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39-546: Gardezi (also spelled Gardezy or Gardizi ) refers to someone whose origin can be traced back to the city of Gardez in Afghanistan . There have been a few known Gerdezi families from Gardez who migrated to different parts of Pakistan. Their descendants still carry the surname Gardezi. Gardezi community are traditionally the descendants . Mostly Gardezi are living in Azad Kashmir and Multan, Pakistan . Same as

78-420: A cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSk ) with dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Precipitation is low, and mostly falls in winter and spring. Gardez is located in eastern Afghanistan close to Ghazni and Khost. Gardez is predominately non-built up area with agriculture as the largest land use at 39%. Residential area accounts for almost half of built-up area and Districts 1-4 consist of

117-640: A car bomb involves keeping vehicles at a distance from vulnerable targets by using roadblocks and checkpoints , Jersey barriers , concrete blocks or bollards , metal barriers , or by hardening buildings to withstand an explosion. The entrance to Downing Street in London has been closed since 1991 in reaction to the Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign, preventing the general public from getting near Number 10 . Where major public roads pass near buildings, road closures may be

156-516: A century more. Around 975, Samanid-appointed governor Bilgetegin besieged Gardez but was killed by Lawiks during the attack. In 1162, the city fell to the Ghurid dynasty . During the 16th-century, Gardez was renowned for its multi-storied houses—as mentioned by Baburs in his Baburnama —and was the headquarter of the Mughal tūmān of " Zurmut ", whose people were "Afghān-Shāl". Today, Gardez

195-513: A driver but armoured to withstand incoming fire. The vehicle would be driven to its target area, in a similar fashion to a kamikaze plane of WW2 . These were known by the acronym SVBIED (from Suicide Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Device ) or VBIEDs. This saw generally civilian cars with armour plating added, that would protect the car for as long as possible, so that it could reach its intended target. Cars were sometimes driven into enemy troop areas, or into incoming enemy columns. Most often,

234-628: A large intramountainous depression in the Sulaiman Mountains of eastern Afghanistan. Archaeological discoveries, including Greek , Sassanid , Hephthalite , and Hindu Shahi coins give an insight into the rich history of Gardez. During 8th century, the Lawik rulers of the region adopted Islam. They formerly practiced either Hinduism or Buddhism , since they were associated with the Buddhist Kabul Shahis, and later with

273-498: A network of old isolated Tājīk settlements sparsely distributed in southeastern Afghanistan that are remnants of a time when Pashto had not yet reached the area. There was also a significant community of Hindu and Sikh shopkeepers who altogether ran 9% of the shops in the bāzār, mostly specializing in jewellery and cloth" The city of Gardez is also a major fuel wood market for Kabul. Many of its natural forests are being cut down to provide fuel wood especially during winter. During

312-457: A pivotal period in its history. "Paktiā Development Authority" , established in 1965, and of the asphalting of the road to Kabul. Social services included three schools for boys, one school for girls, a hospital, one teacher training institute, the Madrasaye Roshānī , two hotels, and forty mosques . Most of these buildings were destroyed during the civil war in the 1980s. After the fall of

351-656: A result of ongoing security issues. Gardez was the former home of the 3rd Corps of the Afghan Army . By the Afghan Militia Forces period (c.2002), the corps 'theoretically incorporated 14th Division, 30th Division, 822nd Brigade, Border Brigades, and approximately 800... in the Governor's Force in Paktya , Ghazni , Paktika , and Khost Provinces . The corps was disbanded around 2003-2005 and replaced in

390-705: A revenge attack against the Afghan government, after President Ashraf Ghani blamed the group for the attack at a maternity hospital in Kabul two days earlier; the Taliban denied responsibility for the hospital attack. Gardez is located at 2,308 m above sea level, making it the third-highest provincial capital in Afghanistan, and is not far from the Tora Bora region of caves and tunnels. The "old town", located at

429-422: A single vehicle may be used, or an initial "breakthrough" vehicle, then followed by another vehicle. While many car bombs are disguised as ordinary vehicles, some that are used against military forces have improvised vehicle armour attached to prevent the driver from being shot when attacking a fortified outpost. Car bombs and detonators function in a diverse manner of ways and there are numerous variables in

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468-493: A tank or another armoured vehicle) at some speed, and then exploded, destroying itself and the target. It was armoured so that it could not be destroyed en route. However, it was not driven by a person, instead operated by remote control from a safe distance. Prior to the 20th century, bombs planted in horse carts had been used in assassination plots, notably in the unsuccessful " machine infernale " attempt to kill Napoleon on 24 December 1800. The first car bomb may have been

