68-619: The Gangdo National People's Association ( Korean : 간도국민회 ) was a group in the Korean independence movement in Manchuria organized in 1914. It was formed in exile during the Japanese occupation of Korea . While focusing on educational movements such as building elementary schools and middle schools, the March 1st Movement in 1919 began full-scale activities. Initially, the name of
136-629: A minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form
204-479: A spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and
272-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with
340-800: A base in Free City, Russia. However, they were forced to disband due to the demands that the independence armies disarm and integrate with the Soviet Red Army . The National Army survived the Free City Incident , and helped Koo Chun-seon and other executives established the National Association Military Department in Dunhua, and in December 1921, it was renamed the 'Central General Inspectorate of
408-480: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this
476-596: A disadvantage, and the two forces fought the final battle in the Yulang town ( 漁郎村 ). The Korean army claimed to have killed 1,200 Japanese soldiers, and wounded thousands of others on 26 October, though the number of casualties during the battle is still debated on. As a result of the battle, Korean forces retreated from the area and the Japanese army kept pursuing them. In response to these claims, Kim Hak-Cheor (also known as Song Jin-woo), who participated in many battles as
544-629: A meeting to establish the Ganminhoe. At this convention, Kim Yak-yeon (金躍淵) was elected as president and Baek Ok-bo was elected as vice president. In addition, executives from nine departments, including the Civil Records Department, Education Department, Law Department, Finance Department, and Food Industry Promotion Department, were appointed. Afterwards, branch offices were established in three counties, including Yanji, Hwaryong, and Wangcheong, and many branches were established under
612-622: A member of the armed group for the independence of Korea, argued that the number of Japanese casualties was exaggerated by a factor of 300 or more. According to him, when Korean independence forces encountered the Japanese army, they lost 9 out of 10 times, and even if they won, they could only kill 2 or 3 Japanese soldiers. South Korea views the Hunchun incident as a deception by Japan, who they believe used it as an excuse to dispatch troops. Japanese sources claim 11 dead and 24 wounded, and no officer casualties. These numbers are repeated by
680-622: A military agency. The relationship between the two was also established by deciding that the Korean National Association would 'assist' the Korean Northern Army Command and provide all military affairs. The Battle of Fengwudong took place from June 4 to 7, and at this time, Hong Beom-do and Choi Jin-dong were in conflict over the issue of retreat in response to the pursuing Japanese army. Accordingly, Choi Jin-dong's military affairs division within
748-521: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding
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#1732783278589816-457: A report so far. Japan claims the only man corresponding to "Regimental Commander Kanō" was Colonel Nobuteru Kanō, who served as commander of the 27th regiment, and that his name cannot be found in the casualty list, but is said to have led the regiment until 1922. Moreover, two months after the Battle of Qingshanli, the regiment commanded by Colonel Kanō captured one Korean. This event is recorded in
884-560: A secret telegram from the Japanese consulate in Qingshanli on 13 November 1920. On the contrary, South Koreans refer to this battle as the "great victory at Cheongsalli" and consider it a victory of the Independence Army. For the casualties of the Japanese army, Hanguk Doknip Undongji Hyulsa (韓國獨立運動之血史）by Bak Inseok (1920) states "900-1,600 including Regimental Commander Kanō," Daehan Minguk jeongdangsa compiled by
952-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to
1020-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean
1088-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be
1156-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with
1224-747: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on
1292-520: Is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only
1360-779: The Battle of Cheongsanri , the Imperial Japanese Army sought revenge over the previous defeats by massacring the Korean populace in Gangdo inciting the Gando Massacre causing the Gando organization to dissolve. The National Army withdrew to Bukman and Noryeong. They joined the Korean Independence Corps at Mt. Milsan representing the Korean and Huncheon Korean National Associations, and established
1428-759: The Imperial Japanese Army and Korean armed groups in a densely wooded region of eastern Manchuria called Qīngshānlǐ ( Japanese : 青山里 , Seizanri ; Korean : 청산리 , Cheongsanri ). It occurred during the campaign of the Japanese army in Jiandao , during the Japanese rule of Korea (1910–1945). After the March 1st Movement of 1919 by Koreans calling for liberation from Japanese occupation, some Korean activists formed an independence army in Manchuria. The Japanese government asked China to subdue them but got no substantive result. On 2 October 1920,
