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24-829: Gaona may refer to: People Álvaro Gaona (born 1985), Mexican boxer Antonio Gaona (general) (1793–1848), Mexican general Antonio Gaona (actor) (born 1982), Mexican actor Citlalli Gaona-Tiburcio , Mexican materials scientist Jorge Gaona (born 1985), Paraguayan footballer José Julio Gaona (born 1943), Mexican painter Juan de Gaona (1507–1560), Spanish Franciscan and Mesoamericanist Julio César Gaona (born 1973), Argentine footballer Octavio Gaona (1907–1996), Mexican professional wrestler Orlando Gaona Lugo (born 1990), Paraguayan footballer Places Gaona, Argentina , village and rural municipality in Salta Province Topics referred to by

48-530: A large body of Spanish troops continued to occupy San Juan de Ulúa as late as 1825. It was the last site in the former Kingdom of New Spain to be held by the Spanish and was surrendered to Mexican General Miguel Barragán in November 1825. The justification for the order of expulsion issued by President Vicente Guerrero was their failed attempt to re-conquer Mexico . Since then, San Juan de Ulúa has served as

72-714: A military and political symbol of Mexican resistance to foreign invasions and occupations, several of which took place during the 19th century. In 1838 the French bombarded the fortress in the Battle of Veracruz during the Pastry War , a conflict resulting from a French citizen in Mexico seeking reparations for his allegedly damaged pastry shop; during the Mexican–American War , a conflict which resulted from disputes over

96-634: A stopover en route to the Gulf of Fonseca . It saw no action during the Mexican War of Independence , being too far away from the main areas of fighting to see any real action. In 1568, the Spanish forces stationed on the fortress succeeded in trapping a privateer fleet under the command of John Hawkins in the fortress's harbor. The commanders under Hawkins included his cousin, the young Francis Drake . Although Hawkins and Drake both managed to escape

120-410: Is a large complex of fortresses , prisons and one former palace on an island of the same name in the Gulf of Mexico overlooking the seaport of Veracruz , Mexico. Juan de Grijalva 's 1518 expedition named the island. On March 30, 1519, Hernan Cortés met with Tendile and Pitalpitoque, emissaries from Moctezuma II 's Aztec Empire . It was built between 1535 and 1769. There is a local museum of

144-625: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Antonio Gaona (general) Antonio Gaona was born in Cuba in 1793. He joined the Regiment Nuevo España in the early 1800s and was promoted to general in 1832. During the Texas Revolution , General Antonio Gaona joined Santa Anna on the 1836 invasion of Texas, which first journeyed to San Antonio de Bexar , and besieged

168-662: The Spanish , which would both go on to have an influence on his later career. The fort once held the icon of the La Virgen de La Escalera (Virgin of the Staircase), whose little chapel entrance was under the stone staircase leading to the Baluarte de San Crispin fort, near the chancery, ammunition room, and treasury room. Whenever ships arrived into the bay, this Marian icon was raised to the top tower to greet them, and they would fire cannons in her honor. The Virgen de La Escalera

192-436: The 2nd of December. Her feast day is known for the crowds of Filipinos that come to offer thanks and to pray the rosary, as well as watch a bull run called Fiesta De Los Toros, and another one, called Parada de Los Toros, highlighting cows and water buffalo and carromatas (a type of farm buggy or cart) festooned with flowers in a colorful parade, following the blessing of the farm animals. After Mexico's independence in 1821,

216-487: The city to the Mexicans. The national legislature awarded the port and city of Veracruz the title of Heroic for the fourth time following this incident. A portion of San Juan de Ulúa also served several times as the presidential palace , housing presidents such as Benito Juárez and Venustiano Carranza . The citadel was also used as a prison, especially during the early 20th-century regime of President Porfirio Díaz . It

240-400: The complex in the late 20th century. Some of the renovation projects are still under construction today. San Juan de Ulúa has been preserved in a somewhat deteriorated form and has been transformed into a museum open to the public. The prison, along with the remaining fortress complex are all open to the public, with the exception of the former presidential palace, which suffered severe decay and

264-625: The eve of World War I , when an American expedition captured and occupied Veracruz as a response to the Tampico Affair against the background of the Mexican Revolution ; which threatened the regional oil industry in which Americans were heavily invested. After a short but bloody firefight the Americans captured the city, including San Juan de Ulúa. After seven months of U.S. occupation, the Americans departed and handed back

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288-533: The fortress, inaugurated in 1984. The fort was built during the period of Spanish colonial rule , begun in 1535 by the Spanish authorities . The boundaries of the fort were repeatedly expanded during its existence. The fortress saw no action after the 1560s under Spanish control, becoming an isolated outpost of the Spanish Army in New Spain. In the 1580s, Battista Antonelli redesigned the fortress during