507-401: A terrain, the circuit is completed, and the explosive is detonated. Car bombs are effective as booby traps because they also leave very little evidence. When an explosion happens, it is difficult for forensics to find any evidence because things either denigrate or become charred. As a safety mechanism to protect the bomber, the placer of the bomb may rig a timing device incorporated with

546-417: Is an improvised explosive device designed to be detonated in an automobile or other vehicles. Car bombs can be roughly divided into two main categories: those used primarily to kill the occupants of the vehicle (often as an assassination ) and those used as a means to kill, injure or damage people and buildings outside the vehicle. The latter type may be parked (the vehicle disguising the bomb and allowing

585-612: Is the administrative center of a district of the Paktiā province, which covers 650 km and had a total population of 44,000 inhabitants in 1979, but was almost totally depopulated during the Soviet–Afghan War . In 1960, the German government had their biggest rural development project with a budget of 2.5 million Deutsch Marks for the development of Paktiā ("Paktiā Development Authority", see above). This led to an economic boom in

624-613: The Lebanese Civil War , an estimated 3,641 car bombs were detonated. The tactic was adopted by Palestinian militant groups such as Hamas , Fatah and Islamic Jihad , especially during the Second Intifada (2000–2005) . While not an adaptation of a people-carrying vehicle, the WW2 German Goliath remote control mine, shares many parallels with a vehicle-based IED . It approached a target (often

663-483: The Oklahoma City bombing . Car bombs are activated in a variety of ways, including opening the vehicle's doors, starting the engine, remote detonation, depressing the accelerator or brake pedals, or simply lighting a fuse or setting a timing device. The gasoline in the vehicle's fuel tank may make the explosion of the bomb more powerful by dispersing and igniting the fuel. Mario Buda's improvised wagon used in

702-583: The Taliban , the first Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Afghanistan was established in Paktiā near Gardez in early March 2003, headed by the US Army along with a U.S. Agency for International Development representative, Randolph Hampton. There are now over 30 PRTs in Afghanistan. The continuing challenge to bring electricity, medical clinics, schools and water to the more remote villages in Paktia are

741-493: The 16th century hellburners , explosive-laden ships which were used to deadly effect by the besieged Dutch forces in Antwerp against the besieging Spanish . Though using a less refined technology, the basic principle of the hellburner is similar to that of the car bomb. Car bombs would start out with animals such as horses and cows, then it eventually emerged into a car. The first reported suicide car bombing (and possibly

780-452: The 1920 Wall Street bombing is considered a prototype of the car bomb. The first non-suicide car bombing "fully conceptualized as a weapon of urban warfare" came January 12, 1947 when Lehi (also known as Stern Gang), a Zionist paramilitary organization, bombed the Haifa police station . In the fall of 2005, there were 140 car bombings happening per month. Car bombs are preceded by

819-412: The 1970s, Gardez experienced a significant economic boom, primarily attributable to substantial financial support from Germany. This infusion of funds catalyzed rapid growth in various sectors, such as infrastructure development, industrial expansion, and education initiatives. As a consequence, the city saw a surge in job opportunities, improved living standards, and a thriving business environment, marking

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858-410: The 1970s. The number of shops in the bazar increased from 117 in 1965 to more than 600 in 1977. The project was unsuccessful as the communist regime came to power in 1979. The communists lost control of most of Paktiā during the 1980s as the country plunged into war with only Gardez remaining in government control. In 2002, the city and surroundings was attacked by local warlord Pacha Khan Zadran , who

897-597: The Hindu Shahis (based in Gandhara , in present-day north-west Pakistan ). Gardez later became a center of Kharijism and suffered several attacks by anti-Kharijite military chiefs. According to Zayn al-Akhbar , written by historian Abu Sa'id Gardezi , Abu Mansur Aflah Lawik was reduced to a tributary status in Gardez by Emir Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar in 877. However, the city remained under Lawik rule for about

936-531: The SVBIEDs were used by ISIL against Government forces, but also used by Syrian rebels ( FSA and allied militias , especially the Al-Nusra Front ) against government troops. The vehicles have become more sophisticated, with armour plating on the vehicle, protected vision slits, armour plating over the wheels so they would withstand being shot at, and also in some cases, additional metal grating over

975-514: The bomber to get away), or the vehicle might be used to deliver the bomb (often as part of a suicide bombing ). It is commonly used as a weapon of terrorism or guerrilla warfare to kill people near the blast site or to damage buildings or other property. Car bombs act as their own delivery mechanisms and can carry a relatively large amount of explosives without attracting suspicion. In larger vehicles and trucks, weights of around 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) or more have been used, for example, in

1014-504: The car bomb to Northern Ireland . Car bombs were also used by Ulster loyalist groups (for example, by the UVF during the Dublin and Monaghan bombings ). PIRA Chief of Staff Seán Mac Stíofáin defines the car bomb as both a tactical and a strategic guerrilla warfare weapon. Strategically, it disrupts the ability of the enemy government to administer the country, and hits simultaneously at

