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67-547: Ganjifa cards are circular or rectangular, and traditionally hand-painted by artisans . The game became popular at the Mughal court, and lavish sets were made, from materials such as precious stone-inlaid ivory or tortoise shell ( darbar kalam ). The game later spread to the general public, whereupon cheaper sets ( bazâr kalam ) would be made from materials such as wood , palm leaf , stiffened cloth or pasteboard. Typically Ganjifa cards have coloured backgrounds, with each suit having

134-454: A Queen and two low cards scores 4. A triplet of three low cards scores exactly 1 point. In some games, players may end up with one or two cards over. Two remaining low cards are rounded up to score 1 point; a single low card is rounded down to zero. This is the simplest method but it doesn't work if a player does not have enough low cards for every counter. The second method, popular in Vienna,

201-573: A Queen, Cavalier and Ten are worth 3 + 1 ⁄ 3 + 2 + 1 ⁄ 3 + 1 ⁄ 3 = 6 points, producing the same result as the second method. A variant of this method is used for Tarot Nouveau or French tarot, where low cards are each worth half a point, and are combined with a counting card. The fractional values of each of the cards are as follows: Oudlers and Kings - 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 , Queens - 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 , Cavaliers - 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 , Jacks - 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 and low cards - 1 ⁄ 2 each. The same method

268-630: A different colour. Different types exist, and the designs, number of suits, and physical size of the cards can vary considerably. With the exception of Mamluk Kanjifa and the Chads of Mysore, each suit contains ten pip cards and two court cards , the king and the vizier or minister. The backs of the cards are typically a uniform colour, without patterning. The earliest origins of the cards remain uncertain, but Ganjifa cards as they are known today are believed to have originated in Persia . The first syllable

335-561: A general term for trick-taking games, Triomphe in French, Trumpfen in German and Trump in English, and persisted as the name for the trumps in tarot packs even when they had been renamed Tarocchi . Other different games claimed the name without any use of Tarocchi cards. The first basic rules for the game of Tarocco appear in the manuscript of Martiano da Tortona, the next are known from

402-440: A single low card is worthless. The third method is a new development and the most precise, but also the most complicated and least used: counting in fractions. Cards are given fractional values as follows: Trull cards and Kings – 4 + 1 ⁄ 3 , Queens – 3 + 1 ⁄ 3 , Cavaliers – 2 + 1 ⁄ 3 , Jacks – 1 + 1 ⁄ 3 and low cards – 1 ⁄ 3 each. In this way individual cards can be counted. So

469-486: A social obligation to work his best for the general welfare of the people, [an] obligation both material and spiritual. Traditionally, shokunin honoured their tools of trade at New Year's – the sharpened and taken-care of tools would be placed in a tokonoma (a container or box still found in Japanese houses and shops), and two rice cakes and a tangerine (on top of rice paper) were placed on top of each toolbox, to honour

536-580: Is a target total (but only if made with a King and a 9, or a Vizier and a ten), or where different winning combinations are accepted such as pairs, triples and so on. The game is suited to gambling. Artisan An artisan (from French : artisan , Italian : artigiano ) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates material objects partly or entirely by hand . These objects may be functional or strictly decorative , for example furniture , decorative art , sculpture , clothing , food items , household items, and tools and mechanisms such as

603-620: Is attributed to the Persian word ganj meaning "treasure." Gen. Houtum-Schindler suggested to Stewart Culin that the last two syllables in the word ganjifa may be derived from the Chinese chi-p'ai (= 紙牌 zhǐpái ) meaning "playing cards" In a related passage, William Chatto explains that an early Chinese term was ya-pae (= 牙牌 yápái “dominoes”) meaning "bone ticket", and that the term che-pae came later, meaning literally "paper ticket" (1848: 58). These different terms could account for

670-470: Is believed to be an intermediary form linking the older tarot games to the Central European ones. The individual Tarock game variants differ too widely from one another to give a general description of play. However, they can be grouped by sub-type: The last group is a family of games that emerged as result of the attempt to play Grosstarock with a normal 36-card German-suited pack. Instead of

737-416: Is often accompanied by the following 'standard' card values: The system by which players work out their scores in almost all Tarot games may appear "eccentric and puzzling", but the rationale to it is that, originally, the cards were each valued at one less point than that shown above (e.g. Kings were worth 4 points and low cards had no point value), but every trick taken scored one point. Dummett argues that

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804-608: Is that they picture them as "workers" in the modern sense: employed by someone. The most influential group among the artisans were the masters, the business owners. The owners enjoyed a high social status in their communities, and organised into guilds in towns and cities. Shokunin is a Japanese word for "artisan" or "craftsman", which also implies a pride in one's own work. In the words of shokunin Tashio Odate: Shokunin means not only having technical skill, but also implies an attitude and social consciousness...