312-663: The local population and integrated into the Mexican populace at large, becoming part of the European diaspora in Mexico . Hawkins, along with Drake, continued his attacks on Spanish shipping of valuable cargo such as gold and silver from Spanish colonies in Latin America to Spain . The attack by the Spaniards at San Juan de Ulúa is credited as marking Drake's first feelings of intense hatred of both Catholicism and

336-631: The meager Texan forces garrisoned at the Alamo fort . Gaona arrived in San Antonio on March 8, 1836, too late for the Battle of the Alamo . Gaona and the bulk of his troops were traveling in the rear of the Mexican convoy, along with General Vicente Filisola , who were transporting the provisions and heavy armaments. On March 24, 1836, he was ordered by Santa Anna to take 800 men and sweep around from

360-586: The mid-1800s, one of the Roxas descendants of Don Jose Bonifacio Roxas donated the icon from their family farm house in Calatagan where they owned a gigantic encomienda , the Hacienda Bigaa, to the nearby town of Nasugbu in the province of Batangas (they once owned parts of this town as well). The Virgen de Escalera is still venerated, loved, and fiestas are held in her honor, to this day, every year on

384-522: The nascent Republic of Texas , the United States laid siege to the fortress, and in 1863, the French briefly occupied the city while installing Maximilian I as Emperor of Mexico . For much of the 19th century, the fort served as a prison , especially for political prisoners judged to be opposition to the government. Many prominent Mexican politicians spent time here while they were not in power. The last foreign incursion came in 1914, on

408-701: The north towards Mina, now called Bastrop and then follow to Nacogdoches by way of the Old San Antonio Road. Gaona would close the trap on Sam Houston's army, catching him on his eastward retreat. Gaona desperately searched for the Texas army , following the right bank of the Brazos River on its southernly course. However, the Texans would remain elusive and Gaona would see no major fighting. In early April, his orders were urgently changed and Gaona

432-579: The organized entrapment on their respective warships , many of the trapped sailors aboard the ships were killed by Spanish cannon fire. Several of the privateer warships present were sunk, and several more were damaged beyond repair, and scuttled along the Mexican coastline. The shipwrecked sailors were abandoned by Hawkins, who chose to cut his losses and venture elsewhere on the Spanish Main . Trapped, and with no rescue in sight, these sailors ventured further inland, where they eventually settled among

456-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gaona . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaona&oldid=1248534012 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

480-906: The shipyards of Cavite , and eventually, Manila . A near replica (some dispute as the true statue) of the Virgen de La Escalera was brought by the Antonio Fernandez de Roxas family (ancestors of the Zobel de Ayala clan also descended from the Zangroniz clan of railroad barons), via the Road of the Viceroys / El Camino de los Virreyes to Mexico City and then down to the Pacific port of Acapulco in Guerrero , and sailed to Manila centuries ago. In

504-415: Was alleged by some sources that in order to prevent prisoners from escaping, sharks were placed into the waters surrounding the island, so that they would kill anyone attempting to escape. The fortress was ultimately closed (decommissioned) when it was no longer required for the defense of Mexico, being too impractical to serve as a modern naval base. After several years of decay, renovations were begun on

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528-663: Was appointed as the commander of the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa . He was forced to surrender the fort to the French fleet on November 28, 1838, during the Pastry War . He later served in the Mexican–American War , where he was captured at the Battle of [ sic ] Napoluca (Nopalucan) on January 6, 1848. He later died in 1848. San Juan de Ul%C3%BAa 19°12′33″N 96°07′53″W  /  19.20917°N 96.13139°W  / 19.20917; -96.13139 San Juan de Ulúa , now known as Castle of San Juan de Ulúa ,

552-516: Was known to these travelers and to the surrounding villages in Veracruz. The original icon has been missing for hundreds of years, its memory lost, ever since Mexico gained independence as this restricted entrance into the walled citadel and broke the Manila galleon trade linking Veracruz with Havana , Puerto Rico , Portobelo , Callao , San Blas , the shipyards of Barra de Navidad , Acapulco ,

576-511: Was ordered to abandon his occupation of Bastrop and to promptly join up with Santa Anna's forces in San Felipe . However in his haste to reinforce Santa Anna, he lost his way somewhere between Bastrop and San Felipe. Gaona reached Old Fort on April 19, thus his men would not arrive in time to participate in the battle of San Jacinto . Gaona was ordered by Filisola to return to San Antonio and then to cross back into Mexico. In Mexico, Gaona

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