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100-598: Pyeongchang County in Gangwon hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2018 Winter Paralympics . Gangwon also hosted the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics . Gangwon Province was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon period, formed in 1395, deriving its name from the names of the principal cities of Gangneung ( 강릉 ; 江陵 ) and the provincial capital Wonju ( 원주 ; 原州 ). In 1895 Gangwon Province

200-440: A closed circulatory system. Like other marine mollusks, cuttlefish have ink stores that are used for chemical deterrence, phagomimicry , sensory distraction, and evasion when attacked. Its composition results in a dark colored ink, rich in ammonium salts and amino acids that may have a role in phagomimicry defenses. The ink can be ejected to create a " smoke screen " to hide the cuttlefish's escape, or it can be released as

300-624: A deimatic display to warn off potential predators. Under some circumstances, cuttlefish can be trained to change color in response to stimuli, thereby indicating their color changing is not completely innate. Cuttlefish can also affect the light's polarization, which can be used to signal to other marine animals, many of which can also sense polarization, as well as being able to influence the color of light as it reflects off their skin. Although cuttlefish (and most other cephalopods) lack color vision, high-resolution polarisation vision may provide an alternative mode of receiving contrast information that

400-802: A pseudomorph of similar size to the cuttlefish, acting as a decoy while the cuttlefish swims away. Human use of this substance is wide-ranged. A common use is in cooking with squid ink to darken and flavor rice and pasta. It adds a black tint and a sweet flavor to the food. In addition to food, cuttlefish ink can be used with plastics and staining of materials. The diverse composition of cuttlefish ink, and its deep complexity of colors, allows for dilution and modification of its color. Cuttlefish ink can be used to make noniridescent reds, blues, and greens, subsequently used for biomimetic colors and materials. A common gene between cuttlefish and almost all other cephalopods allows them to produce venom, excreting it through their beak to help kill their prey. Additionally,

500-604: A clear day, you can get a good view of Kumgang-san, about 20 km to the west. Despite the solemnity of the place, the parking lot is cluttered with souvenir shops and restaurants. On the other side of the lot is the Korean War Exhibition Hall. Gangwon Province has many tourist attractions, as well as natural monuments, including Namiseom , Tong-il Observatory (similar the Dora Observatory ), Soyang Dam and Jeongdongjin . A memorial centre of

600-433: A cuttlefish can be independent of the other side of the body; males can display courtship signals to females on one side while simultaneously showing female-like displays with the other side to stop rival males interfering with their courtship. The deimatic display (a rapid change to black and white with dark 'eyespots' and contour, and spreading of the body and fins) is used to startle small fish that are unlikely to prey on

700-606: A cuttlefish is an unusual shade of green-blue, because it uses the copper-containing protein haemocyanin to carry oxygen instead of the red, iron-containing protein haemoglobin found in vertebrates' blood. The blood is pumped by three separate hearts: two branchial hearts pump blood to the cuttlefish's pair of gills (one heart for each), and the third pumps blood around the rest of the body. Cuttlefish blood must flow more rapidly than that of most other animals because haemocyanin carries substantially less oxygen than haemoglobin. Unlike most other mollusks, cephalopods like cuttlefish have

800-798: A female cuttlefish. Changing their body color, and even pretending to be holding an egg sack , disguised males are able to swim past the larger guard male and mate with the female. Cephalopods are able to communicate visually using a diverse range of signals. To produce these signals, cephalopods can vary four types of communication element: chromatic (skin coloration), skin texture (e.g. rough or smooth), posture, and locomotion. Changes in body appearance such as these are sometimes called polyphenism . The common cuttlefish can display 34 chromatic, six textural, eight postural and six locomotor elements, whereas flamboyant cuttlefish use between 42 and 75 chromatic, 14 postural, and seven textural and locomotor elements. The Caribbean reef squid ( Sepioteuthis sepioidea )

900-613: A greater number of polarized light displays than males and also alter their behavior when responding to polarized patterns. The use of polarized reflective patterns has led some to suggest that cephalopods may communicate intraspecifically in a mode that is "hidden" or "private" because many of their predators are insensitive to polarized light. Leucophores, usually located deeper in the skin than iridophores, are also structural reflectors using crystalline purines , often guanine, to reflect light. Unlike iridophores, however, leucophores have more organized crystals that reduce diffraction. Given

1000-437: A large competitor arrives to threaten the male cuttlefish. In these instances, the male first attempts to intimidate the other male. If the competitor does not flee, the male eventually attacks it to force it away. The cuttlefish that can paralyze the other first, by forcing it near its mouth, wins the fight and the female. Since typically four or five (and sometimes as many as 10) males are available for every female, this behavior

1100-536: A pattern called the intense zebra pattern, considered to be an honest signal . If a male is intending to attack, it adopts a "dark face" change, otherwise, it remains pale. In at least one species, female cuttlefish react to their own reflection in a mirror and to other females by displaying a body pattern called "splotch". However, they do not use this display in response to males, inanimate objects, or prey. This indicates they are able to discriminate same-sex conspecifics , even when human observers are unable to discern

