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95-525: Gartmorn Dam is an artificial freshwater loch north-east of Alloa , Clackmannanshire, Scotland, UK, built in 1711–12 as a reservoir to supply water to hydraulic machines used in Alloa's mining industry. It was commissioned by John Erskine, 23rd and 6th Earl of Mar, to designs by George Sorocold, and is one of the earliest constructed reservoirs in Scotland. Gartmorn Dam was commissioned by John, Earl of Mar ,

190-427: A burgh of barony , is the administrative centre of Clackmannanshire Council. Historically, the economy relied heavily on trade between Glasgow and mainland Europe through its port. This became increasingly uncompetitive and the port stopped operating in 1970. The local economy is now centred on retail and leisure since the closure of major industries; only one brewer and one glassmaker survive today. Parochially, Alloa

285-596: A dot map showing corn production in Indiana or a shaded area map of Ohio counties , divided into numerical choropleth classes. As the volume of geographic data has exploded over the last century, thematic cartography has become increasingly useful and necessary to interpret spatial, cultural and social data. A third type of map is known as an "orienteering," or special purpose map. This type of map falls somewhere between thematic and general maps. They combine general map elements with thematic attributes in order to design

380-536: A star map on the equidistant cylindrical projection. Although this method of charting seems to have existed in China even before this publication and scientist, the greatest significance of the star maps by Su Song is that they represent the oldest existent star maps in printed form. Early forms of cartography of India included depictions of the pole star and surrounding constellations. These charts may have been used for navigation. Mappae mundi ('maps of

475-535: A 'sense of the other' in relation to nonconforming maps." Depictions of Africa are a common target of deconstructionism . According to deconstructionist models, cartography was used for strategic purposes associated with imperialism and as instruments and representations of power during the conquest of Africa. The depiction of Africa and the low latitudes in general on the Mercator projection has been interpreted as imperialistic and as symbolic of subjugation due to

570-439: A Scottish noble and estate owner, who had received training in drawing and architectural design, and was said to be 'infected with the desease of building'. Its purpose was to provide a sufficient head and volume of water to drive mining pumps supporting the extractive industry of Alloa. The dam, lake and associated waterworks were designed by and built, from 1711 to 1712, by English civil engineer George Sorocold . Sorocold caused

665-524: A V.C. They were part of the 7th Argylls under the 51st Highland Division . As of 2014, the temporary national headquarters of Police Scotland is located in Alloa. Alloa's most famous landmark is the 15th century Alloa Tower ( National Trust for Scotland ), the surviving part of the ancestral medieval residence of the Erskine family, the Earls of Mar . Despite extensive internal and external alterations,

760-428: A decreased focus on production skill, and an increased focus on quality design , the attempt to craft maps that are both aesthetically pleasing and practically useful for their intended purposes. A map has a purpose and an audience. Its purpose may be as broad as teaching the major physical and political features of the entire world, or as narrow as convincing a neighbor to move a fence. The audience may be as broad as

855-399: A different direction. To print from the finished plate, ink is spread over the metal surface and scraped off such that it remains only in the etched channels. Then the plate is pressed forcibly against the paper so that the ink in the channels is transferred to the paper. The pressing is so forceful that it leaves a "plate mark" around the border of the map at the edge of the plate, within which

950-482: A few metres; the invention of OpenStreetMap in 2004, a global digital counter-map that allowed anyone to contribute and use new spatial data without complex licensing agreements; and the launch of Google Earth in 2005 as a development of the virtual globe EarthViewer 3D (2004), which revolutionised accessibility of accurate world maps, as well as access to satellite and aerial imagery. These advances brought more accuracy to geographical and location-based data and widened

1045-408: A general-purpose world map because regions are shown as increasingly larger than they actually are the further from the equator they are. Mercator is also credited as the first to use the word "atlas" to describe a collection of maps. In the later years of his life, Mercator resolved to create his Atlas, a book filled with many maps of different regions of the world, as well as a chronological history of

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1140-456: A half-hourly service from Alloa railway station to Glasgow Queen Street via Stirling , Larbert and Croy between 0641 and 2315 Monday to Saturday and between 1041 and 2141 on Sundays. Passengers can travel to Inverness , Edinburgh Waverley and Aberdeen with a change at Stirling, however for journeys to or from Edinburgh passengers with heavy luggage may find it more convenient to change at Larbert, where Edinburgh and Glasgow services use