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#17327832785891496-647: The Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from the Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that
1564-524: The Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations , was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to
1632-649: The Military Affairs Command would be formed as a military agency. The relationship between the two was also established by deciding that the National Association would 'assist' the Korean Northern Army Command and provide all military affairs. The Korean Northern Army Command, organized four units under the command of Commander Cho An-mu. There were 100 soldiers in each unit, and the 1st commander Choi Moon-mu,
1700-568: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,
1768-968: The 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea
1836-419: The 2nd commander Hong Beom-do , the 3rd commander Kang Seung-beom, and the 4th commander Jo Kwon-sik were appointed. In addition, military funds were used to develop anti-Japanese armed struggle. There were three activities per week. The National Association mainly raised military funds and organized about 300 independent armed forces trained under the guidance of Cho An-Mu and 600 people under Hong Beom-do into
1904-684: The Azuma Detachment. They were rushed in for the relief of the remnants to fight against the Korean Independence Army. The Azuma Detachment engaged in combat with the Korean Independence Army on 23 October. The Northern military administration office army united the Korea independent army led by Hong Beom-do in the struggle against Japanese force. The Korean troops had the Japanese Azuma Detachment at
1972-610: The Communist Party of Korea' to strengthen the Shanghai faction of the Korean Communist Party . Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as
2040-732: The Daehanminbo (大韓民報) as an organ magazine. Following the instructions of the Provisional Government, he participated in the first integration conference held in March 1920, and also participated in the integration conference held in Bongo-dong in May. At the meeting, it was decided that the National Association of Korea would perform its role as an administrative agency and that the Korean Northern Army Command would be formed as
2108-422: The Independence Army raided Hun-ch'un and killed 13 Japanese including the commissioner of the consulate police. In response, Japan decided to send troops to eastern Manchuria. Japan immediately held talks with China, and on 16 October received permission for military action in eastern Jilin from the governor of Jilin. The Japanese forces who joined the expedition were the 28th Brigade of the 19th Division, which
Gando National People's Association - Misplaced Pages Continue
2176-412: The Korean Independence Army under the direct control of the National Association and placed them under the leadership of Hong Beom-do. In addition, armed groups throughout Gando were integrated and joint assistance was provided in purchasing weapons and training independent forces. After integration, the camp was reorganized with Choi Jin-dong (崔振東) as the commander, Choi as the adjutant, and Hong Beom-do as
2244-871: The Korean Northern Army Command. Hong Beom-do joined forces and led the Battle of Cheongsanri to victory with the Northern Military Administration and then returned to the Free City, Russian Maritime Province. Meanwhile, the independence movement groups remaining in North Gando launched a unification movement. In January 1920, the Gangdo headquarters was established in Hapmadang, Chunyang-hyang, Yanji-hyeon, with Chairman Koo Chun-seon, Vice-Chairman Kang Gu-woo, Secretary Ko Dong-hwan, Secretary Kim Jeong, and Treasurer Kim Gyu-chan. Kim 圭燦, Security Manager Park Du-hwa, Editor-in-Chief Lee Wan, and Communications Manager Choi Yun-ju were appointed. As
2312-522: The Korean Northern Military Command moved independently. While the conflict was not resolved until early August, the Korean National Association kept pace with Hong Beom-do's Korean Independence Army and competed with Kim Jwa-jin's Northern Military Administration Office and Choi Jin-dong's Military Affairs Command . At the joint meeting on August 10, Choi Jin-dong's Military Affairs Commander-in-Chief completely withdrew from
2380-642: The National Election Commission (1964) "over 1,000," Hanguk jeonjaengsa by the Military History Compilation Committee of the Ministry of National Defense (1967) "3,300 dead and wounded," and Hanguk Minjok Undongsa by Jo Jihun (1975) "3,300 including Regimental Commander Kanō." According to Kim Hak-Cheor, who participated in many battles as a member of the armed group for the independence of Korea,