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1200-444: A place where artists can meet and exhibit their works. When the area was part of North Korea from 1945 to 1953, the building is now the closest most South Koreans can get to North Korea. There are binoculars installed on the viewing deck, and inside the observatory is a large map labelled with mountain names and the locations of military installations. Kiosks here sell liquor, cash, postage stamps and other souvenirs from North Korea. On

1300-605: A self-governing province , not a self-governing state . The State's landscape is dominated by the Taebaek Mountains (called Taebaek Sanmaek ) which almost reach the sea . As a consequence, much of the coast is steep and rocky. Gangwon Province and its North Korean counterpart Kangwŏn are together referred to as the Gwandong region. The region west of the Taebaek Mountains is called Yeongseo , while

1400-530: A shell with a phragmocone divided into chambers separated by septa. The pores provide it with buoyancy , which the cuttlefish regulates by changing the gas-to-liquid ratio in the chambered cuttlebone via the ventral siphuncle . Each species ' cuttlebone has a distinct shape, size, and pattern of ridges or texture. The cuttlebone is unique to cuttlefish, and is one of the features that distinguish them from their squid relatives. Cuttlefish, like other cephalopods, have sophisticated eyes. The organogenesis and

1500-675: A source of white light, they produce a white shine, in red they produce red, and in blue they produce blue. Leucophores assist in camouflage by providing light areas during background matching (e.g. by resembling light-colored objects in the environment) and disruptive coloration (by making the body appear to be composed of high-contrasting patches). The reflectance spectra of cuttlefish patterns and several natural substrates ( stipple , mottle , disruptive ) can be measured using an optic spectrometer . Cuttlefish sometimes use their color patterns to signal future intent to other cuttlefish. For example, during agonistic encounters, male cuttlefish adopt

1600-482: Is Cfa, otherwise, its climate class is Hot-summer humid continental climate , because it is Dwb in some mountain areas, Dfa in eastern areas, Dfb in eastern mountain areas, and Dwa otherwise. The Taebaek Mountains create different climates in Yeongdong and Yeongseo . The climate of Gangwon Province is influenced by its latitude. It has four seasons, with hot and humid summers, and cold, snowy winters. According to

1700-478: Is a county in the province of Gangwon-do , South Korea , located in the Taebaek Mountains region. It is home to several Buddhist temples , including Woljeongsa . It is about 180 km (110 mi) east southeast of Seoul , the capital of South Korea, and connected by expressways and high-speed passenger railways. Pyeongchang's slogan, "Happy 700 Pyeongchang", is taken from its average elevation of approximately 700 metres (2,300 ft). Pyeongchang hosted

1800-433: Is about 1–2 years. Studies are said to indicate cuttlefish to be among the most intelligent invertebrates . Cuttlefish also have one of the largest brain-to-body size ratios of all invertebrates. The Greco-Roman world valued the cuttlefish as a source of the unique brown pigment the creature releases from its siphon when it is alarmed. The word for the cuttlefish in both Greek and Latin , sepia , now refers to

1900-593: Is an abandoned train station on the northernmost end of  Korail 's Gyeongwon Line. Near the station there was a small yard where rail stock was stored or shunted before leaving for  Wonsan , now in North Korea, along the  former Gyeongwon Line . Behind the station building there is the wreck of a train, bombed during the Korean War, used by the North Korean army and bombed by  U.N.  forces. In 2012, it became

2000-432: Is famous for Donghae steamed fish; Sokcho is famous for Sokcho Squid Sausages; and Samcheok is famous for blowfish soup. These are normally very simple and easy to cook, like the province's traditional food. Due to the Taebaek Mountains , Gangwon Province has 4 national parks & several natural monuments. The Hantaan River penetrates Cheorwon County 's volcanic terrain, having several natural monuments. This area

2100-436: Is inevitable. Cuttlefish are indeterminate growers , so smaller cuttlefish always have a chance of finding a mate the next year when they are bigger. Additionally, cuttlefish unable to win in a direct confrontation with a guard male have been observed employing several other tactics to acquire a mate. The most successful of these methods is camouflage; smaller cuttlefish use their camouflage abilities to disguise themselves as

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2200-455: Is just as defined. The cuttlefish's wide pupil may accentuate chromatic aberration, allowing it to perceive color by focusing specific wavelengths onto the retina. The three broad categories of color patterns are uniform, mottle, and disruptive. Cuttlefish can display as many as 12 to 14 patterns, 13 of which have been categorized as seven "acute" (relatively brief) and six "chronic" (long-lasting) patterns. although other researchers suggest

2300-554: Is no snowfall and have no opportunity to participate in winter sports. Gangwon Province , which includes Pyeongchang, was chosen as the host for the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics. Outdoor venues in Pyeongchang used in the 2018 Winter Olympics have been repurposed for the games. Pyeongchang County is traversed from west to east by the Gyeonggang Line and Yeongdong Expressway . The railway and expressway both originate in

