryptophan operon prevents transcription of downstream DNA that codes for the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. So high levels of tryptophan prevent tryptophan synthesis through a negative feedback loop, and when the cell's tryptophan levels go down again, transcription from the trp operon resumes. This permits tightly regulated and rapid responses to changes in

129-821: A border with southwestern Seoul. The Geomdan area was transferred to Incheon in 1995. In 1998, Gimpo was promoted to a city ( si ). A major new development, the Gimpo Han River New Town, was announced in 2003, significantly increasing the population of the city since its construction. A two-car light rail system, the Gimpo Goldline , opened in 2019 to improve transportation to the New Town and to encourage population growth. The line operates between Yangchon station and Gimpo International Airport station , where transfers are available to AREX , Korail , and Seoul Metropolitan Subway services. Gimpo has

172-634: A dietary supplement (such as in tablet form) has the potential to cause serotonin syndrome when combined with antidepressants of the MAOI or SSRI class or other strongly serotonergic drugs. Because tryptophan supplementation has not been thoroughly studied in a clinical setting, its interactions with other drugs are not well known. The isolation of tryptophan was first reported by Frederick Hopkins in 1901. Hopkins recovered tryptophan from hydrolysed casein , recovering 4–8 g of tryptophan from 600 g of crude casein. As an essential amino acid, tryptophan

215-464: A meal rich in carbohydrates triggers the release of insulin . Insulin in turn stimulates the uptake of large neutral branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), but not tryptophan, into muscle, increasing the ratio of tryptophan to BCAA in the blood stream. The resulting increased tryptophan ratio reduces competition at the large neutral amino acid transporter (which transports both BCAA and aromatic amino acids), resulting in more uptake of tryptophan across

258-500: A monsoon-influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dwa ) with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. [REDACTED] Gimpo's gross domestic product in 2012 was 16.98 trillion won, accounting for 2.2% of the total in Gyeonggi Province. Among them, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries (primary industry) accounted for 248.5 billion won. In contrast, mining and manufacturing (second industry) accounted for 63.1% of

301-491: A purified form and is used to modify serotonin levels for research. Low brain serotonin level is induced by administration of tryptophan-poor protein in a technique called acute tryptophan depletion . Studies using this method have evaluated the effect of serotonin on mood and social behavior, finding that serotonin reduces aggression and increases agreeableness. Tryptophan produces the head-twitch response (HTR) in rodents when administered at sufficiently high doses. The HTR

344-545: Is 45,757. The number of people leaving from school is 31,213, and 2,687 and 5,122 more people flowing from school, a common phenomenon in the outskirts of the Seoul metropolitan area where many industrial facilities have been relocated. 37°42′0″N 126°36′0″E  /  37.70000°N 126.60000°E  / 37.70000; 126.60000 Tryptophan 11.4 g/L at 25 °C, 17.1 g/L at 50 °C, 27.95 g/L at 75 °C Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W )

387-555: Is Ganghwa's tallest mountain and home to Chamseongdan Altar, where Dangun Wanggeom reportedly performed ancestral rites. The island's turnip ( Brassica rapa ) has been cultivated for over 1,000 years. Its moisture content is over 90% and its main component is carbohydrate. The dark-purple, taproot vegetable has a mustardy scent and tastes like ginseng. Its seeds and the fully grown vegetable are used in folk remedies and Oriental medicine. Its leaves have vitamins, and its roots contain tryptophan and glycyrrhizin . Said to prevent cancer,

430-543: Is a 20-trail walking tour, illustrating the mudflat ecology and avian migratory habitats from prehistory to the Joseon dynasty. Seongmodo is a level 10-mile (16 km) trail through a forest and the island's only beach, ending at a temple. Pungmul Market is a food market selling grain, vegetables, fruits, seafood, meat, fish, tofu, and ginseng. Goryeogung is a palace site of Goryeo from 1232 to 1270 in Incheon. Manisan

473-400: Is an α- amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins . Tryptophan contains an α -amino group, an α- carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole , making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic beta carbon substituent. Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin , the hormone melatonin , and vitamin B 3 (niacin). It is encoded by