871-499: Is the second most popular card game after Belote . In Austria , Tarock games, especially Königrufen , have become widespread and there are several major national and international tournaments each year. Italy, the home of tarot, remains a stronghold. Games of the tarot family are also played in Hungary, Slovenia, Liechtenstein, Czechia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Denmark, south Germany and south Poland. Tarot games have yet to be common in

938-398: Is to make as many points as possible from the cards taken in tricks , the cards having different point values. Those cards which have little or no point value are called various names – Skartins , Ladons or cartes basses depending on the region – but may be referred to as low cards . Cards which have a higher point value may be called counting cards or counters. They usually include

1005-517: Is used as above but counting only two cards. For example, a Queen (worth 3 1/2 points) and a low card (1/2 point) would be counted together to make 4. For the purpose of the rules, the numbering of the trumps is all that matters. The symbolic tarot images have no effect in the game itself other than influencing the naming of a few of the cards (Fool, Mond, Pagat, Little Man). The design traditions of these decks evolved independently, and they often bear only numbers and whimsical scenes arbitrarily chosen by

1072-578: The Black Forest or the Vosges , and the countries within the boundaries of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy , for which even the name 'Tarockania' ( Tarockanien ) has been coined. The Austrian variation of the game and the variations thereof is still widely popular among all classes and generations in Slovenia and Croatia . In Hungary different rules are applied. The Swiss game of Troggu

1139-595: The British Isles or the Iberian Peninsula . The cards of the special suit in these games are variously called Tarocks, tarocs, taroks, tarocchi or tarots . In French Tarot , they are just called the atouts . Dummett classified tarot games into three distinct types: Tarocchi (Italian, singular Tarocco ), and similar names in other languages, is a specific form of playing card deck used for different trick-taking games . An earlier name of

1206-472: The Middle Ages , the term "artisan" was applied to those who made things or provided services. It did not apply to unskilled manual labourers . Artisans were divided into two distinct groups: those who operated their own businesses and those who did not. The former were called masters , while the latter were the journeymen and apprentices . One misunderstanding many people have about this social group

1273-514: The Mughal emperors in the 16th century. The term has been used at times in many countries throughout the Middle East and western Asia. In Kuwait, the word janjifah has become a general term and so is applied to the internationally known French deck . Despite the significance of Persia in the history of ganjifa cards, the very earliest known text reference ( Ibn Taghribirdi ) and card specimens ( Mamluk era ) are from Egypt. An exhibition in

1340-476: The atouts , 21 are numbered from 1 to 21, and a non-numbered card called " Fou " ("Fool", also called " Mat " or " L'Excuse " in play) which "excuses" the player from following suit. Of the atouts , only the Fool and trumps 1 and 21 are considered to be "counting" cards because they are worth more than 1 point. Winning the last trick awards bonuses only if it is won with the lowest trump. Tarot games from Piedmont ,

1407-564: The 'Mir' (or King) is given a value of 12 points, and the second court card, the 'Ghodi' (or Vizir, Cavalier or Queen) is worth 11. The other cards are worth their pip values, including the ace which has a value of 1. Several players can play the game. Mr. Gordhandas suggests 5-7 players, with 6 being the ideal number. The aim is to achieve a total value of 17 with the first two cards dealt, or the nearest number below this total. Players with low value cards can continue to draw further cards to try to improve their total. Variations can be played where 21

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1474-602: The 15th century. The piece of playing card collected by Edmund de Unger may be from the period of the 12-14th centuries. The term Kanjifah can be found in the 1839 Calcutta edition of the One Thousand and One Nights , in Arabic, at the end of night 460. The first known reference can be found in a 15th-century Arabic text, written by the Egyptian historian Ibn Taghribirdi (died 1470). In his history of Egypt he mentions how