2400-569: Is open year-round. Alpensia hosted the majority of the Olympic snow events. Yongpyong Resort , which has a total of 28 ski slopes, hosted the technical alpine skiing events. Alpensia will be the focus of the 2018 Cultural Olympiad , with a new, purpose-built concert hall within the resort with an indoor water park. Samyang Ranch is the largest highlands farm in Asia, located in the hills of Daegwallyeong at 850 to 1,470 meters above sea level. It

2500-573: Is operated as a petting zoo and features a pastoral landscape. The ranch is operated by the leading Korean food and dairy company Samyang food, the first company to introduce ramyeon instant noodles into a poverty-ridden South Korea in the 1960s. It is the filming location of the drama Autumn in My Heart and the movie Lover's Concerto . Pyeongchang hosted the 1999 Asian Winter Games and 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games . The 2018 Winter Olympics were also held in Pyeongchang, as well as

2600-462: Is paved. Some historical and traditional ridges have survived, like Daegwallyeong . It has many routes, like Route 7 , which is included in AH6 . It also has Controlled-access highways . Yeongdong Expressway is the first express way in the region, and Gwangju–Wonju Expressway , Jungang Expressway , Donghae Expressway , Seoul–Yangyang Expressway were built, afterwards. Seoul–Yangyang Expressway has

2700-491: Is the home of historical Buddhist temples including Sangwonsa and Woljeongsa . It was designated as a national park in 1975. The highest peak, Birobong Peak is 1,563 m (5,128 ft) high. Two major ski resorts in the county were the home of the 2018 Winter Olympics. Alpensia ski resort has six slopes for skiing and snowboarding , with runs up to 1,400.0 m (4,593.2 ft) long, for beginners and advanced skiers, and an area reserved for snowboarders. The resort

2800-441: Is thought to communicate to potential prey – "stop and watch me" – which some have interpreted as a type of "hypnosis". Cuttlefish are able to rapidly change the color of their skin to match their surroundings and create chromatically complex patterns, despite their inability to perceive color, through some mechanism which is not completely understood. They have been seen to have the ability to assess their surroundings and match

2900-418: Is thought to have up to 35 distinct signalling states. Cuttlefish are sometimes referred to as the " chameleons of the sea" because of their ability to rapidly alter their skin color – this can occur within one second. Cuttlefish change color and pattern (including the polarization of the reflected light waves), and the shape of the skin to communicate to other cuttlefish, to camouflage themselves, and as

3000-571: The 1998 games in Nagano, Japan . It also is the first Asian locality to host the Winter Games outside Japan. Pyeongchang won their 2018 bid after two previous failed attempts for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics , to which it lost to Vancouver, Canada , and Sochi, Russia , respectively. For the 2018 Olympics, Pyeongchang was marketed with the CamelCase spelling of " PyeongChang ", so

3100-466: The 2009 IBU Biathlon World Championships . The Asian Winter Games was held in 1999 in Gangwon Province including Pyeongchang. Originally, it hoped to host the 3rd Asian Winter Games, which North Korea gave up; however, Harbin was announced to host the 3rd Games. It was decided that Gangwon would host the 4th Asian Winter Games at the same time. In total, 799 athletes participated in

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3200-749: The 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics . It was officially rebranded as " PyeongChang " (with a capital 'C') for the purposes of the 2018 Games, in order to avoid confusion with Pyongyang in North Korea . Pyeongchang region was ruled by the Goguryeo Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period, and it was called Uk-o-hyeon (욱오현). After the Silla dynasty conquered the Goguryeo Dynasty and Baekje Dynasty, it

3300-650: The ChamSori Gramophone Edison Museum are also operated. In Gangwon Province, almost all of the regions hold festivals. Gangneung Danoje was listed in UNESCO 's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . Geographically, Gangwon Province has several national parks as well as some natural monuments. Gangwon Province is composed of mountains or basins, so locals mainly make food with potatoes or buckwheat . All regions of

3400-569: The Korea Meteorological Administration 's data, average temperatures vary. In Yongdong, the average temperature is 11.0 °C (51.8 °F), and in Yeongseo, it is 10.8 °C (51.4 °F). All of the province's average temperatures range from 6.6 to 13.1 °C (43.9 to 55.6 °F). and the yearly amount of rainfall is 1,300–1,900 millimetres (51.2–74.8 in), concentrated on mountain areas, being one of

3500-457: The Köppen climate classification , Pyeongchang County experiences a warm-summer humid continental climate ( Dwb ). Pyeongchang's winters are long and very snowy, while summers are relatively short. Average temperature of Pyeongchang from 2001 to 2010 was 7.0 °C, and it was lower than Gangwon 's 8.9 °C. Annual precipitation of the region from 2001 to 2010 was 1,555.0 mm, and it

3600-848: The Qing Dynasty manual of Chinese gastronomy , the Suiyuan shidan , the roe of the cuttlefish, is considered a difficult-to-prepare, but sought-after delicacy. Cuttlefish thick soup is a signature dish in Taiwan . Cuttlefish are quite popular in Europe. For example, in northeast Italy, they are used in risotto al nero di seppia (risotto with cuttlefish ink), also found in Croatia and Montenegro as crni rižot (black risotto), and in various recipes (either grilled or stewed) often served together with polenta . Catalan cuisine , especially that of