1235-581: A map is what comprise a map's deconstruction . A central tenet of deconstructionism is that maps have power. Other assertions are that maps are inherently biased and that we search for metaphor and rhetoric in maps. It is claimed that the Europeans promoted an " epistemological " understanding of the map as early as the 17th century. An example of this understanding is that "[European reproduction of terrain on maps] reality can be expressed in mathematical terms; that systematic observation and measurement offer

1330-441: A map with a specific audience in mind. Oftentimes, the type of audience an orienteering map is made for is in a particular industry or occupation. An example of this kind of map would be a municipal utility map. A topographic map is primarily concerned with the topographic description of a place, including (especially in the 20th and 21st centuries) the use of contour lines showing elevation. Terrain or relief can be shown in

1425-586: A metaphor for power. Political leaders could lay claim to territories through the use of maps, and this was greatly aided by the religious and colonial expansion of Europe. The Holy Land and other religious places were the most commonly mapped during the Renaissance. In the late 1400s to the late 1500s, Rome, Florence, and Venice dominated map-making and trade. It started in Florence in the mid-to late 1400s. Map trade quickly shifted to Rome and Venice but then

1520-466: A rare move, Ortelius credited mapmakers who contributed to the atlas, the list of which grew to 183 individuals by 1603. In the Renaissance , maps were used to impress viewers and establish the owner's reputation as sophisticated, educated, and worldly. Because of this, towards the end of the Renaissance, maps were displayed with equal importance of painting, sculptures, and other pieces of art. In

1615-534: A standard as compared to the 1:50,000 scale Canadian maps. The government of the UK produces the classic 1:50,000 (replacing the older 1 inch to 1 mile) " Ordnance Survey " maps of the entire UK and with a range of correlated larger- and smaller-scale maps of great detail. Many private mapping companies have also produced thematic map series. Thematic cartography involves maps of specific geographic themes, oriented toward specific audiences. A couple of examples might be

1710-416: A thin sheet of wax over the metal plate and uses ink to draw the details. Then, the engraver traces the lines with a stylus to etch them into the plate beneath. The engraver can also use styli to prick holes along the drawn lines, trace along them with colored chalk, and then engrave the map. Lines going in the same direction are carved at the same time, and then the plate is turned to carve lines going in

1805-400: A variety of ways (see Cartographic relief depiction ). In the present era, one of the most widespread and advanced methods used to form topographic maps is to use computer software to generate digital elevation models which show shaded relief. Before such software existed, cartographers had to draw shaded relief by hand. One cartographer who is respected as a master of hand-drawn shaded relief

1900-450: Is a close reproduction of a 1698 work by Nicolas de Fer . De Fer, in turn, had copied images that were first printed in books by Louis Hennepin , published in 1697, and François Du Creux, in 1664. By the late 18th century, mapmakers often credited the original publisher with something along the lines of, "After [the original cartographer]" in the map's title or cartouche . In cartography, technology has continually changed in order to meet

1995-800: Is a town in Clackmannanshire in the Central Lowlands of Scotland . It is on the north bank of the Forth at the spot where some say it ceases to be the River Forth and becomes the Firth of Forth . Alloa is south of the Ochil Hills on the western Fife peninsula, 6.0 miles (9.7 km) east of Stirling and 13.0 miles (20.9 km) west of Dunfermline ; by water Alloa is 25 miles (40 km) from Granton . The town, formerly

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2090-634: Is affiliated to the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church . Alloa is currently served by two churches in the Church of Scotland , namely Alloa Ludgate Church (formed by the union of Alloa North Parish Church and Alloa West Parish Church in 2009 in the building of the former West Church) and St. Mungo's Parish Church . In 1978 the Very Rev Dr Peter Brodie (then minister at St Mungo's) was elected Moderator of

2185-473: Is an iconic example. Although the most widely used map of "The Tube," it preserves little of reality: it varies scale constantly and abruptly, it straightens curved tracks, and it contorts directions. The only topography on it is the River Thames , letting the reader know whether a station is north or south of the river. That and the topology of station order and interchanges between train lines are all that

2280-524: Is by Sir Robert Lorimer with sculpture by Pilkington Jackson . The monument to the South African War is also by Lorimer (1904). Alloa is served by many food retailers including Iceland Frozen Foods , Tesco , Aldi , Lidl , Morrisons , Asda , Co-op Food and Farmfoods . The Asda supermarket, opened in September 2006, is adjacent to the site of the new railway station and was built on