1541-640: The 17th century, the money-suited deck had acquired a new card depicting a Persian merchant. The earliest playing cards used in India were known as Patrakrida ; they predated Ganjifa by several centuries, though no manuals exist today as to how they were used. Rudolf von Leyden suggested that the Ganjifa cards may have been brought by the first Mughals from their ancestral homeland in Inner Asia. A key reference comes from an early 16th-century biography of Bâbur ,

1608-417: The 18 tricks making a total of 70 points in total; thus, in most cases, a declarer needs 36 points to win. Mayr and Sedlaczek described 3 common systems: The first, easiest and oldest method is counting in threes with low cards. A player gathers the cards won in tricks and groups them into triplets each comprising one counting card and two low cards. Each triplet scores the value of the counter only e.g.

1675-510: The 3 lowest cards of each suit from a standard 78-card, Italian-suited tarot pack. Two players received 21 cards each. The dealer received 25, from which four were discarded. There were payments for declaring certain card combinations at the start, for playing the Ace of Coins and for taking the last trick with a King or the Pagat . The usual tarot rules or play and card point values applied. The winner

1742-416: The 62 card Tarocco Bolognese deck. These games have four face cards in each suit but dropped some of their pip cards early in their history. Both decks include 21 trumps and The Fool , a suitless card that excuses the player from following suit. The French adopted tarot games after their occupation of Milan in the late 15th century. French tarot , known locally as Jeu de Tarot , is one which uses

1809-507: The 78-card Swiss 1JJ Tarot , another derivative of the Tarot de Marseille. Danish Grosstarok , which focuses on winning the final trick, historically used Animal Tarot decks or decks that replaced the animal motifs with ones featuring Danish architecture, until a dying out of local production and a shift towards exclusively producing stripped 54-card decks among foreign producers of Animal Tarot, resulted in players of this game now also adopting

1876-525: The 7s had a special role. These features are retained in games of the Karnöffel family to the present, but are never seen in tarot games. Suits with these variable powers are called chosen or selected suits to distinguish them from trump suits. The introduction of trumps is one of only two major innovations to trick-taking games since they were invented, the other being the idea of bidding . Trump cards, initially called trionfi , first appeared with

1943-535: The 8-suited pack, showing that the Persians had the same suits and ranks as the Mughals. The Austrian National Library possess eight Safavid lacquer paintings from the 16th-century that mimic ganjifeh cards. Despite being produced around the same time as Shirazi's poem, they do not match his description. Shah Abbas II (r 1642-66) banned ganjifeh and the game decline precipitously with no known rules surviving into

2010-684: The British Isles, the Iberian peninsula, and the Balkans. The earliest detailed description of rules for a tarot game in any language were published by the Abbé de Marolles in Nevers in 1637. The abbot learnt this variant from Princess Louise-Marie of Gonzague-Nevers , who introduced some rule variations from the normal game. It was played by three players with a 66-card pack, obtained by removing

2077-776: The British museum in 2013 noted "Playing cards are known in Egypt from the twelfth century AD. Ganjafeh was a popular card game in Iran and the Arab world." For example, the word 'kanjifah' ( كنجفة ) is written in the top right corner of the king of swords, on the Mamluk Egyptian deck witnessed by L.A. Mayer in the Topkapı Palace museum. The Mamluk cards are difficult to date with any certainty, but Mayer estimated these cards to be from

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2144-451: The Fool ( Excuse or Sküs ), the I ( Pagat Petit , Bagatto or Little Man ) and the XXI ( Mond ) plus all the court cards . In such a case, the low cards are the remaining tarots (II to XX) and all the pip cards . Not all games follow this precisely. In some games, other cards are included among the counters. However, the division of counters and low cards described is the most common and

2211-511: The Italian region bordering France, are more similar to French tarot than other Italian games. These games use the 78-card Tarocco Piemontese deck which was derived from the Tarot de Marseille. The most common Piedmontese tarot games are Scarto , Mitigati, Chiamare il Re, and Partita which can be found in Pinerolo and Turin. Troccas , a Swiss tarot game, is also related and is played with