3700-528: The Seoul metropolitan region . A new KTX line, named the Gyeonggang Line , was built between Wonju and Gangneung via Pyeongchang for the 2018 Winter Olympics , connecting Pyeongchang to Seoul with a journey time of less than 80 minutes. The new line, which was officially opened on 22 August 2017, provides a main-line high-speed rail service that passes through Pyeongchang from west to east, with KTX trains calling at Pyeongchang station and Jinbu station (for

3800-497: The Taebaek Mountains . Sokcho Harbour functions as a fishing port, a passenger harbour and as an exporting hub for iron ore. Also recently, Korea Gas Corporation built the LNG Platform Center at Hosan Harbour. Gangwon province also has ferry lines. Sokcho Harbour has a pier for cruise ships , but until 2018, no cruise route existed. Gangwon FC bases itself in the region, owned by Gangwon Province. Jin-seon Kim,

3900-645: The United Nations Command ordered that the temple be burned, but a Buddhist monk prevented it. Instead, the Command agreed to burn only the doors of the temple. Sangwonsa has the following cultural heritage sites: Woljeongsa is a temple on Odaesan Mountain established by Jajang the monk in 643. After it was established, it was consistently rebuilt. During the Third Battle of Seoul , 10 buildings were totally destroyed by fire. Tanheo

4000-776: The Yeongdong Line and the Taebaek Line are derived from the Jungang Line, and the Gyeonggang Line was constructed, but currently it is not perfectly connected to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway System . KTX trains launched from Seoul to Gangneung on 22 December 2017 via the Gyeonggang Line , but they still run a part of the Jungang Line. In 2016, a plan was passed to extend the KTX line from Gangneung to Sokcho . The Gyeongwon Line and

4100-462: The diffraction of light within the stacked plates. Orientation of the chemochromes determines the nature of the color observed. By using biochromes as colored filters, iridophores create an optical effect known as Tyndall or Rayleigh scattering , producing bright blue or blue-green colors. Iridophores vary in size, but are generally smaller than 1 mm. Squid at least are able to change their iridescence. This takes several seconds or minutes, and

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4200-455: The suborder Sepiina . They belong to the class Cephalopoda which also includes squid , octopuses , and nautiluses . Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell , the cuttlebone , which is used for control of buoyancy . Cuttlefish have large, W-shaped pupils , eight arms , and two tentacles furnished with denticulated suckers, with which they secure their prey. They generally range in size from 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in), with

4300-492: The European common squid ( Alloteuthis subulata ) has yellow and red, and the common octopus has yellow, orange, red, brown, and black. In cuttlefish, activation of a chromatophore can expand its surface area by 500%. Up to 200 chromatophores per mm of skin may occur. In Loligo plei , an expanded chromatophore may be up to 1.5 mm in diameter, but when retracted, it can measure as little as 0.1 mm. Retracting

4400-578: The Games. Alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , biathlon , short track speed skating , and figure skating events were held in Pyeongchang. On 6 July 2011, Pyeongchang was announced as the host of the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics . The other candidates were Annecy, France and Munich, Germany . It is the third Winter Games in Asia after the 1972 games in Sapporo, Japan and

4500-598: The Governor of Gangwon Province announced it on April 28, 2008 and was established on December 18, 2008. High1 is Kangwon Land 's ice hockey team, established in September 2009. South Korea has only 3 professional ice hockey clubs, including High1. The Daeyung Killer Whales was established in 2016, originally based in the region. Wonju DB Promy is a professional basketball team, based in Wonju , Gangwon Province. It

4600-461: The Japanese rule of Korea, it was known as Kōgen-dō . In 1945 Gangwon Province, along with the rest of Korea, was divided by the 38th parallel north in 1945, to create American and Soviet zones of occupation in the south and north respectively, leading to Wonsan joining the northern half in 1946 to serve as its administrative center. In 1948, the southern half of the province became part of

4700-726: The North Dong-hae Line are blocked by the Military Demarcation Line . Gangwon Province has several military airbases, while civil passengers can use only two airports, Wonju Airport and Yangyang International Airport . Wonju Airport is shared with the Republic of Korea Air Force , like Daegu International Airport and Gimhae International Airport . Currently Wonju and Yangyang Airport are now operated as domestic airports. Gangwon Province's road length totals to 9,800 km (6,100 mi), and 75.1%

4800-598: The Olympic Stadium). KTX trains to Jinbu station were increased for the duration of the 2018 Olympics. Pyeongchang Bus Terminal and Jangpyeong Bus Terminal, Jinbu Bus Station and Hoenggye Bus Station are the main intercity bus terminals of the county. Daehwa Bus Station is also served by intercity buses. Local transit operators connect communities in the county to hubs at Pyeongchang Bus Station, Jangpyeong Bus Terminal, and Jinbu Bus Station. Yeongdong Expressway passes through Pyeongchang from west to east. After

4900-417: The atmosphere, is cited as a potential threat. Some studies suggest that ocean acidification does not impair normal embryonic development, survival rates or body size. Unlike other cephalopods, cuttlefish possess a unique internal structure called the cuttlebone , a highly modified internal shell, which is porous and is made of aragonite . Except for spirula , they are the only coleoid cephalopods with