2375-461: Is left of the geographic space. Yet those are all a typical passenger wishes to know, so the map fulfills its purpose. Modern technology, including advances in printing , the advent of geographic information systems and graphics software , and the Internet , has vastly simplified the process of map creation and increased the palette of design options available to cartographers. This has led to

2470-532: Is located in Mar Street. The church is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dunkeld . There is a Musalla on Whins Road in Alloa. Muslims who are unable to attend a mosque can use this space as a place of prayer, worship and education. In 2003 it became open to the public. Alloa is home to one professional football club: Alloa Athletic Football Club . The club was formed in 1880 under

2565-571: Is served by the Rev. Jason Lingiah and is part of the Presbytery of East. On Greenside Street, in the old Greenside mission hall (a mission of Moncrieff United Free Church), is Alloa Elim Pentecostal Church . There are churches of other denominations in the town, including a Baptist church, and St John's Episcopal Church. There are also congregations of Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses in Alloa. The Catholic church, also named St Mungo's,

2660-469: Is the Swiss professor Eduard Imhof whose efforts in hill shading were so influential that his method became used around the world despite it being so labor-intensive. A topological map is a very general type of map, the kind one might sketch on a napkin. It often disregards scale and detail in the interest of clarity of communicating specific route or relational information. Beck's London Underground map

2755-460: Is the earliest known map is a matter of some debate, both because the term "map" is not well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of Çatalhöyük (previously known as Catal Huyuk or Çatal Hüyük) has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE. Among the prehistoric alpine rock carvings of Mount Bego (France) and Valcamonica (Italy), dated to

2850-823: The Alloa Advertiser , was founded in 1841 as a monthly but in 1855 it became a weekly. Similarly, in 1845, the monthly Clackmannanshire Advertiser became the Alloa Journal. More recently the Wee County News was launched in 1995 but went into liquidation in 2011. Some footage of a woollen mill and glassworks exists on film. River Forth (1956) B&W silent 15 mins. Cartographer The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to: Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems (GIS) and geographic information science (GISc). What

2945-561: The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885. Before 1749, maps of the African continent had African kingdoms drawn with assumed or contrived boundaries, with unknown or unexplored areas having drawings of animals, imaginary physical geographic features, and descriptive texts. In 1748, Jean B. B. d'Anville created the first map of the African continent that had blank spaces to represent the unknown territory. In understanding basic maps,

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3040-553: The Far East (which he learned through contemporary accounts from Arab merchants and explorers) with the information he inherited from the classical geographers, he was able to write detailed descriptions of a multitude of countries. Along with the substantial text he had written, he created a world map influenced mostly by the Ptolemaic conception of the world, but with significant influence from multiple Arab geographers. It remained

3135-522: The Kassite period (14th – 12th centuries BCE). The oldest surviving world maps are from 9th century BCE Babylonia . One shows Babylon on the Euphrates , surrounded by Assyria , Urartu and several cities, all, in turn, surrounded by a "bitter river" ( Oceanus ). Another depicts Babylon as being north of the center of the world. The ancient Greeks and Romans created maps from

3230-746: The North Star at night or the Sun at noon. Advances in photochemical technology, such as the lithographic and photochemical processes , make possible maps with fine details, which do not distort in shape and which resist moisture and wear. This also eliminated the need for engraving, which further speeded up map production. In the 20th century, aerial photography , satellite imagery , and remote sensing provided efficient, precise methods for mapping physical features, such as coastlines, roads, buildings, watersheds, and topography. The United States Geological Survey has devised multiple new map projections, notably

3325-583: The Werner projection . This was an equal-area, heart-shaped world map projection (generally called a cordiform projection) that was used in the 16th and 17th centuries. Over time, other iterations of this map type arose; most notable are the sinusoidal projection and the Bonne projection . The Werner projection places its standard parallel at the North Pole; a sinusoidal projection places its standard parallel at

3420-530: The West Indies , Egypt and the Far East . Alloa was also home to Alloa Brewery Co, developing Graham's Golden Lager in 1927 which was renamed Skol in the 1950s. Closures and mergers during the mid-20th century reduced the number of breweries to two and by 1999 after the closure of MacLay's Thistle Brewery, only one remained, the Forth Brewery which became Williams Bros. in 2003. In addition to

