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57-470: Garfield Ridge is the 56th of Chicago's 77 community areas . Located 10 miles (16 km) from the Loop , it is on the city's far southwest side. As of 2017, the area had 36,396 inhabitants. Named for Garfield Boulevard and a nearby glacial ridge, the area suffered from land of poor quality and was historically used as a transportation corridor rather than a place of residence. Annexed to Chicago piecemeal in

114-600: A citywide 1934 census to help collect data related to the Great Depression , in what was known as the Local Community Fact Book . With the exception of 1970 (whose data was published in 1980 ), it continued this publication for every subsequent census through 1990, expanding in the 1960s to also cover major suburbs of Chicago. The Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning continues this work by periodically publishing "Community Snapshots" of

171-484: A citywide distribution of 26.7 percent, 21.1 percent, 15.8 percent, 10.9 percent, 12.7 percent and 12.9 percent respectively. As of September 2015, one census tract in the northeast corner of the area had a median household income of between $ 21,700 and $ 36,200, below the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)'s very-low-income limit but above its extremely-low-income limit. Of

228-400: A decline in jobs and population. The trial of corrupt police officer Michael D’Andrea led to racial tensions in the community. Whites moved out while blacks and Hispanics from Little Village and Pilsen moved in; as of the 2000 Census 77.3 percent of the area's population was white (over a third with Polish ancestry), 12.3 percent was black, and 16.5 percent was Hispanic. Garfield Ridge

285-465: A dozen Native American dialects. He came to Fort Armstrong in 1818, where he became the interpreter for Colonel George Davenport . A short time later, he moved to Peoria, where he met and married his wife Marguerite LePage in 1820. She was born on October 16, 1802, in Portage des Sioux , St. Charles County, Missouri . She was the daughter of a French Canadian, Antoine LePage, and the granddaughter of

342-532: A group of investors at his home on February 23, 1836, to create a company in order to develop a new town. It was to be located on the Iowa side of the Mississippi River opposite the town of Stevenson, Illinois, which is now the city of Rock Island . Antoine Le Claire was part of the group. While he owned a great deal of land, he did not have a great deal of money. The other investors paid him $ 1,750 for

399-676: A new house and donated the Treaty House to the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad and it became Davenport's first railroad station. The LeClaires hosted members of the Sauk and Meskwaki tribes, who camped on their estate and were allowed to stay as long as they liked. The Le Claires had no children of their own. When his half brother Alexis died in 1849 Antoine and Marguerite informally adopted his son Louis. He even introduced Louis to former President Millard Fillmore as "my boy." During

456-464: A single community area. The Chicago Department of Public Health wished to present local differences in birth and death rates; it worked with the committee to produce the list of 75 community areas, which were divided into 935 census tracts. After the community areas were introduced, the University of Chicago Press published data sorted by them from the 1920 and 1930 Censuses , as well as

513-454: Is community area #56. It is located on Chicago's far southwest side, 10 miles (16 km) from the Loop . LeClaire Courts was built in 1950 as the first integrated low-rise housing project in Chicago, and named for the pioneer Antoine Le Claire . The complex consisted of low-rise buildings and was predominantly occupied by African Americans. Considered one of the most attractive projects in

570-707: Is from Saint Ita's." Antoine Le Claire Le Claire was born on December 15, 1797, in present-day St. Joseph, Michigan , then in the Northwest Territory . His father, François Le Claire, was French Canadian and came to the Americas with Lafayette . His mother was a Native American from the Potawatomi tribe. His father opened a trading post in Milwaukee, Wisconsin , where he traded with several Native American tribes. François supported

627-676: Is in ZIP Code 60638, but the northeastern portion is in ZIP Code 60632 and the southeastern portion is in ZIP Code 60629. The United States Postal Service operates the Clearing Post Office at 5645 South Archer Avenue. Chicago Public Schools operates area public schools. K-8 schools serving the community area include Byrne, Hearst, Kinzie, and Mark Twain. Kennedy High School serves the community. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates Catholic schools. St. Daniel

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684-576: Is in District 11, represented by Democrat Martin A. Sandoval . Garfield Ridge has supported the Democratic nominee in the past two elections. In the 2016 presidential election , Garfield Ridge cast 9,237 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 5,720 votes for Donald Trump (59.34% to 36.75%). In the 2012 presidential election , Garfield Ridge cast 8,999 votes for Barack Obama and cast 4,924 votes for Mitt Romney (63.60% to 34.80%). Garfield Ridge