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516-439: Is induced by serotonergic psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin and is a behavioral proxy of psychedelic effects. Tryptophan is converted into the trace amine tryptamine and tryptamine is N - methylated by indolethylamine N -methyltransferase (INMT) into N -methyltryptamine (NMT) and N , N -dimethyltryptamine ( N , N -DMT), which are known serotonergic psychedelics. Tryptophan

559-410: Is lower than the overall proportion of Gyeonggi Province (72.9%). In the third industrial sector, wholesale and retail (12.1%), lodging and restaurant (7.7%), education and services (6.2%), and health and social welfare (5.2%). As of 2010, Gimpo's city had 215,050 residents and 227,159 weekly population, with the weekly population index high at 106. The number of people flowing in from commuting to work

602-482: Is not supported by the scientific evidence. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine 's 2017 clinical practice guidelines recommended against the use of tryptophan in the treatment of insomnia due to poor effectiveness. Potential side effects of tryptophan supplementation include nausea , diarrhea , drowsiness , lightheadedness , headache , dry mouth , blurred vision , sedation , euphoria , and nystagmus (involuntary eye movements). Tryptophan taken as

645-399: Is not synthesized from simpler substances in humans and other animals, so it needs to be present in the diet in the form of tryptophan-containing proteins. Plants and microorganisms commonly synthesize tryptophan from shikimic acid or anthranilate : anthranilate condenses with phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP), generating pyrophosphate as a by-product. The ring of the ribose moiety

688-438: Is now part of Seoul . Tertiary educational institutions located in the city include Kimpo College and Joong-ang Seungga University . The city has 27 elementary schools, 12 middle schools, and 8 high schools, including Gimpo Foreign Language High School . Three elementary schools, two middle schools, and two high schools are located in the area of Tongjin. In 1914, Yangcheon County and Gimpo County were merged. Yangcheon County

731-573: Is opened and subjected to reductive decarboxylation , producing indole-3-glycerol phosphate; this, in turn, is transformed into indole . In the last step, tryptophan synthase catalyzes the formation of tryptophan from indole and the amino acid serine . The industrial production of tryptophan is also biosynthetic and is based on the fermentation of serine and indole using either wild-type or genetically modified bacteria such as B. amyloliquefaciens , B. subtilis , C. glutamicum or E. coli . These strains carry mutations that prevent

774-551: Is sold over the counter in the United States (after being banned to varying extents between 1989 and 2005 ) and the United Kingdom as a dietary supplement for use as an antidepressant , anxiolytic , and sleep aid . It is also marketed as a prescription drug in some European countries for the treatment of major depression . There is evidence that blood tryptophan levels are unlikely to be altered by changing

817-579: The 19th century . With an area of 302.4 km (116.8 sq mi), it constitutes most of Ganghwa County (a division of Incheon ). The island has a population of about 65,500, half of whom live in Ganghwa Town (Ganghwa-eup) in the northeast. Before the 10th century, the island went by various names, including Haegu ( 해구 ; 海口 ; lit.  mouth of the sea), Hyeolgu ( 혈구 ; 穴口 ; lit.  opening), Gangha ( 강하 ; 江下 ; lit.  below river[s]). In 940, during

860-493: The Goryeo period, it received its current name, which means "beautiful [town by the] river". Former romanizations include "Kang-hoa" and "Kang-hwa". The island is in the estuary of Korea 's Han River. It is South Korea's fourth-largest island, with an area of 305.75 km (118.05 sq mi), and has a coastline of 106.5 km (66.2 mi). Over time, land reclamation projects for agricultural purposes have increased

903-482: The blood–brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Once in the CSF, tryptophan is converted into serotonin in the raphe nuclei by the normal enzymatic pathway. The resultant serotonin is further metabolised into the hormone melatonin —which is an important mediator of the circadian rhythm —by the pineal gland . Hence, these data suggest that "feast-induced drowsiness"—or postprandial somnolence —may be

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946-470: The cell membrane . Tryptophan, along with other aromatic amino acids , is also important in glycan-protein interactions . In addition, tryptophan functions as a biochemical precursor for the following compounds : The disorder fructose malabsorption causes improper absorption of tryptophan in the intestine, reduced levels of tryptophan in the blood, and depression. In bacteria that synthesize tryptophan, high cellular levels of this amino acid activate