1053-543: The core of its economic structure by means of massive destruction. From a tactical point of view, it ties down a large number of security forces and troops around the main urban areas of the region in conflict. Car bombs are effective weapons as they are an easy way to transport a large number of explosives to the intended target. A car bomb also produces copious shrapnel , or flying debris, and secondary damage to bystanders and buildings. In recent years, car bombs have become widely used by suicide bombers. Defending against

1092-539: The densest housing. As of 2008, the population of Gardez was estimated to be around 73,131. Pashtuns make up ca. 70% of the population while the Tajik community accounts for ca. 30%. Majority of the people living in Gardez are pashtuns primarly of the Ahmadzai tribe. The Encyclopaedia Iranica states that the population of the city was 9,550 in 1979 and that "They were mainly Fārsīwān Tājīks, Gardīz belonging to

1131-610: The first suicide bombing) was the Bath School bombings of 1927, where 45 people, including the bomber, were killed and half of a school was destroyed. Mass-casualty suicide car bombings are predominantly associated with the Middle East, particularly in recent decades. A notable suicide car bombing was the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing , when two simultaneous attacks killed 241 U.S. and 58 French peacekeepers. The perpetrator of these attacks has never been positively confirmed. In

1170-673: The foot of the Bālā Hesār fortress . The city is watered by the upper course of the Gardez River, which flows into the Ab-i Istada lake. Gardez is located at a junction between two important roads, one connecting Kabul with Khost , the other linking Ghazni with Parachinar in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Gardez is 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Khost and 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Kabul . Gardez has

1209-441: The front of the vehicle designed to crush or destroy shaped charges such as those used on rocket propelled grenades . In some cases, trucks were also used as well as cars. They were sometimes used to start an assault. Generally, the vehicles had a large space that would contain very heavy explosives. In some cases, animal drawn carts with improvised explosive devices have been used, generally either mules or horses. Tactically,

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1248-434: The new Afghan National Army by the 203rd Corps . According to local Police Chief Brigadier General Aziz Ahmad Wardak , six people were arrested on 19 August 2009 for distributing night letters threatening people with attacks if they participated in the election. Truck bomb A car bomb , bus bomb , van bomb , lorry bomb , or truck bomb , also known as a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device ( VBIED ),

1287-611: The one used for the assassination attempt on Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1905 in Istanbul by Armenian separatists in the command of Papken Siuni belonging to the Armenian Revolutionary Federation . Car bombing was a significant part of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) campaign during The Troubles in Northern Ireland . Dáithí Ó Conaill is credited with introducing

1326-488: The ones who carry the surname "Bukhari". Bukhara today is in Uzbekistan . This article about a Pakistani ethnicity is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gardez On 14 August 2021, Gardez was seized by Taliban fighters, becoming the nineteenth provincial capital to be captured by the Taliban as part of the wider 2021 Taliban offensive . Gardez is an ancient settlement, located within

1365-569: The only option (thus, for instance, in Washington, D.C. the portion of Pennsylvania Avenue immediately in front of the White House is closed to traffic). Historically these tactics have encouraged potential bombers to target "soft" or unprotected targets , such as markets. In the Iraqi and Syrian Civil War , the car bomb concept was modified so that it could be driven and detonated by

1404-416: The operation and placement of the bomb within the vehicle. Earlier and less advanced car bombs were often wired to the car's ignition system, but this practice is now considered more laborious and less effective than other more recent methods, as it requires a greater amount of work for a system that can often be quite easily defused . While it is more common nowadays for car bombs to be fixed magnetically to

1443-445: The tilt fuse is similar in operation to a mercury switch or medical tablet tube. One end of the fuse will be filled with mercury , while the other open end is wired with the ends of an open circuit to an electrical firing system. When the tilt fuse moves or is jerked, the supply of mercury will flow to the top of the tube and close the circuit. Thus, as the vehicle goes through the regular bumping and dipping that comes with driving over

1482-410: The underside of the car, underneath the passenger or driver's seat, or inside of the mudguard , detonators triggered by the opening of the vehicle door or by pressure applied to the brakes or accelerating pedals are also used. Bombs operating by the former method of fixation to the underside of the car more often than not make use of a device called a tilt fuse . A small tube made of glass or plastic,

1521-452: Was chosen as Paktia governor by Hamid Karzai 's administration only to be refused by tribal elders. On January 4, 2002, the first American soldier to die in the War in Afghanistan , Sergeant First Class Nathan Chapman , was killed in Gardez. On 14 May 2020 , a suicide truck bomber killed five civilians and injured at least 29 others near a court in Gardez. The Taliban claimed this as

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