741-810: Is in the third subcircuit of the Circuit Court of Cook County . With the rest of Chicago, it is part of the Circuit Court's first municipal district. With the rest of Cook County , it is in the first judicial district of the Supreme Court of Illinois and the state's appellate courts. Garfield Ridge is in Stickney Township in Cook County. Townships in Chicago were abolished for governmental purposes in 1902, but are still used for property assessment. The majority of Garfield Ridge

798-981: Is traditionally divided into the three "sides" of the North Side, West Side , and South Side by the Chicago River. These three sides are represented by the white stripes on the Flag of Chicago . The city is also divided into 50 wards for the purpose of electing one alderman each to the Chicago City Council . These wards have at times generated identities similar to neighborhoods. Unlike community areas, wards are adjusted decennially to account for population shifts. Another method of neighborhood nomenclature in heavily Catholic neighborhoods of Chicago has been to refer to communities in terms of parishes . For example, one might say, "I live in St. Gertrude's, but he

855-599: The 2010 Census , which in turn had represented a 4.4 percent decline from the 2000 Census. The area's racial composition was 44.7 percent white, 4.4 percent African-American, and 1.9 percent other races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 49 percent of the population. The age range was spread out, with 25.4 percent under the age of 19, 19.1 percent aged 20 to 34, 21.1 percent aged 35 to 49, 19.7 percent aged 50 to 64, 7.9 percent aged 65 to 74, 4.5 percent aged 75 to 84, and 2,3 percent older than 85 years old. The median age

912-540: The Chicago River to form distinctive and consistent areas within the city, which he deemed "natural" areas that would eventually merge into a distinctive identity. Ernest Burgess , a colleague of Park's who shared his thinking, was crucial in creating and naming the community areas. Initially able to identify 400 neighborhoods of the city, he considered that number excessive and trimmed it down to 80 and thereafter 75 by grouping related neighborhoods into

969-539: The Lake Michigan shoreline. The areas are used for statistical and planning purposes by such professions as assessors, charities, and reporters. Shortly after their development they were used for all kinds of statistics, including movie theater distribution and juvenile delinquency. Although developed by the University of Chicago, they have been used by other universities in the Chicago area, as well as by

1026-706: The Panic of 1857 many banks in the Midwest failed, and the Cook and Sargent Bank in Davenport appeared to be in danger. Le Claire called for calm among the citizens of Davenport and to keep their money in the bank. He assured them the bank was secure and guaranteed its safety with his own money. The bank, however, failed for other reasons and Le Claire still made good on his promise. The strain may have hastened his death. Antoine Le Claire died on September 25, 1861. His funeral

1083-783: The Sauk chief Acoqua. After Peoria the Le Claires spent a short time in Arkansas where he observed the movements of Native Americans before moving back to Fort Armstrong in 1827. In 1832, at the end of the Black Hawk War , Le Claire was present at the peace treaty signing as an interpreter. Sauk and Meskwaki territories west of the Mississippi River were purchased by the United States government. Because he

1140-614: The 1940s and more than tripling during the 1950s. By 1950 residential development surpassed industrial development. During this era single-story bungalows were constructed in the western part of the area. The 1960 Census marked the first appearance of African-Americans in the area. At this time they solely inhabited the LeClaire Courts housing project, which had been constructed in 1950 and expanded in 1954. The population peaked at 42,998 in 1970. Loss of traffic at Midway in favor of O'Hare International Airport farther north caused

1197-687: The Clock Tower on Rock Island Arsenal , the first buildings on the Augustana College campus in Rock Island, and the abutments on the Government Bridge . When the first addition was made to Davenport, Le Claire set aside one of the squares for a Catholic church. In April 1837 he joined with the missionary priest Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli to lay the cornerstone for the original St. Anthony's Church . The title to

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1254-597: The Pilsen and Back of the Yards neighborhoods are much better known than their respective community areas Lower West Side and New City . In the case of New City this was a deliberate choice; Burgess opted for the less common "New City" to name the area as "Back of the Yards" carried a stigma after the publication of Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle (1904), which made the area notorious for its poor living conditions. Some of these discrepancies are due to names that were common at