3515-477: The printing press , quadrant , and vernier allowed the mass production of maps and the creation of accurate reproductions from more accurate data. Hartmann Schedel was one of the first cartographers to use the printing press to make maps more widely available. Optical technology, such as the telescope , sextant , and other devices that use telescopes, allowed accurate land surveys and allowed mapmakers and navigators to find their latitude by measuring angles to

3610-476: The 17th century, European cartographers both copied earlier maps (some of which had been passed down for centuries) and drew their own based on explorers' observations and new surveying techniques. The invention of the magnetic compass , telescope and sextant enabled increasing accuracy. In 1492, Martin Behaim , a German cartographer and advisor to the king John II of Portugal , made the oldest extant globe of

3705-528: The 1990s, but was badly damaged by fire in August 2024. It was illegally demolished in September 2024 without listed-building consent. Alloa Town Hall and Library was designed by the architect Alfred Waterhouse and built in 1886-9 at a cost of £18,008. The Speirs Centre was built as Alloa's swimming pool in 1895 and was designed by Sir John Burnet of Glasgow. The Sheriff Court is by Brown and Wardrop of 1862–5. Alloa War Memorial (designed 1920 erected 1925)

3800-446: The 19th and early 20th centuries. Alloa was long associated with the brewing industry, with at least nine major breweries producing ales at its height. However industrial decline during the mid to late 20th century has led to the economy relying more on retail and leisure. The first brewing firms in the town were Younger in 1762 and Meiklejohn in 1784. Alloa ale was sent to London and George Younger had an extensive export trade to

3895-526: The 4th millennium BCE, geometric patterns consisting of dotted rectangles and lines are widely interpreted in archaeological literature as depicting cultivated plots. Other known maps of the ancient world include the Minoan "House of the Admiral" wall painting from c.  1600 BCE , showing a seaside community in an oblique perspective, and an engraved map of the holy Babylonian city of Nippur , from

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3990-619: The Amur River as the border between the Eurasian powers, and opened up trading relations between the two. This treaty's significance draws from the interaction between the two sides, and the intermediaries who were drawn from a wide variety of nationalities. Maps of the Enlightenment period practically universally used copper plate intaglio, having abandoned the fragile, coarse woodcut technology. Use of map projections evolved, with

4085-557: The Earth. In 1507, Martin Waldseemüller produced a globular world map and a large 12-panel world wall map ( Universalis Cosmographia ) bearing the first use of the name "America." Portuguese cartographer Diogo Ribero was the author of the first known planisphere with a graduated Equator (1527). Italian cartographer Battista Agnese produced at least 71 manuscript atlases of sea charts. Johannes Werner refined and promoted

4180-471: The Gartmorn Dam can still be seen today, and although the dam is no longer used for energy production or water supply, it is well used for fishing and leisure purposes. The Clackmannanshire Library was founded at Alloa in 1797 and it contained upwards of 1500 volumes. As the 18th century closed a whisky distillery was established at Carsebridge by John Bald. In the 18th century the staple business of

4275-628: The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . Four other former St. Mungo's ministers have held this position. Its current minister, the Rev. Sang Y Cha, is the first Korean to be ordained to The Church of Scotland . Alloa is part of the Church of Scotland's Presbytery of Stirling. The United Free Church of Scotland has a presence in Alloa through the congregation at Moncrieff United Free Church in Drysdale Street. The congregation

4370-660: The Space Oblique Mercator for interpreting satellite ground tracks for mapping the surface. The use of satellites and space telescopes now allows researchers to map other planets and moons in outer space. Advances in electronic technology ushered in another revolution in cartography: ready availability of computers and peripherals such as monitors, plotters, printers, scanners (remote and document) and analytic stereo plotters, along with computer programs for visualization, image processing, spatial analysis, and database management, have democratized and greatly expanded

4465-476: The Tower retains its original medieval wooden roof and battlements, as well as some internal features. It is one of the largest and earliest of Scottish tower houses . The town formerly contained a large number of 17th and 18th century buildings, but many were cleared with the expansion of milling operations and later with slum clearance in the 20th century. However, Alloa does retain some historic architecture in

4560-835: The US, each day. However, in 2009 the company announced that it intended to close the Carsebridge Cooperage and move the work to nearby Cambus . The new Cambus cooperage was opened in December 2011 by the Earl of Wessex . Alloa is linked to the historic Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders housed at Stirling Castle . Many of the soldiers in the Second World War fought under Montgomery at the Battle of El Alamein and Wadi Akrit where their commanding officer Lorne Campbell won