2278-555: The Latin European cards and Chinese money-suited cards become more apparent when the Mamluk Kanjifa is described. Looking at the actual games played with Ganjifa cards, Andrew Leibs points out that the cards are divided into strong and weak suits, and in one set the order of the numerical cards is reversed, so that the order runs King, Vizier, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 the weakest. This feature can also be found in

2345-872: The Latin suits of Cups, Coins, Clubs, and Swords are common in Italy and Spain, and the French suits of Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs, and Spades are seen in France, Quebec, West Germany and most of the English-speaking world. This trend continues even to non-Tarot decks such as for the German game of Skat, played with a deck of similar-value cards as in the French piquet deck used for Belote . Players in most of western Germany use French suits, while players in Bavaria and eastern Germany use German suits. The 78-card tarot deck contains: The 54-card 'Tarock' deck contains: Due to

2412-496: The Mamluks were more conservative with the suits. The addition of new suits in both Persia and India was to make the game more challenging as memory is the most important skill in the eponymous trick-taking game . Chinese money-suited cards copied their pips directly from Chinese banknotes. In 1294, Gaykhatu began printing an imitation of Yuan banknotes in Iran although these were withdrawn quickly after merchants rejected them. By

2479-586: The Ottomon Turks in 1517. They were also mentioned by Ibn Hajar al-Haytami . The lack of references or cards after the 16th century is likely due to the Ottomans taking a harder stance against cards and gambling which would last until the 19th century. The earliest Persian reference is found in Ahli Shirazi 's (died 1535) poem, 'Rubaiyat-e-Ganjifa', there is a short verse for each of the 96 cards in

2546-571: The Sultan Al-Malik Al-Mu'ayyad played kanjafah for money when he was an emir. The cards used by the Mamluks most likely entered Italy and Spain during the 1370s. As early as 1895, William Henry Wilkinson pointed out the similarities between Spanish and Italian playing cards and Chinese money-suited cards . He was unaware of the existence of the Mamluk cards since Mayer did not make his discovery until 1939. The similarities between

2613-616: The Tarocco Bolognese. Jeu de Tarot is now the most popular card game in France after Belote and many tournaments are held by the Fédération Française de Tarot. A Tarot Nouveau deck consists of 56 cards of four suits and 22 emblematic cards called atouts (trumps). Each suit consists of fourteen cards: ten pip cards , and four face cards : the Roi (King), Dame (Queen), Cavalier (Knight), and Valet (Jack). Of

2680-553: The Tarot Nouveau. Tarock games, Dummett's Type III, differ from other forms in the function of the Fool which is now simply the highest trump. Games of this category include Cego , Zwanzigerrufen and Königrufen . These games use the 54 card French suited Cego or Industrie und Glück decks that strip certain pip cards. The games are widely played in the Upper Rhine valley and its surrounding hills such as

2747-579: The advent of tarot cards , in which there is a separate, permanent trump suit comprising a number of picture cards. The first known example of such cards was ordered by the Duke of Milan around 1420 and included 16 trumps with images of Greek and Roman gods. A basic description first appeared in the manuscript of Martiano da Tortona, written before 1425. The games are known in many variations, mostly cultural and regional. Tarot games originated in Italy, and spread to most parts of Europe, notable exceptions being

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2814-407: The antiquity of tarot games, the cards are ordered in an archaic ranking. In the plain suits, Kings are always high. With the exception of modern French tarot and Sicilian tarocchi, the ranking in the Latin round suits (cups and coins) or the French red suits (diamonds and hearts) goes from King (high), Queen, Cavalier, Jack, 1, 2, 3 ... 10 (low). The aim in almost all card games of the Tarot family

2881-423: The concept of trumps to card games. More recent tarot games borrowed features from other games like bidding from Ombre and winning the last trick with the lowest trump from Trappola . Tarot decks did not precede decks having four suits of the same length, and they were invented not for occult purposes but purely for gaming. In 1781, Court de Gébelin published an essay associating the cards with ancient wisdom,

2948-556: The crafting of handmade food products, such as bread , beverages , cheese or textiles . Many of these have traditionally been handmade, rural or pastoral goods but are also now commonly made on a larger scale with automated mechanization in factories and other industrial areas. Artisans were the dominant producers of commodities before the Industrial Revolution . In ancient Greece , artisans were drawn to agoras and often built workshops nearby. During