1311-520: The Prophet is a thriving school located in Garfield Ridge. St. Jane de Chantal School is in Garfield Ridge. In the 2015–2016 school year, the school had 281 students. This figure declined to 272, 245, and then 202 in subsequent school years. In total, from circa 2017 to 2020 the student population declined by 92. In the 2018–2019 school year it had 202 students and 20 employees, with 14 of them in

1368-518: The addition of two areas ( O'Hare from land annexed by the city in 1956 and Edgewater 's separation from Uptown in 1980) and peripheral expansions due to minor annexations, the areas' boundaries have never been revised to reflect change but instead have been kept stable. The areas have become a part of the culture of Chicago, contributing to its perception as a "city of neighborhoods" and breaking it down into smaller regions for easier analysis and local planning. Nevertheless, Park's and Burgess's ideas on

1425-500: The area was done through Archer Road, the Illinois and Michigan Canal , and the Chicago and Alton Railroad. William B. Archer (for whom Archer Avenue is named) purchased 240 acres (97 ha) of land in the area in 1835, followed by John Wentworth in 1853. Other speculators purchased land in the area, as did farmers, but few maintained a permanent presence. The area's land was soggy and received limited agricultural development throughout

1482-406: The area's residents. In addition to Midway Airport, the area is home to other transportation. The area is named for Garfield Boulevard and a ridge in the area from the glacial retreat of Lake Michigan . The area was formerly known as Archer Limits. The area was primarily used as a thoroughfare rather than a place of residence by both indigenous people and white settlers. Transportation through

1539-495: The century. Some of the earliest settlers were Dutch farmers; by 1899 the Archer Avenue Reformed Church had moved from nearby Summit and comprised 275 parishioners. Chicago first annexed parts of the area in 1889. Industry started nearby around 1900 and would soon enter the area, prompting residential development. Early residential areas were concentrated in the northeastern part of the area, known at

1596-420: The city and regional planners. They have contributed to Chicago's reputation as the "city of neighborhoods", and are argued to break up an intimidating city into more manageable pieces. Chicago was an early adopter of such a system, and as of 1997 most cities in the United States still lacked analogous divisions. The areas do not necessarily correspond to popular imagination of the neighborhoods. For example,

1653-514: The city, it accommodated several community resources and became the first project in the state to be managed by its residents in 1987. The residents were evicted in 2009 and the complex was demolished in 2011 to make way for a redevelopment into mixed-income housing ; although the previous tenants were given a right to return to the new development, the site remained vacant as of 2016. In 2017, 36,936 people in 12,160 households lived in Garfield Ridge. This represents an increase of 5.5 percent from

1710-584: The community areas and suburbs, the most recent being data from 2018 published in June 2020 . Only two major changes have occurred in the boundaries of the community areas. O'Hare was created from land that was annexed by Chicago in 1956 to control O'Hare International Airport . Edgewater was separated from Uptown in 1980 as residents considered being joined to it a detriment to obtaining aid for local improvements. In addition to these two there have been minor changes due to further annexations and additions to

1767-408: The creators of the areas. As of 2020 , Near North Side is the most populous of the areas with over 105,000 residents, while Burnside is the least populous with just over 2,500. Other geographical divisions of Chicago exist, such as the "sides" with origin in the 3 branches of the Chicago River , the 50 wards of the Chicago City Council which undergo redistricting based in population movements, and

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1824-565: The downtown YMCA . The levee along the river was also left open for public use. The east–west streets but one were named for Native American tribes: Sac, Fox (another name for the Meskwaki), Ottawa, Chippewa , and Potawatomie. Later those streets would be renamed Second through Sixth Streets. Front Street, now River Drive, was along the levee. The north–south streets retain their original names: Ripley, Scott, Western, Gaines, Brown and Warren. Le Claire joined with George Davenport to develop

1881-408: The faculty. The archdiocese stated that the school could stay open if the community raised $ 357,000, but the community did not do so. Community areas of Chicago The city of Chicago is divided into 77 community areas for statistical and planning purposes. Census data and other statistics are tied to the areas, which serve as the basis for a variety of urban planning initiatives on both

1938-557: The first public house in the area, which was named the Le Claire House. He also established the first foundry in the young town, and with A. C. Fulton he built the first mill. He was involved with a group of investors who brought the railroad to Davenport in the 1850s. On his property north of the Rock Island Rapids Le Claire owned and operated a sandstone quarry. Stone from this quarry was used for