5000-408: The best den during mating season. During this challenge, no direct contact is usually made. The animals threaten each other until one of them backs down and swims away. Eventually, the larger male cuttlefish mate with the females by grabbing them with their tentacles, turning the female so that the two animals are face-to-face, then using a specialized tentacle to insert sperm sacs into an opening near

5100-474: The chromatophore. These are under neural control and when they expand, they reveal the hue of the pigment contained in the sac. Cuttlefish have three types of chromatophore: yellow/orange (the uppermost layer), red, and brown/black (the deepest layer). The cuttlefish can control the contraction and relaxation of the muscles around individual chromatophores, thereby opening or closing the elastic sacs and allowing different levels of pigment to be exposed. Furthermore,

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5200-461: The chromatophores contain luminescent protein nanostructures in which tethered pigment granules modify light through absorbance, reflection, and fluorescence between 650 and 720 nm. For cephalopods in general, the hues of the pigment granules are relatively constant within a species, but can vary slightly between species. For example, the common cuttlefish and the opalescent inshore squid ( Doryteuthis opalescens ) have yellow, red, and brown,

5300-414: The chromatophores reveals the iridophores and leucophores beneath them, thereby allowing cuttlefish to use another modality of visual signalling brought about by structural coloration . Iridophores are structures that produce iridescent colors with a metallic sheen. They reflect light using plates of crystalline chemochromes made from guanine . When illuminated, they reflect iridescent colors because of

5400-533: The coast. These beaches are covered with pine tree forests, planted to block the sea breeze. Gangneung Coffee Street is built along the beach, and the Gangneung Coffee Festival is held every year. "Found in the DMZ" was found by Korean guards listening to the sound of explosions under the ground during their shift. After determined excavation on March 19, 1975, "The Second Tunnel" was discovered. It

5500-469: The coastal regions, uses cuttlefish and squid ink in a variety of tapas and dishes such as arròs negre . Breaded and deep-fried cuttlefish is a popular dish in Andalusia . In Portugal , cuttlefish is present in many popular dishes. Chocos com tinta (cuttlefish in black ink), for example, is grilled cuttlefish in a sauce of its own ink. Cuttlefish is also popular in the region of Setúbal , where it

5600-770: The coasts of East and South Asia, Western Europe, and the Mediterranean, as well as all coasts of Africa and Australia, but are totally absent from the Americas. By the time the family evolved, ostensibly in the Old World, the North Atlantic possibly had become too cold and deep for these warm-water species to cross. The common cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis ), is found in the Mediterranean, North and Baltic seas, although populations may occur as far south as South Africa. They are found in sublittoral depths, between

5700-403: The color, contrast and texture of the substrate even in nearly total darkness. The color variations in the mimicked substrate and animal skin are similar. Depending on the species, the skin of cuttlefish responds to substrate changes in distinctive ways. By changing naturalistic backgrounds, the camouflage responses of different species can be measured. Sepia officinalis changes color to match

5800-472: The cuttlefish becomes texturally as well as chromatically similar to objects in its environment such as kelp or rocks. While the preferred diet of cuttlefish is crabs and fish, they feed on small shrimp shortly after hatching. Cuttlefish are caught for food in the Mediterranean, East Asia, the English Channel, and elsewhere. In East Asia, dried, shredded cuttlefish is a popular snack food. In

5900-411: The cuttlefish, but use the flamboyant display towards larger, more dangerous fish, and give no display at all to chemosensory predators such as crabs and dogfish. One dynamic pattern shown by cuttlefish is dark mottled waves apparently repeatedly moving down the body of the animals. This has been called the passing cloud pattern. In the common cuttlefish, this is primarily observed during hunting, and

6000-403: The egg. In consequence, they may prefer to hunt the prey they saw before hatching. Cuttlefish have eight arms and two additional elongated tentacles that are used to grasp prey. The elongated tentacles and mantle cavity serve as defense mechanisms; when approached by a predator, the cuttlefish can suck water into its mantle cavity and spread its arms in order to appear larger than normal. Though

6100-906: The end of the Cretaceous period, represented by Ceratisepia from the Late Maastrichtian Maastricht Formation of the Netherlands. Although the Jurassic Trachyteuthis was historically considered possibly related to cuttlefish, later studies considered it to be more closely related to octopuses and vampire squids. The family Sepiidae, which contains all cuttlefish, inhabits tropical and temperate ocean waters. They are mostly shallow-water animals, although they are known to go to depths of about 600 m (2,000 ft). They have an unusual biogeographic pattern; they are present along

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6200-872: The events were held in Pyeongchang County . Alpine skiing events were held in Jeongseon County , while some indoor events were held in Gangneung . The 2024 Winter Youth Olympics was also held in Gangwon Province. The main cities of the province are Chuncheon (the provincial capital), Gangneung , Sokcho , Wonju , and Donghae . Currently Gangwon Province, has 7 cities, and 11 counties Pyeongchang County Pyeongchang ( English: / ˌ p j ʌ ŋ ˈ tʃ ɑː ŋ / pyung- CHAHNG , Korean: [pʰjʌŋtɕʰaŋ] ; in full, Pyeongchang-gun [pʰjʌŋtɕʰaŋɡun] )