3015-429: The dedicated trump suit, Hearts is chosen as the trump suit or at least as a preference suit . This family includes German Tarok , Württemberg Tarock or Tapp , Bavarian Tarock , Bauerntarock , Frog and Dobbm . They are ace–ten games that incorporate features of Tapp Tarock, but are not true Tarock games. The following true Tarock games are known: A complete Tarot deck such as one for French Tarot contains

3082-518: The different spellings and pronunciations of 'Ganjifa'. These remain unproven theories, but the 18th century, traveler Carsten Niebuhr claimed to have seen Arabian merchants in Bombay playing with Chinese cards. In the 19th century Jean Louis Burckhardt visited Mecca and wrote that "cards are played in almost every Arab coffee-house (they use small Chinese cards)". Ganjifa became popular in India under

3149-538: The earliest record of this idea, subsequently debunked by Dummett . As a result of the unsupported theories of de Gébelin and other occultists, tarot cards have since been used for cartomancy and divination as well as gaming, although now fortune-tellers tend to use specially-developed tarot decks rather than those used for games. Tarot games are increasingly popular in Europe, especially in France where French tarot

3216-410: The engraver. There are still traditional sequences of images in which the common lineage is visible. E.g. the moon that is commonly visible at the bottom left corner of the trump card 21 stems from confusion of the German word Mond , meaning "moon", with Italian mondo and French monde , meaning "world", the usual symbol associated with the trump card 21 on Italian suited tarots. In the denouement of

3283-451: The following apply: Played in partnerships (two against two). Some call this game 'Dugi'. In this game the order of the suits and the cards is the same as for the individual ganjifa trick taking game described above, however the aim of the game is for one partnership to win all the tricks. The partnership dealt the King in the lead suit has to take on this challenge. It is possible to determine

3350-458: The founder of the Mughal dynasty. In his work the Baburnama , Babur notes in the year 933H (1527) that he had a pack of Ganjifa cards sent to Shah Hassan. This took place in the month of Ramzan, on the night he left Agra to travel to nearby Fatehpur Sikri (Uttar Pradesh, India). The earliest surviving rules date to around 1600 in India. When Edward Terry visited India in the first quarter of

3417-688: The full 78-card Tarot deck. Originally played with the Italian-suited Tarot de Marseille , the game is now played with the French-suited Tarot Nouveau . The Tarot Nouveau, of Frankfurt origin, has trumps which depict scenes of traditional social activities. This differs from the Renaissance allegorical motifs found in Italian-suited tarot decks such as the Tarot de Marseille, Tarocco Piemontese and

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3484-463: The full 78-card complement. It can be used to play any game in the family, with the exception of Minchiate , an extinct game that used 97 cards. Austrian-Hungarian Tarock and Italian Tarocco decks are a smaller subset, of 63, 54, 40, or even 36 cards, suitable only for games of a particular region. Regional tarot decks commonly feature culture-specific suits . The German suits of Hearts, Bells, Acorns and Leaves are used through most of Germanic Europe,

3551-684: The game Trionfi is first recorded in the diary of Giusto Giusti in September 1440 In other early documents it was called ludus triumphorum or similar. In June 1505, the name Tarochi was first used in Ferrara . In December 1505, the name Taraux appeared in Avignon . The names tarocco, tarocchi and tarot developed in later times beside different writing forms. The poet Francesco Berni mocked this word in his Capitolo del Gioco della Primiera written in 1526. The name Trionfi developed later as

3618-447: The handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker . Artisans practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artist . The adjective "artisanal" is often used in describing hand-processing in contrast to an industrial process, such as in the phrase artisanal mining . Thus, "artisanal" is sometimes used in marketing and advertising as a buzz word to describe or imply some relation with

3685-413: The king and the viceroy/vizier. The second viceroy rank found in the kanjifa pack is not based on any historical title and may be a Mamluk invention. According to his hypothesis, the Chinese money-suited pack entered Persia where the Persians added three new ranks: the 10, viceroy, and king to make a 48-card pack. He suggests the Persians eventually changed most of the Chinese suits to fit their culture while

3752-475: The lead suit by the day or night rule as above, or by cutting cards. The following game rules are taken from an account by John McLeod This game can be played with any pack of cards, including the Mughal types, and the shorter 48 card decks. European style packs can be used by removing the jacks. Each suit therefore has two court cards, and ten numeral cards. The game has some similarities with Blackjack . In Naqsh