1995-465: The inevitability of physically related areas forming a common bond have been questioned, and the unchanging nature of the areas has at times been seen as analytically problematic with major subsequent changes in the some of the areas' urban landscapes, such as the construction of expressways. During the 19th century wards were used by the Census Bureau for data at the level below cities. This

2052-589: The lands that had been included in the Black Hawk Purchase . He was responsible for resolving disputes between the Native Americans and the white settlers. He generally took a hands-off approach which the independent-minded settlers found appealing. In 1834 he established the area's first ferry service across the river. LeClaire also served as Black Hawk's translator when the Sauk warrior wrote his memoirs. George Davenport gathered

2109-417: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, the area's population surged during the 1920s after Midway International Airport was constructed. The decline in the use of Midway in favor of O'Hare International Airport led to a corresponding decline in population, which transitioned from being predominately Eastern European to having a substantial number of Hispanic people. By 2017, Hispanics comprised almost half of

2166-457: The local and regional levels. The areas' boundaries do not generally change, allowing comparisons of statistics across time. The areas are distinct from but related to the more numerous neighborhoods of Chicago; an area often corresponds to a neighborhood or encompasses several neighborhoods, but the areas do not always correspond to popular conceptions of the neighborhoods due to a number of factors including historical evolution and choices made by

2223-479: The new town across the river (Stevenson), and so the town on the Iowa side of the river was named after him. Le Claire had the town laid out in the conventional fashion of a grid pattern of 36 squares. Three of the squares were set aside for public squares: Lafayette Square, which is a public park today; Bolivar Square, site of the Scott County Courthouse ; and Washington Square, present site of

2280-470: The northern part of Garfield Ridge is in District 21, represented by Democrat Celina Villanueva , while the southern part is in District 22, represented by Democrat Michael Madigan and the eastern part is in District 1 represented by Democrat Aaron M. Ortiz . In the Illinois Senate , the eastern part of Garfield Ridge is in District 1, represented by Democrat Antonio Muñoz while the western half

2337-495: The parishes of the Roman Catholic Church. The Social Science Research Committee at the University of Chicago defined the community areas in the 1920s based on neighborhoods or groups of related neighborhoods within the city. In this effort it was led by sociologists Robert E. Park and Ernest Burgess , who believed that physical contingencies created areas that would inevitably form a common identity. Except for

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2394-606: The peace treaty was signed, or lose the land. After the United States Congress approved the peace treaty in 1833, Le Claire built a house, known as the Treaty House. The third parcel of land was given by the Potawatomie on the Illinois side of the river where present day Moline, Illinois , is situated. Le Claire was named the postmaster and the justice of the peace in 1833. His jurisdiction included all

2451-522: The property, named Church Square, was deeded to Bishop Mathias Loras of Dubuque in 1839 to support the Catholic Church in Davenport. Because of this support Davenport was named a See City with its own bishop in 1881. When the church decided to establish a third parish in Davenport, Le Claire donated another square on a bluff on the east side of the city for St. Marguerite's , also called St. Margaret's. The LeClaires also built and furnished

2508-478: The rectory, and provided financial support for building the new church. Le Claire donated property two miles outside of Davenport for St. Marguerite's Cemetery . Both St. Anthony's and St. Marguerite's were named in honor of the LeClaires for their generosity. Antoine LeClaire had also been a member of the St. Anthony's choir, where he played the bass viol . While they were devout Catholics their generosity

2565-442: The relative amount of hardship in a community area. The indicators generate a score of one to 100, with a higher score indicating greater hardship. With data from 2006 to 2010, Garfield Ridge's hardship index was 32. In the Chicago City Council , the northern third of Garfield Ridge is part of the 22nd Ward represented by Michael Rodriguez , while the middle third is part of the 14th Ward represented by Democrat Edward M. Burke and

2622-434: The remaining census tracts, one in the southeast corner of the area had no data, four in the eastern half of the area had a median household income of between $ 36,200 and $ 57,900, below HUD's low-income limit and above its very low-income limit, and the remaining five had a median household income of between $ 57,900 and $ 86,900. Hardship index is a metric, used by Chicago, which takes six indicators of public health to quantify