6300-624: The expressway was expanded in 1999 for the Winter Asian Games , it takes about two hours from Seoul to Pyeongchang by car. Pyeongchang County is traversed from west to east by National Routes 6 and 42 ; National Routes 31 and 59 pass through from north to south. The district includes one town ( eup ), Pyeongchang-eup (평창읍; 平昌邑) and seven townships ( myeon ): 37°22′N 128°24′E  /  37.367°N 128.400°E  / 37.367; 128.400 Cuttlefish Cuttlefish , or cuttles , are marine molluscs of

6400-422: The female's mouth. As males can also use their funnels to flush others' sperm out of the female's pouch, the male then guards the female until she lays the eggs a few hours later. After laying her cluster of eggs, the female cuttlefish secretes ink on them making them look very similar to grapes. The egg case is produced through a complex capsule of the female accessory genital glands and the ink bag. On occasion,

6500-595: The final structure of the cephalopod eye fundamentally differ from those of vertebrates , such as humans. Superficial similarities between cephalopod and vertebrate eyes are thought to be examples of convergent evolution . The cuttlefish pupil is a smoothly curving W-shape. Although cuttlefish cannot see color, they can perceive the polarization of light , which enhances their perception of contrast . They have two spots of concentrated sensor cells on their retinas (known as foveae ), one to look more forward, and one to look more backward. The eye changes focus by shifting

6600-447: The first two months. Before death, cuttlefish go through senescence when the cephalopod essentially deteriorates, or rots in place. Their eyesight begins to fail, which affects their ability to see, move, and hunt efficiently. Once this process begins, cuttlefish tend to not live long due to predation by other organisms. Cuttlefish start to actively mate at around five months of age. Male cuttlefish challenge one another for dominance and

6700-601: The global audience would not confuse it with Pyongyang , the capital of neighboring North Korea . The two main facilities created for the 2018 Winter Olympics were the PyeongChang Olympic Plaza (where the opening / closing ceremonies and victory ceremonies were held) and the Gangneung Olympic Park (where the men's and women's short track, speed skating, figure skating, ice hockey, curling events were held). The 2018 Winter Paralympics

6800-401: The largest species , the giant cuttlefish ( Sepia apama ), reaching 50 cm (20 in) in mantle length and over 10.5 kg (23 lb) in mass. Cuttlefish eat small molluscs, crabs, shrimp, fish, octopuses, worms, and other cuttlefish. Their predators include dolphins, larger fish (including sharks), seals, seabirds, and other cuttlefish. The typical life expectancy of a cuttlefish

6900-575: The longest road tunnel in South Korea. Like the railways, Gangwon Province is connected by intercity bus networks in South Korea. All cities and counties have intercity terminals, which connect other cities or counties in the region or connect outer cities, districts, and Incheon International Airport . Gangwon Province has many harbours. Some harbours are fishing ports, but other harbours are used for special purposes. For example, Mukpo Harbour functions as an exporting hub for cement & coal from

7000-623: The low tide line and the edge of the continental shelf, to about 180 m (600 ft). The cuttlefish is listed under the Red List category of "least concern" by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This means that while some over-exploitation of the marine animal has occurred in some regions due to large-scale commercial fishing, their wide geographic range prevents them from being too threatened. Ocean acidification, however, caused largely by higher levels of carbon dioxide emitted into

7100-477: The mantle cavity is used for jet propulsion, the main parts of the body that are used for basic mobility are the fins, which can maneuver the cuttlefish in all directions. The suckers of cuttlefish extend most of the length of their arms and along the distal portion of their tentacles. Like other cephalopods, cuttlefish have "taste-by-touch" sensitivity in their suckers, allowing them to discriminate among objects and water currents that they contact. The blood of

7200-521: The mechanism is not understood. However, iridescence can also be altered by expanding and retracting the chromatophores above the iridophores. Because chromatophores are under direct neural control from the brain, this effect can be immediate. Cephalopod iridophores polarize light. Cephalopods have a rhabdomeric visual system which means they are visually sensitive to polarized light. Cuttlefish use their polarization vision when hunting for silvery fish (their scales polarize light). Female cuttlefish exhibit

7300-538: The monk restored Jeokgwangjeon, one of the burnt buildings, in 1964, and Manhwa the monk gradually reconstructed other buildings. Woljeongsa has the following cultural heritage sites: The Pyeongchang Odaesan Historic Archive ( Historic Site No. 34 ) was one of five archival locations in the latter part of the Joseon Dynasty for the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty and Sonwon-kyebo-kiryak . Odaesan Mountain

7400-617: The muscles of the flamboyant cuttlefish ( Metasepia pfefferi ) contain a highly toxic, unidentified compound as lethal as the venom of fellow cephalopod, the blue-ringed octopus . However, this toxin is found only in the muscle and is not injected in any form, classifying it as poisonous, not venomous. Sleep is a state of immobility characterized by being rapidly reversible, homeostatically controlled, and increasing an organism's arousal threshold. To date one cephalopod species, Octopus vulgaris , has been shown to satisfy these criteria. Another species, Sepia officinalis , satisfies two of