989-497: The codon UGG. Like other amino acids, tryptophan is a zwitterion at physiological pH where the amino group is protonated (– NH 3 ; pK a = 9.39) and the carboxylic acid is deprotonated ( –COO ; pK a = 2.38). Humans and many animals cannot synthesize tryptophan: they need to obtain it through their diet, making it an essential amino acid . Tryptophan is named after the digestive enzymes trypsin , which were used in its first isolation from casein proteins. It

1032-697: The 1875 Ganghwa Island incident with Japan. In 1876 Korea was forced to sign with Japan the Treaty of Ganghwa , which was named for the island. In 1969, the Ganghwa Bridge  [ ko ] was constructed between the island and the mainland. The bridge was replaced in 1997. The Ganghwa Choji Bridge  [ ko ] opened in 2002. The island has stone tombs that are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site series Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites . Ganghwa Nadeulgil

1075-548: The 1989 EMS outbreak. However, other evidence suggests that tryptophan itself may be a potentially major contributory factor in EMS. There are also claims that a precursor reached sufficient concentrations to form a toxic dimer . The FDA loosened its restrictions on sales and marketing of tryptophan in February 2001, but continued to limit the importation of tryptophan not intended for an exempted use until 2005. The fact that

1118-529: The Showa Denko facility used genetically engineered bacteria to produce the contaminated batches of L -tryptophan later found to have caused the outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome has been cited as evidence of a need for "close monitoring of the chemical purity of biotechnology-derived products". Those calling for purity monitoring have, in turn, been criticized as anti- GMO activists who overlook possible non-GMO causes of contamination and threaten

1161-465: The South Korean side of the Han River estuary, as well as Seoul and the lesser cities of Paju and Goyang . North Korea is across the Han River. The current mayor is Jeong Hayoung  [ ko ] . The city's population of more than 300,000 is made up of more than 71,000 households. Gimpo International Airport (formerly Kimpo International Airport) used to be located inside the city, but

1204-499: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recalled tryptophan supplements in 1989 and banned most public sales in 1990, with other countries following suit. Subsequent studies suggested that EMS was linked to specific batches of L -tryptophan supplied by a single large Japanese manufacturer, Showa Denko . It eventually became clear that recent batches of Showa Denko's L -tryptophan were contaminated by trace impurities, which were subsequently thought to be responsible for

1247-535: The authors' quality standards for inclusion, totaling 64 study participants. The substances were more effective than placebo in the two studies included but the authors state that "the evidence was of insufficient quality to be conclusive" and note that "because alternative antidepressants exist which have been proven to be effective and safe, the clinical usefulness of 5-HTP and tryptophan is limited at present". The use of tryptophan as an adjunctive therapy in addition to standard treatment for mood and anxiety disorders

1290-569: The cell's internal and external tryptophan levels. In 2002, the U.S. Institute of Medicine set a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 5 mg/kg body weight/day of tryptophan for adults 19 years and over. Tryptophan is present in most protein-based foods or dietary proteins. It is particularly plentiful in chocolate , oats , dried dates , milk , yogurt , cottage cheese , red meat , eggs , fish , poultry , sesame , chickpeas , almonds , sunflower seeds , pumpkin seeds , hemp seeds, buckwheat , spirulina , and peanuts . Contrary to

1333-544: The development of biotech. A common assertion in the US and the UK is that heavy consumption of turkey meat —as seen during Thanksgiving and Christmas —results in drowsiness , due to high levels of tryptophan contained in turkey. However, the amount of tryptophan in turkey is comparable with that of other meats. Drowsiness after eating may be caused by other foods eaten with the turkey, particularly carbohydrates . Ingestion of

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1376-483: The diet, but consuming purified tryptophan increases the serotonin level in the brain, whereas eating foods containing tryptophan does not. In 2001 a Cochrane review of the effect of 5-HTP and tryptophan on depression was published. The authors included only studies of a high rigor and included both 5-HTP and tryptophan in their review because of the limited data on either. Of 108 studies of 5-HTP and tryptophan on depression published between 1966 and 2000, only two met

1419-403: The island's size. The island has a number of mountains. The tallest is Manisan , in the south of the island, with a height of 469 m (1,539 ft). Also on the island are Jingangsan ( 진강산 ), Goryeosan , Nakjobong ( 낙조봉 ), Hyeolgusan ( 혈구산 ), and Byeollipsan ( 별립산 ). The island was originally connected to the mainland, but became separate over time via erosion. Mudflats now surround