2448-620: The Northern military administration office army ( Korean : 북로군정서군 ; Hanja : 北路軍政署軍 ) led by Kim Jwa-jin lured some of Japanese soldiers and attacked them in Baiyunping ( 白雲坪 ), Quanshuiping ( 泉水坪 ) and Wanlougou ( 完樓溝 ). Although the Korean force was small and used guerilla warfare, they were victorious. The Japanese force, who were defeated by the Korean Independent Army, appealed for help to
2516-644: The association was Ganmin Autonomous Association (墾民自治會), but the Chinese authorities requested that the word "autonomy" be deleted, so it was renamed Ganminhoe. On January 26, 1913, 25 founders, including Lee Dong-chun and Kim Lip, held a meeting to establish a community association with about 150 people in attendance. On April 26, Baek Ok-bo (白玉甫) was elected as the temporary president of the Ganminhoe General Assembly and held
2584-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,
2652-627: The branches increased and the scope of influence grew, the headquarters was changed to the Central General Assembly and moved to Jiinhyang (志仁鄕). There were five local general assemblies and 52 branches. The central general assembly was located in Uiran-gu, Jiin-hyang, Yanji County, with Kang Gu-woo as the chairman, and the eastern regional assembly was located in Hwaryeongchon, Jiin-hyang, Yanji County. The general meeting of
2720-549: The branches. Accordingly, all matters related to Korean residents were resolved autonomously, and the Chinese government also consulted with the Korean People's Association on the issue of Koreans. In addition, by inspiring patriotism among Korean residents and greatly contributing to the foundation of the independence movement, the North Gando region later became the center of the anti-Japanese armed independence movement. The March 1st Movement that took place in Korea led
2788-481: The command of the Provisional Government, was also active in the unification of independence army units in eastern Manchuria. Accordingly, the National Association organized its own army called the National Army under the command of Cho An-mu (安武) in the spring of 1920. A membership fee of 3 won was collected from each member and used as military funds. In addition, he promoted independence awareness by publishing
Gando National People's Association - Misplaced Pages Continue
2856-414: The compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean
2924-603: The direction of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, as a result of the Unification Movement, it was integrated with the Ganbuk Daehan People's Association, Daehan Shinmindan, and Daehan Gwangbokdan. A department was organized. According to Japanese police data, in mid-August 1920, the National Army had 600 rifles, 70,000 rounds of ammunition, 160 pistols, and 120 grenades. After
2992-496: The event of a rebellion, the command of the organization was to be entrusted to Hwang Byeong-gil. The number of members was 3,000, and the number of members in Hon Chun County reached 200. Accordingly, the Korean National Association organized its own military called the National Army ( Korean : 대한국민회군 ; Hanja : 大韓國民會軍 ), with Cho An-mu as the commander leading 450 troops. The 1st company commander
3060-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in
3128-456: The fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it
3196-643: The independence movement in the northern Gando region, Yongjeong, eastern Manchuria, and was later reorganized into the Gando Korean National Association. The Uiuibu (議事部), which led the independence demonstration in Yongjeong, later changed its name to the Korean Independence Association (朝鮮獨立期成會), and then changed its name again to the Korean National Association (大韓國民會) when the Provisional Government
3264-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains
3332-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it
3400-639: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or
3468-455: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to
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#17327832785893536-596: The list of the fallen soldiers of the Yasukuni Shrine . Japanese investigation of weapons of the 19th Division after the expedition claims that the Japanese army consumed little. The only Japanese soldier Korean sources name was "Regimental Commander Kanō." "The Bloody History of the Korean Independence Movement" states that a secret paper by a Japanese consul reported Regimental Commander Kanō's death, although Japan has not revealed such
3604-680: The number of officers was increased. Koo Chun-seon and Lee Myung-soon were elected as presidents, Vice President Park Gwan-il, and Secretaries Yeo Nam-seop and Oh Jong-beom.吳宗範, Oh Hyeon-gyeong (吳玄慶) was appointed as treasurer. There was a Pyongyang headquarters, and each county had a council and each myeon had a local village association to expand the organization. There was Chairman Park In-gwan, Secretary Park Seung-myeong, Councilors Lim Young-seok, Go Jin-han, Hwangbo Deok-sam, and Lee Chi-su, Treasurer Park Chi-rok, and Secretary Jeon Heung-geon. They gathered Christians at Shinyang-ri Theological Seminary in Pyongyang and formed it in September 1919. The purpose