7500-536: The new South Korea. As a result of the Korean War Armistice Agreement of 1953, the boundary between the South and North Korean portions of the province was shifted north, to the Military Demarcation Line . On June 11, 2023, Gangwon Province became a special self-governing province, and the official English name is Gangwon State . Despite calling itself a state, Gangwon State is considered

7600-466: The novelist Lee Hyo-seok is in Pyeongchang County . Along the coast of the Sea of Japan, many seaside resorts are located, including Gyongpo Seaside Resort. The only domestic casino in Gangwon is Kangwon Land , located in Jeongseon County . The province also houses the largest ski resort in South Korea, Yongpyong Resort . Religion in Gangwon Province (2015) According to the 2015 census, 16.4% of

7700-449: The patterns occur on a continuum. The color-changing ability of cuttlefish is due to multiple types of cells. These are arranged (from the skin's surface going deeper) as pigmented chromatophores above a layer of reflective iridophores and below them, leucophores . The chromatophores are sacs containing hundreds of thousands of pigment granules and a large membrane that is folded when retracted. Hundreds of muscles radiate from

7800-425: The population follow Buddhism and 24.1% follow Christianity (17.5% Protestantism and 6.6% Catholicism ). 58.7% of the population is not religious and 0.8% of the population follow other religions. Gangwon Province's railways were originally built to transport mining resources to harbours. In Gangwon-Province, some main lines are operated. Jungang Line is connected to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway System ,

7900-484: The position of the entire lens with respect to the retina, instead of reshaping the lens as in mammals. Unlike the vertebrate eye, no blind spot exists, because the optic nerve is positioned behind the retina. They are capable of using stereopsis , enabling them to discern depth/distance because their brain calculates the input from both eyes. The cuttlefish's eyes are thought to be fully developed before birth, and they start observing their surroundings while still in

8000-416: The province have seasoned vegetable rice. For example, Jeongseon County is famous for Jeongseon thistle rice; Yeongwol County is famous for Yeongwol buckwheat rolls; Hwacheon County is famous for Hwacheon trout rice in a stone bowl and Hwacheon goatsbeard rice; and Yanggu County is famous for Yanggu dried green radish cuisine. In coastal regions, fish and salted seafood is consumed. For example, Donghae

8100-738: The reddish-brown color sepia in English. "Cuttle" in "cuttlefish", sometimes called "cuttles", is derived from the Old English name for the species, cudele . The word may be cognate with the Old Norse koddi (cushion) and the Middle Low German Kudel (rag). Over 120 species of cuttlefish are currently recognized, grouped into six families divided between two suborders. One superfamily and three families are extinct. The earliest fossils of cuttlefish are from

8200-511: The region east of the mountains is called Yeongdong . The term "Yeongdong" is frequently used in reference to transportation services from Seoul , meaning one might catch a bus or train on the Yeongdong Line , or drive to Gangneung on the Yeongdong Expressway . Gangwon Province's Köppen climate classification 's climate class is occasionally humid subtropical , because in some of its areas, especially in most of Yeongdong, it

8300-650: The region. Because of Gangwon Province's landscape, a number of old Buddhist temples have survived, like Woljeongsa and Oseam . Established in 2002, the Chuncheon National Museum is operated by the central government for the purpose of classification and reservation. The local government also has museums, including the Park Su-geun Art Museum, and the Taebaek Coal Museum . Purpose-built private museums, such as

8400-735: The region. It is not known exactly when human settlement in what is now Gangwon Province began, but Paleolithic sites have been excavated. Many historical artifacts are found in the region, like the Later Silla era's Bell of Sangwonsa , the North–South States Period era's Iron Seated Vairocana Buddha of Dopiansa Temple, the Goryeo era's Main Gate of Imyeonggwan Guesthouse, and the Joseon era's Documents of Sangwonsa Temple. Other popular historical areas, like Ojukheon are located in

8500-414: The sand and appear one way, with another animal a few feet away in a slightly different microhabitat , settled in algae for example, will be camouflaged quite differently. Cuttlefish are also able to change the texture of their skin. The skin contains bands of circular muscle which as they contract, push fluid up. These can be seen as little spikes, bumps, or flat blades. This can help with camouflage when

8600-481: The sex of a cuttlefish in the absence of sexual dimorphism . Female cuttlefish signal their receptivity to mating using a display called precopulatory grey. Male cuttlefish sometimes use deception toward guarding males to mate with females. Small males hide their sexually dimorphic fourth arms, change their skin pattern to the mottled appearance of females, and change the shape of their arms to mimic those of nonreceptive, egg-laying females. Displays on one side of

8700-520: The snowiest areas in South Korea. The area of Gangwon Province in both North Korea and South Korea is 20,569 km (7,941.74 sq mi), with South Korea's Gangwon-do covering 16,874.59 km (6,515.32 sq mi). The province is renowned for its agricultural produce, especially potatoes and fish, including cuttlefish and pollock . Mineral resources from the province include iron , coal , fluorite , limestone and tungsten . There are some hydroelectric , thermoelectric power plants in