1462-536: The island. The island was part of Ganghwa-hyeon in the early Goryeo period. It became part of Ganghwa-bu in 1377. It became part of Ganghwa County in Gyeonggi Province ( Keiki-dō ) in 1914, and remained so until 1994, when it became part of Incheon Metropolitan City. The island was the site of the 1866 French expedition to Korea , the 1871 United States expedition to Korea , the Battle of Ganghwa , and

1505-531: The northwestern part of North Korea. In 1958, the government decreed that the airfield would serve all commercial flights into Seoul, a role until then filled by Yeouido Airport . After the completion of the terminal at Gimpo, Yeouido was demolished. In 1963, Yangdong and Yangseo towns were incorporated into Yeongdeungpo District , which includes Gimpo International Airport . In 1973, Gyeyang and Ojeong towns of Bucheon were transferred to Gimpo. In 1989, parts of Gyeyang town were ceded to Incheon , giving Incheon

1548-420: The popular belief that cooked turkey contains an abundance of tryptophan, the tryptophan content in turkey is typical of poultry. Because tryptophan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) which is then converted into the neurotransmitter serotonin, it has been proposed that consumption of tryptophan or 5-HTP may improve depression symptoms by increasing the level of serotonin in the brain. Tryptophan

1591-469: The result of a heavy meal rich in carbohydrates, which indirectly increases the production of melatonin in the brain, and thereby promotes sleep. In 1912 Felix Ehrlich demonstrated that yeast metabolizes the natural amino acids essentially by splitting off carbon dioxide and replacing the amino group with a hydroxyl group . By this reaction , tryptophan gives rise to tryptophol . Tryptophan affects brain serotonin synthesis when given orally in

1634-457: The reuptake of aromatic amino acids or multiple/overexpressed trp operons . The conversion is catalyzed by the enzyme tryptophan synthase . There was a large outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) in the U.S. in 1989, with more than 1,500 cases reported to the CDC and at least 37 deaths. After preliminary investigation revealed that the outbreak was linked to intake of tryptophan,

1677-418: The total number of workers in Gyeonggi Province. Among them, agriculture and forestry (primary industry) account for 93 people. In contrast, mining and manufacturing (second industry) account for 48.6% of 62,946, while commercial and service industries (third industry) account for 51.3% with 66,401. The secondary industry is higher than the overall proportion of Gyeonggi Province (27.1%), and the tertiary industry

1720-491: The total, while commercial and service industries account for 35.3%, or 5.6869 trillion won. In the second industrial sector, wholesale and retail businesses (5.4%), construction (4.7%), real estate and rental businesses (3.7%), and electricity, gas, steam, and water projects (3.0%) accounted for a large portion, as the new Gimpo Han River is built. In 2014, the Gimpo industry's total number stood at 129,440, accounting for 2.9% of

1763-462: The turnip helps cure skin diseases, digestive ailments, tuberculosis, and respiratory disease with an anti-bacterial effect. [REDACTED] Media related to Ganghwa Island at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Ganghwa Island travel guide from Wikivoyage Gimpo Gimpo ( Korean :  김포 ; Korean pronunciation: [kim.pʰo] ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea. It borders Incheon , with which it shares

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1806-499: Was assigned the one-letter symbol W based on the double ring being visually suggestive to the bulky letter. Amino acids, including tryptophan, are used as building blocks in protein biosynthesis , and proteins are required to sustain life. Tryptophan is among the less common amino acids found in proteins, but it plays important structural or functional roles whenever it occurs. For instance, tryptophan and tyrosine residues play special roles in "anchoring" membrane proteins within

1849-863: Was separated into two towns (Yangdong and Yangseo). Kimpo Airfield was constructed in 1939 during the Japanese Imperial period for use by the Imperial Japanese Army . The airfield was a key asset during the Korean War , changing hands three times before being recaptured and held by UN forces in February 1951 for the duration of the war. Designated K-14 by the United States Air Force , it hosted several U.S. fighter, bomber, and reconnaissance units, notably F-86 Sabre which would engage in air combat in MiG Alley in

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