3672-575: The proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of
3740-478: The regiment commander, and carried out the most active domestic invasion operations, winning a major victory in the Battle of Bongo-dong. Afterwards, on October 20, the North Gando Independence Army units of Hong Beom-do of the 1st Regiment, Kim Jwa-jin of the 2nd Regiment, and Choi Jin-dong of the 3rd Regiment contributed greatly to the Battle of Cheongsanri with the support of the Gando National Association. On October 29, 1920, as an independence movement group, under
3808-562: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting
3876-399: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Battle of Cheongsanri [REDACTED] Japan [REDACTED] Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea Korean-Chinese joint operations Liberation forces operations Other The Battle of Qingshanli ( Korean : 청산리 전투 ; Hanja : 靑山里戰鬪 ) was fought over six days in October 1920 between
3944-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at
4012-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ
4080-453: The western region is held in Myogu, Sungrye-hyang, Yangil-hyeon, and the general meeting of the southern region is held in Jangjaechon, Jisinsa, Hwaryong-hyeon. The chairman of the meeting was located in the village, and the northern regional general meeting was located in Hapsu-pyeong, Chunhwa-hyang, Wangqing County. Afterwards, 21,000 members of the Hunchun Korean National Association were recruited, and branches were expanded to 80 locations and
4148-426: Was Jo Kwon-sik, the 2nd company commander was Lim Byeong-geuk, and the military affairs committee members were Ma Ryong-ha, Ma Cheon-ryong, Lee Won, and Choi Ki-hak. Choi Yeo-jin) and others. The headquarters of the National Army was near Chunheungchon. A military academy was established in Myeongwol-gu, Yanji County, Manchuria. The National Association, which actively accepted the command of the Provisional Government,
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#17327832785894216-413: Was also active in the unification of independence army units in eastern Manchuria. Following the instructions of the Provisional Government, he participated in the first integration conference held in March 1920, and also participated in the integration conference held in Bongo-dong in May. At the meeting, it was decided that the National Association would perform its role as an administrative agency and that
4284-533: Was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as
4352-426: Was located in Hamatang, Wangcheng County, Jilin Province, and under it, eight local councils and about 130 branches were established as civil administration agencies. There were 55 executives at the headquarters, including Chairman Koo Chun-seon and Vice Chairman Seo Sang-yong. The North Gangdo National Association carried out the independence movement in connection with the National Association of Maritime Province. It
4420-558: Was on its way back to Japan, and two units from the 11th and 13th Divisions who had been sent to Vladivostok . Among them, only the 19th Division of the Choson Army of Japan, part of the Imperial Japanese Army garrisoned in Korea, launched an actual military operation and the rest contained a lockdown and a demonstration. The 19th Division was deployed to Hunchun (Isobayashi Detachment), Wangqing (Kimura Detachment) and Yanji - Helong (Azuma Detachment). The Isobayashi and Kimura detachments engaged in no major combat. From 21 to 23 October,
4488-468: Was organized in Shanghai . Koreans living in provinces felt the need for integration of independence movement groups. So, representatives of each organization gathered together to create an autonomous organization, and for the purpose of independence movement, they integrated and developed it into the Gando National Association, which is affiliated with the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. The Gando National Association, which actively accepted
4556-659: Was organized on March 31, 1919, after the independence demonstration movement broke out in Hunchun, Manchuria. It was a powerful anti-Japanese movement group formed on the basis of the Christian Friendship Association, which was an organization of Christians in Honchun County. The headquarters was located at the home of Hon Chun-hyeon alumnus Park Bong-sik, and the executives consisted of Chairman Lee Myung-soon , Vice Chairman Park Gwan-il, Secretary Seo Yun-muk, Secretary Yeo Nam-seop, Oh Jong-beom, and Treasurer. They were Oh Hyeon-gyeong (吳玄慶), communications team leader Na Jeong-hwa (羅正化), and social relations manager Hwang Byeong-gil (黃炳吉) . In
4624-408: Was to develop an independence movement centered around Christians, communicating with the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai. With the approval of the Provisional Government, the Korean National Association independently carried out affairs related to military affairs and finances, and declared itself to be the unification organization of East Manchuria. The North Gando office,
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