8800-409: The substrate by disruptive patterning (contrast to break up the outline), whereas S. pharaonis matches the substrate by blending in. Although camouflage is achieved in different ways, and in an absence of color vision, both species change their skin colors to match the substrate. Cuttlefish adapt their own camouflage pattern in ways that are specific for a particular habitat. An animal could settle in

8900-675: The territory was divided into 23 districts in 1895 with the 8-provincial system abolished, it was included in Chugju-bu. When a 13-provincial system was enacted in 1896, it was involved in Gangwon-do. The altitude of Pyeongchang is wide-ranging, with 84% of its territory comprising mountains with average elevations of 750 m (2,460 ft). Its best-known place, the township of Daegwallyeong-myeon , averages between 700 and 800 m (2,300 and 2,600 ft) above sea level, with some areas over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high. Under

9000-505: The three criteria but has not yet been tested on the third (arousal threshold). Recent research shows that the sleep-like state in a common species of cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis , shows predictable periods of rapid eye movement, arm twitching and rapid chromatophore changes. The lifespan of a cuttlefish is typically around one to two years, depending on the species. They hatch from eggs fully developed, around 6 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4  in) long, reaching 25 mm (1 in) around

9100-630: The township of Haean , Yanggu , the Haean Basin is nicknamed Punchbowl , which was initially named by a war correspondent for the Korea War . The museum has a large amount of English in its narration of the history of the DMZ, as well as exhibits such as United States POW letters and extensive amounts of photos. It is inside the Tongil Security Park. Gangneung contains beaches connecting each other from north to south along

9200-525: Was a place of a fierce battle during the Korean War and is now a common rafting route. Around this river, the first Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus, the Hantaan River virus , was found. The virus was named after the river. The Civilian Control Zone is near the Military Demarcation Line , providing areas to stay for migratory birds, especially red-crowned cranes . In

9300-419: Was established is 1996. It donated coal in collaboration with a local government-owned company, Korea Coal Corporation . The 1999 Asian Winter Games were held in Gangwon Province between January 30 and February 6. South Korea, the host nation ranked 2nd in these games. The 2018 Winter Olympics was held from February 9–25, 2018, and the 2018 Winter Paralympics was held from March 9–18, 2018. Almost all of

9400-515: Was for a sudden raid by the North Korean Army into South Korea. The second tunnel is composed of a firm granitic layer, is 3.5 km in length, and various in depth from 50m-160m. About 1 km of it is nowadays open to visitors. Woljeong-ri station is a historical building in the DMZ  at  Cheorwon .  The tourist attraction, which can only be visited on escorted security tours of the DMZ,

9500-466: Was held in the same venues starting 9 March 2018. In preparation for the 2018 Olympics, the region built facilities including hotels and a world-class ski resort, named Alpensia . The region also ran the "2018 Dream Program", a program initially created in relation to the 2010 bid. The 2018 Dream Program was the fifth iteration of this sports and cultural program, involving 124 participants from 31 countries, who were invited because they live where there

9600-669: Was involved in Dong-gyeo, and the rest of it was included in Yanggwang-do. An administrator for the region was sent from the central government, and it became independent of Wonju in 1299. When the Joseon Dynasty was founded in 1392, the region was promoted from a hyeon to a county ( gun ). After the territory was divided into 8 Provinces under the reign of King Taejong , it was involved in Gangwon-do . After

9700-545: Was more than Gangwon's 1,491.5 mm. The warmest months of the year are July and August, with January and February being the coldest. In Pyeongchang, 16 heritage sites were registered by the South Korean government, and 45 Heritages were registered by the Gangwon Provincial Office. The count of cultural heritage designations is as follows. Sangwonsa is a temple on Odaesan Mountain that

9800-419: Was originally established as Jinyeowon in 705. Although the Joseon Dynasty's policy was the prohibition of Buddhism , it constantly donated to rebuild the temple. In 1401, King Taejong donated to the construction of Sajaam Hermitage. In 1465, King Sejo and administrators donated to rebuild the temple. Sejo's son, King Yejong designated it as a memorial for his father. During the Third Battle of Seoul ,

9900-581: Was renamed Baek-o-hyeon (백오현). After the Goryeo Dynasty was established, it renamed Pyeongchang-hyeon. Then, it was under control of Wonju . When a 10-provincial system was enforced, the north of Pyeongchang region was involved in Sakbang-do, and the south of the region was involved in Jungwon-do. When a new administrative system was carried out by King Hyeonjong , the east of the region

10000-493: Was replaced by the Districts of Chuncheon ( Chuncheon-bu; 춘천부 ; 春川府 ) in the west and Gangneung ( Gangneung-bu; 강릉부 ; 江陵府 ) in the east, with Wonju becoming a part of Chungju District. In 1896 Korea was re-divided into thirteen provinces, and the two districts were merged to re-form Gangwondo Province. Although Wonju re-joined Gangwon-do, the provincial capital was moved to Chuncheon, where it remains. During

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