4655-574: The brewing of beer, Alloa is the site of the former Carsebridge Distillery. According to Alfred Barnard , the Victorian historian of British distilling and brewing, the distillery was founded as a malt distillery by John Bald in 1799. In the 1840s it was converted into a grain distillery and by the time of Barnard's visit in the mid 1880s the distillery covered 10 acres, employed 150 people, and had an annual output of 1.4 to 1.7 million gallons of pure grain whisky. The distillery's owner John Bald and Co

4750-503: The charter granted by King Robert the Bruce in the year 1315, to Thomas de Erskyne, it is called Alway; in some subsequent ones, Aulway, Auleway; and more recently Alloway. Dr Jamieson stated that the most probable etymology of the name was from Aull Waeg – the way to the sea. Sir Robert Erskine was granted the lands of Alloa and its environs in 1368 for services to King David II and he and his descendants were good stewards, developing

4845-408: The coal mines, and Robert Bald , a local mining engineer, was contracted to provide water power from the Gartmorn Dam to operate the mines and other industries. Good water supplies and the availability of barley from the carselands encouraged George Younger to set up a brewery in the 1760s and he was soon followed by others. Alloa became one of Scotland's premier brewing centres. The 6th Earl of Mar

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4940-518: The colliers were attached to the properties in which they were born and were virtual serfs or slaves, supported by the master. After the Colliers and Salters (Scotland) Act 1775 abolished the system, the colliers could move between collieries at will, and they were supported in their needs by the Alloa Colliers' Fund or Friendly Society which was founded in 1775. Traces of the waggonway and

5035-462: The construction of a weir on the Black Devon waterway at Forestmill , raising its waters by 16 foot (4.9 m), and a lade to carry water about 2 miles (3.2 km) westward to Gartmorn, where it was impounded by an earth dike. The lake formed has a surface of about 160 acres (65 ha), reaches a maximum depth of 37 feet (11 m) deep, and it situated about 160 foot (49 m) above

5130-505: The culmination of many map-making techniques incorporated into Chinese mercantile cartography. In 1689, representatives of the Russian tsar and Qing Dynasty met near the border town of Nerchinsk, which was near the disputed border of the two powers, in eastern Siberia. The two parties, with the Qing negotiation party bringing Jesuits as intermediaries, managed to work a treaty which placed

5225-433: The demands of new generations of mapmakers and map users. The first maps were produced manually, with brushes and parchment; so they varied in quality and were limited in distribution. The advent of magnetic devices, such as the compass and much later, magnetic storage devices, allowed for the creation of far more accurate maps and the ability to store and manipulate them digitally . Advances in mechanical devices such as

5320-801: The diminished proportions of those regions compared to higher latitudes where the European powers were concentrated. Maps furthered imperialism and colonization of Africa in practical ways by showing basic information like roads, terrain, natural resources, settlements, and communities. Through this, maps made European commerce in Africa possible by showing potential commercial routes and made natural resource extraction possible by depicting locations of resources. Such maps also enabled military conquests and made them more efficient, and imperial nations further used them to put their conquests on display. These same maps were then used to cement territorial claims, such as at

5415-432: The double hemisphere being very common and Mercator's prestigious navigational projection gradually making more appearances. Due to the paucity of information and the immense difficulty of surveying during the period, mapmakers frequently plagiarized material without giving credit to the original cartographer. For example, a famous map of North America known as the "Beaver Map" was published in 1715 by Herman Moll . This map

5510-479: The early seventeenth century, the Selden map was created by a Chinese cartographer. Historians have put its date of creation around 1620, but there is debate in this regard. This map's significance draws from historical misconceptions of East Asian cartography, the main one being that East Asians did not do cartography until Europeans arrived. The map's depiction of trading routes, a compass rose, and scale bar points to

5605-530: The equator; and the Bonne projection is intermediate between the two. In 1569, mapmaker Gerardus Mercator first published a map based on his Mercator projection , which uses equally-spaced parallel vertical lines of longitude and parallel latitude lines spaced farther apart as they get farther away from the equator. By this construction, courses of constant bearing are conveniently represented as straight lines for navigation. The same property limits its value as