3819-447: The local variation known for abstract and highly stylized suit symbols and extra suits. This is a trick-taking game , played individually. This is the game most commonly associated with ganjifa cards, each player playing for themself. The objective is to win the most cards by taking tricks. At least three players are required. In some games 4 players play individually, and it is also possible to play in pairs. The rules vary, but generally

3886-453: The old games of Tarot , Ombre , and Maw played in Europe, and the Chinese money-suited card game of ' Madiao '. He suggests these games may have a common ancestor. Kanjifa consists of 52 cards divided into four suits: Richard Ettinghausen speculated that importation of European cards killed off manufacturers in Egypt and the Levant. Trade continued after the conquest of these regions by

3953-416: The present. Around the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries, the game of As-Nas became more popular. In 1895, General Albert Houtum-Schindler described ganjifeh and As-Nas with the following comments: Michael Dummett noted the differences between Mamluk kanjifa and Safavid ganjifeh and postulated that there was an earlier ancestor. This ur-ganjifeh would be similar to kanjifa but with only two court cards,

4020-461: The purpose of playing cards. With their appearance came the first of the two great innovations in trick-taking games since they arrived in Europe: the concept of trumps. At around the same time or slightly earlier, a similar concept arose in the game of Karnöffel . In this south German game played with an ordinary pack, some cards of the given suit had full trump powers, others were partial trumps and

4087-483: The seventeenth century, he saw ganjifa cards often. Modern ganjifa is usually round but rectangular cards were more common during the 18th-century and from records Persian ganjifeh was always rectangular. Its circular shape must have been an Indian innovation. While Mughal ganjifa had the same suits and ranks as Safavid ganjifeh, a 10-suited deck, the Dashavatara Ganjifa, was created to appeal to Hindus in

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4154-889: The seventeenth century. Some historical decks have had more than 30 suits. In countries such as India and Persia, the traditional hand-made Ganjifa cards lost market share to Western-style printed cards, which came to dominate in the 20th century. This decline has several aspects. By the 21st-century, the only place with a significant community of ganjifa makers and players is Odisha in the east of India, Mysore in Karnataka, Nirmal in Telangana, Sawantwadi in Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Kashmir, Bishnupur in West Bengal and Sheopur in Madhya Pradesh. In Odisha, they use ganjapa ,

4221-476: The tedious work of counting tricks and card points separately led players to fuse the two processes into a single operation. There are several practical methods, but all are designed to achieve the same aim: a quick and relatively simple way of calculating the score. A very common system used in many 54-card Tarock games is counting in packets of three. Under the original scoring scheme, the pack would have been worth 52 points and there would have been 18 points for

4288-488: The tools and express gratitude for performing their task. Tarot card games Tarot games are card games played with tarot packs designed for card play and which have a permanent trump suit alongside the usual four card suits . The games and packs which English-speakers call by the French name tarot are called tarocchi in the original Italian, Tarock in German and similar words in other languages. Tarot cards were invented in northern Italy around 1420 for

4355-498: The year 1637. Excluding Piedmontese tarocchi, which is more closely related to French tarot , Italian tarocchi are all of Type I, i.e. they have trumps other than the I and XXI that are worth more than one card point. Winning the final trick ( ultimo ) awards a set number of points. Sicilian tarocchi is played in only four towns with 63 cards from the Tarocco Siciliano deck. Tarocchini is confined to Bologna and uses

4422-417: Was developed later: counting in threes with a 2-point deduction. Cards are grouped in threes again, but the composition is irrelevant. Within each triplet the card values are added and then 2 points are deducted from the total. So, for example, a Queen, Cavalier and Ten are worth 4 + 3 + 1 – 2 = 6 points. Players try to ensure that any odd cards left over are low cards. Again, two low cards are worth 1 point and

4489-435: Was the one with the most points in tricks and was paid an amount by the losers based on the difference in scores. Tarot card games are played with decks having four ordinary suits, and one additional, longer suit of tarots, which are always trumps . They are characterised by the rule that a player who cannot follow to a trick with a card of the suit led must play a trump to the trick if possible. Tarot games have introduced

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