2679-675: The side of the United States during the War of 1812 . He was subsequently captured by the territorial militia at his trading post in Peoria, Illinois , and held as a prisoner in Alton, Illinois . While his father was imprisoned, Antoine met General William Clark who was impressed with Le Claire's faculty with languages; Clark sent Antoine to school to improve his English and he entered government service. Le Claire spoke English, French, Spanish, and

2736-514: The site that now lies between the river and Seventh Street and between Harrison Street to just past Warren Street. While Le Claire was the driving force in the development of Davenport, the town was not named for him. Not only did he not have enough money to develop buildings on the land, but he was also a half-breed with a French surname and a devout Catholic . The other investors had English surnames, money to invest and government contracts. George Davenport also failed to have his name attached to

2793-559: The southern third is part of the 23rd Ward represented by Silvana Tabares . In the Cook County Board of Commissioners , much of Garfield Ridge is part of the 11th district represented by John P. Daley , while some of the northern half is part of the 19th district represented by Jeffrey Tobolski, and the northeastern corner is part of the 7th district represented by Alma Anaya. In the Illinois House of Representatives ,

2850-482: The time as "Sleepy Hollow". Chicago annexed more of the modern area in 1915 and 1921. Garfield Ridge was one of the 75 community areas defined by the University of Chicago during the 1920s. The population first had a major expansion in the 1920s, surging from 2,472 to 6,050 . This was fueled by immigration of Eastern Europeans, especially Poles; by 1930 29.5 percent of the population was foreign-born and another 55.1 percent had at least one foreign parent. This

2907-419: The time of the adoption of community areas but have since been supplanted by others. The static nature of area boundaries is one of their benefits, but is also problematic at times such as when expressways were built in the mid-20th century and divided neighborhoods without area boundaries adapting. The concept of a "natural area" that underpinned Park's and Burgess's thinking has also been challenged. Chicago

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2964-698: Was 38.7. English was the sole language spoken at home for 52.7 percent of residents older than five years old. The remainder spoke a language other than English, and 17.7 percent spoke English less than "very well". Median household income was $ 68,212, compared to the citywide median income of $ 52,497. The income distribution was such that 15.2 percent of households earned less than $ 25,000, 21.0 percent earned between $ 25,000 and $ 49,999, 18.9 percent earned between $ 50,000 and $ 74,999, 12.5 percent earned between $ 75,000 and $ 99,999, 18.4 percent earned between $ 100,000 and $ 150,000, and 14.1 percent earned more than $ 150,000. This compares with

3021-508: Was encouraged by development of industry, the addition of a streetcar line on Archer Avenue, and the construction of the Chicago Municipal Airport (renamed Midway Airport in 1942) in 1926. The area retained a bucolic quality; in 1936 the area west of Central Avenue still had dirt roads and farms with grazing animals. After a slowdown during the Great Depression growth continued, with the population nearly doubling during

3078-507: Was held in St. Marguerite's Church and he was buried in the church yard. The Rev. J.A.M. Pelamourgues from St. Anthony's presided at the funeral with two other priests. The Rev. John Donlan preached the funeral sermon. Marguerite Le Claire died on October 18, 1876, and was buried next to her husband. When Sacred Heart Cathedral was built in 1891, and St. Marguerite's was torn down, the Le Claires' bodies were moved to St. Marguerite's Cemetery, now Mount Calvary Cemetery . Numerous places in

3135-486: Was not limited to the Catholic Church. LeClaire also provided the land for the initial First Baptist Church , Edwards Congregational, and other churches. The Le Claires' philanthropy existed in other areas of society as well. He donated Bolivar Square to Scott County, which sealed Davenport's attempt to be named the county seat. In 1846 he donated the land for the establishment of Iowa College, which eventually left Davenport and became Grinnell College . In 1855 he built

3192-604: Was problematic as wards were political subdivisions and thus changed after each census, limiting their utility for comparisons over time. Census tracts were first used in Chicago in the 1910 Census . However, by the 1920s the Social Science Research Committee at the University of Chicago wanted divisions that were more natural and manageable than the arbitrarily-designated and numerous census tracts. The sociologist Robert E. Park led this charge, considering physical barriers such as railroads and

3249-538: Was respected by the Native Americans, the Le Claires were given three parcels of land. One of the parcels was at the head of the Rock Island Rapids on the west side of the river. The second was given to Marguerite by Keokuk , the Sauk chief. It was also located on the west side of the river and had been the location of the Meskwaki village. Keokuk stipulated that Le Claire build a house on the spot where

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