5700-500: The estates and innovating. One of the earliest maps of the area was made by surveyor and cartographer John Adair in 1681. See Alloa witches John Erskine , the 6th Earl of Mar oversaw many far-reaching developments including substantial harbour improvements, a customs house, a "New Town" area of housing, and commissioning the building of the Gartmorn Dam , which was designed by George Sorocold . Erskine owned many of

5795-518: The field of cartography can be divided into two general categories: general cartography and thematic cartography. General cartography involves those maps that are constructed for a general audience and thus contain a variety of features. General maps exhibit many reference and location systems and often are produced in a series. For example, the 1:24,000 scale topographic maps of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) are

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5890-551: The form of Alloa Tower, Tobias Bauchop 's House at 25 Kirkgate (1695), as well as later buildings such as Inglewood House ( c.  1900 ), Gean House (1912) and Greenfield House (1892). Carsebridge House, known locally as the Doll's House, was a B-listed two-storey house built around 1799 as part of the plan to establish the Carsebridge Distillery. It survived the demolition of the distillery buildings in

5985-424: The general public or as narrow as a single person. Mapmakers use design principles to guide them in constructing a map that is effective for its purpose and audience. The cartographic process spans many stages, starting from conceiving the need for a map and extending all the way through its consumption by an audience. Conception begins with a real or imagined environment. As the cartographer gathers information about

6080-571: The grouting of a large number of shallow mine workings. The project also involved the construction of a new bypass road, and a bridge which replaced a level crossing in the town. Alloa railway station reopened in May 2008, a short distance east of its former site, just beyond the location of the former junction to the Devon Valley line that served Tillicoultry and Dollar, and also carried through trains to Kinross and Perth. ScotRail now operates

6175-570: The land where the Alloa brewery once stood. After the closure of the Stirling-Alloa- Dunfermline line in 1968 and the Devon Valley Railway in 1973, the town had no passenger railway services for 40 years until 2008. The Stirling-Alloa-Kincardine rail link project was completed in May 2008. The laying of new track had commenced in September 2006 after much preparatory work, including new drainage works and

6270-401: The level of the River Forth , and 92 foot (28 m) above Alloa. It is considered the earliest constructed reservoir in Scotland, and was for many years the largest artificial lake in Scotland. The reservoir's dam, some 320 yards (290 m) in length, was reconstructed in hewn stone in 1785 at a cost of several thousand pounds; and extensive repairs were made in 1827, to avert concerns that

6365-471: The line. Besides the two high schools of Lornshill Academy and Alloa Academy , the town also has four primary schools : Sunnyside, Redwell, Park, and St Mungos. In addition to these, the New Struan School is an independently run day and residential school catering for children of both primary and high school ages with autistic spectrum disorders . There is also a OneSchool Global UK that

6460-718: The main industry to the north and east of the town was coal mining. Wool was also locally plentiful and in the early part of the 19th century, John Paton set up a small yarn-spinning business in the town, later establishing Kilncraigs Mill. Much of the Kilncraigs complex has been demolished but a four-storey Edwardian Baroque block of 1903–1904 survives, with an extension of 1936. The buildings were converted to Council offices by LDN architects in 2003/2004. Patons merged with J. & J. Baldwin of Halifax in 1924 to become Paton & Baldwins Ltd. The town itself continued to be known for its weaving and glassmaking industries well into

6555-569: The making of maps. The ability to superimpose spatially located variables onto existing maps has created new uses for maps and new industries to explore and exploit these potentials. See also digital raster graphic . In the early years of the new millennium, three key technological advances transformed cartography: the removal of Selective Availability in the Global Positioning System (GPS) in May 2000, which improved locational accuracy for consumer-grade GPS receivers to within

6650-451: The most accurate world map for the next three centuries. The map was divided into seven climatic zones, with detailed descriptions of each zone. As part of this work, a smaller, circular map depicting the south on top and Arabia in the center was made. Al-Idrisi also made an estimate of the circumference of the world, accurate to within 10%. In the Age of Discovery , from the 15th century to

6745-744: The name of Alloa but changed to its present-day name of Alloa Athletic in 1881. The team currently play in the Scottish Championship , formerly the Scottish Football League First Division , after being promoted as winners of a play-off with Dunfermline Athletic , the season after being crowned champions of the Scottish Football League Third Division at the end of the 2011–12 season . Their home games are played at Recreation Park in Alloa. Alloa's oldest newspaper,

6840-445: The only route to cartographic truth…". A common belief is that science heads in a direction of progress, and thus leads to more accurate representations of maps. In this belief, European maps must be superior to others, which necessarily employed different map-making skills. "There was a 'not cartography' land where lurked an army of inaccurate, heretical, subjective, valuative, and ideologically distorted images. Cartographers developed

6935-415: The paper is depressed compared to the margins. Copper and other metals were expensive at the time, so the plate was often reused for new maps or melted down for other purposes. Whether woodcut or intaglio, the printed map is hung out to dry. Once dry, it is usually placed in another press to flatten the paper. Any type of paper that was available at the time could be used to print the map, but thicker paper

7030-454: The port was coal with about 50,000 tons a year exported. In 1813 the first steamboat started to operate out of Alloa harbour. Rival companies later united into the "Stirling, Alloa and Kincardine Steamboat Company". In 1822 water was brought into the town and in 1828 a gas works was built. While building a road to Alloa Academy in 1828, an ancient burial site was found at Mars Hill, with several finds including two gold armlets. Alloa Academy

7125-492: The prints rather than having to create a new one. On the other hand, it is hard to achieve fine detail with the relief technique. Inconsistencies in linework are more apparent in woodcut than in intaglio. To improve quality in the late fifteenth century, a style of relief craftsmanship developed using fine chisels to carve the wood, rather than the more commonly used knife. In intaglio, lines are engraved into workable metals, typically copper but sometimes brass. The engraver spreads

7220-721: The range of applications for cartography, for example in the development of satnav devices. Today most commercial-quality maps are made using software of three main types: CAD , GIS and specialized illustration software . Spatial information can be stored in a database , from which it can be extracted on demand. These tools lead to increasingly dynamic, interactive maps that can be manipulated digitally. Field-rugged computers , GPS , and laser rangefinders make it possible to create maps directly from measurements made on site. There are technical and cultural aspects to producing maps. In this sense, maps can sometimes be said to be biased. The study of bias, influence, and agenda in making

7315-432: The same platform. The new railway opened for traincrew route learning in early April 2008, followed by the opening to the public on Monday 19 May 2008. This had been preceded by an official opening on 15 May 2008, where LNER Gresley K4 61994 The Great Marquess hauled four specials to Stirling. The return workings were hauled by Deltic 55022 Royal Scots Grey . Transport Minister Stewart Stevenson officially reopened

7410-408: The sheet. Being raised from the rest of the block, the map lines cause indentations in the paper that can often be felt on the back of the map. There are advantages to using relief to make maps. For one, a printmaker doesn't need a press because the maps could be developed as rubbings. Woodblock is durable enough to be used many times before defects appear. Existing printing presses can be used to create

7505-479: The sixteenth century, maps were becoming increasingly available to consumers through the introduction of printmaking, with about 10% of Venetian homes having some sort of map by the late 1500s. There were three main functions of maps in the Renaissance: In medieval times, written directions of how to get somewhere were more common than the use of maps. With the Renaissance, cartography began to be seen as

7600-475: The structure might fail and inundate the lower parts of the town. In contemporary times, Gartmorn Dam is used for leisure activities. The weir and lade remain in good condition. In 2013, Scottish Water spent £440,000 to maintain the dam headwall and improve emergency water level reduction systems. Alloa Alloa (Received Pronunciation / ˈ æ l oʊ ə / ; Scottish pronunciation /ˈaloʊa/; Scottish Gaelic : Alamhagh , possibly meaning "rock plain" )

7695-404: The subject, they consider how that information is structured and how that structure should inform the map's design. Next, the cartographers experiment with generalization , symbolization , typography , and other map elements to find ways to portray the information so that the map reader can interpret the map as intended. Guided by these experiments, the cartographer settles on a design and creates

7790-558: The time of Anaximander in the 6th century BCE. In the 2nd century CE, Ptolemy wrote his treatise on cartography, Geographia . This contained Ptolemy's world map – the world then known to Western society ( Ecumene ) . As early as the 8th century, Arab scholars were translating the works of the Greek geographers into Arabic. Roads were essential in the Roman world, motivating the creation of maps, called itinerarium , that portrayed

7885-459: The troubles of a coarse medium and so was able to express the looping cursive that came to be known as cancellaresca . There were custom-made reverse punches that were also used in metal engraving alongside freehand lettering. The first use of color in map-making cannot be narrowed down to one reason. There are arguments that color started as a way to indicate information on the map, with aesthetics coming second. There are also arguments that color

7980-634: The world as experienced via the roads. The Tabula Peutingeriana is the only surviving example. In ancient China , geographical literature dates to the 5th century BCE. The oldest extant Chinese maps come from the State of Qin , dated back to the 4th century BCE, during the Warring States period . In the book Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao , published in 1092 by the Chinese scientist Su Song ,

8075-515: The world from the Earth's creation by God until 1568. He was unable to complete it to his satisfaction before he died. Still, some additions were made to the Atlas after his death, and new editions were published after his death. In 1570, the Brabantian cartographer Abraham Ortelius , strongly encouraged by Gillis Hooftman , created the first true modern atlas, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum . In

8170-464: The world') are the medieval European maps of the world. About 1,100 of these are known to have survived: of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscripts, and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents. The Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi produced his medieval atlas Tabula Rogeriana (Book of Roger) in 1154. By combining the knowledge of Africa , the Indian Ocean , Europe , and

8265-400: Was built in 1824, being paid for by subscription. The Alloa Swing Bridge was opened to the public on 1 October 1885. The population was 5,434 in the 1841 census. After the improvements were made to the harbour during the 18th century, Alloa thrived as a river port through which the products of Glasgow manufacture were exported to continental Europe. At that time, and until the 1950s,

8360-522: Was first used on maps for aesthetics but then evolved into conveying information. Either way, many maps of the Renaissance left the publisher without being colored, a practice that continued all the way into the 1800s. However, most publishers accepted orders from their patrons to have their maps or atlases colored if they wished. Because all coloring was done by hand, the patron could request simple, cheap color, or more expensive, elaborate color, even going so far as silver or gold gilding. The simplest coloring

8455-527: Was forced to flee the country and forfeit his lands after disastrously backing the Jacobite cause in 1715. However, his brother was allowed to purchase the forfeited lands and future generations continued the tradition of creative industry by launching a glass-works in 1750 and laying one of Scotland's earliest railways (a waggonway) from the Sauchie mines to down to the harbour in around 1766. Before 1775,

8550-414: Was linked with Tullibody . The towns are now distinct, albeit with Lornshill in the middle, and Alloa is about twice the size of its north-western neighbour. The population of Alloa was estimated to be approximately 20,730 residents in 2016. Alloa grew up under the protection of Alloa Tower which may have been built before 1300 AD. The name of the town has had different spelling at different periods. In

8645-469: Was merely outlines, such as of borders and along rivers. Wash color meant painting regions with inks or watercolors. Limning meant adding silver and gold leaf to the map to illuminate lettering, heraldic arms, or other decorative elements. The early modern period saw the convergence of cartographical techniques across Eurasia and the exchange of mercantile mapping techniques via the Indian Ocean. In

8740-493: Was more durable. Both relief and intaglio were used about equally by the end of the fifteenth century. Lettering in mapmaking is important for denoting information. Fine lettering is difficult in woodcut, where it often turned out square and blocky, contrary to the stylized, rounded writing style popular in Italy at the time. To improve quality, mapmakers developed fine chisels to carve the relief. Intaglio lettering did not suffer

8835-490: Was one of five companies that combined to form the Distillers Company Limited in 1877. In 1902, a fire devastated the distillery, after World War I it was refitted and started producing yeast. This yeast production lasted until 1938. In 1956 the distillery was modernised, it expanded in 1966 and in the 1970s a new still house, cooperage and animal feedstuffs plant added. By 1980 the Carsebridge Distillery

8930-609: Was overtaken by atlas makers in the late 16th century. Map publishing in Venice was completed with humanities and book publishing in mind, rather than just informational use. There were two main printmaking technologies in the Renaissance: woodcut and copper-plate intaglio , referring to the medium used to transfer the image onto paper. In woodcut, the map image is created as a relief chiseled from medium-grain hardwood. The areas intended to be printed are inked and pressed against

9025-468: Was the largest grain distillery in Scotland, however it closed in 1983 and was demolished in 1992. One of the distillery's Coffey stills is now in use at the Cameronbridge distillery. After whisky ceased to be produced at Carsebridge, the cooperage remained as one of two owned by Diageo in Scotland. In 2008, 30 people worked there assembling or repairing up to 400 bourbon casks, imported from

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