Garut is a district and town in West Java of Indonesia , and the former capital of Garut Regency . It is located about 75 km to the southeast of the major city of Bandung .
63-585: The modern history of Garut started on 2 March 1811 when the Balubur Limbangan Regency was dissolved by Governor General Herman Willem Daendels because the area's production of coffee had decreased and the Regent , Tumenggung Wangsakusumah II, had refused a command to plant indigo. Balubur Limbangan Regency then comprised 6 districts: Balubur, Malangbong, Wanaraja, Wanakerta, Cibeureum and Papandak. The Limbangan Regency, which has now become
126-460: A British Airways aircraft carrying 248 passengers and 15 crew traveling from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia , to Perth, Australia , on 24 June 1982, accidentally entered the ash cloud at night, about 150 km (93 mi; 81 nmi) downwind of the volcano. All four engines failed due to the buildup of volcanic ash, and the aircraft descended for 16 minutes, losing 7,500 m (24,606 ft) of its 11,500 m (37,730 ft) altitude, until
189-661: A governor-general . From 1910 to 1945, Japanese-administered Korea had a governor-general . From 1905 to 1910, Japan had a resident-general in Korea . From 1610 to 1942 the Dutch appointed a gouverneur-generaal ("governor-general") to govern the Netherlands East Indies , now Indonesia . Between the capitulation of the Dutch East Indies in 1942 and the formal end of colonial rule over Indonesia by
252-450: A combined area of 149.81 km and an official estimated population of 482,890 in mid 2022. Governor General Governor-general (plural governors-general ), or governor general (plural governors general ), is the title of an office-holder. In the context of governors-general and former British colonies, governors-general are appointed as viceroy to represent the monarch of a personal union in any sovereign state over which
315-497: A constitutional crisis), the governor-general usually acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister (who is head of the nation's government). The governors-general are still the local representatives of the sovereign and perform the same duties as they carried out historically, though their role is for the most part ceremonial (or partly ceremonial). Rare and controversial exceptions occurred in 1926, when Canadian governor general
378-406: A few). It should be remembered that while governors-general do not normally take drastic action, he or she still has a responsibility to ensure that the constitution is respected and followed at all times. In many ways, the governor-general acts as an umpire/mediator (who must remain independent/non-partisan and objective) in the political scene. In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule
441-415: A governor-general, as governors-general are representatives of the monarch rather than holding power in their own right, but this has not happened in recent times. In Australia, the present king is generally assumed to be the head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as his "representatives". However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions,
504-604: A governor-general. In Brazil , after a few governors, from 1578 until its promotion in 1763 to a viceroyalty (though various members of the nobility since 1640 had assumed, without sovereign authority, the title of Viceroy). The equivalent term in French is gouverneur général , used in the following colonies: Furthermore, in Napoleonic Europe successive French governors-general were appointed by Napoleon I in: From 1895 to 1945, Japanese-administered Taiwan had
567-724: Is an active stratovolcano in West Java , Indonesia , around 80 km (50 mi) southeast of the West Java provincial capital, Bandung (or around 20 km (12 mi) to the northwest of the West Java town of Tasikmalaya ). Mount Galunggung is part of the Sunda Arc extending through Sumatra, Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, which has resulted from the subduction of the Australian Plate beneath
630-915: Is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government." These concepts were entrenched in legislation with
693-540: Is usually called Government House. The governor-general of the Irish Free State resided in the then Viceregal Lodge in Phoenix Park , Dublin , but the government of Éamon de Valera sought to downgrade the office and the last governor-general, Domhnall Ua Buachalla , did not reside there. The office was abolished there in 1936. In most Commonwealth realms, the flag of the governor-general has been
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#1732765377271756-554: The British Empire . Before World War I, the title was used only in federated colonies in which its constituents had had governors prior to federating, namely Canada , Australia , and the Union of South Africa . In these cases, the Crown's representative in the federated Dominion was given the superior title of governor-general . The first exception to this rule was New Zealand, which was granted Dominion status in 1907, but it
819-499: The Eurasian Plate . For the first time since 1982 after eruptions finished and conditions seemed normal, on February 12, 2012, the status was upgraded to Alert based on changes in conditions. On 28 May 2012, it was lowered from 2 back to 1 (On a scale of 1–4). Galunggung had its first historical eruption in 1822 that produced pyroclastic flows and lahars that killed 4,011 people. The last major eruption on Galunggung
882-465: The Garut Regency , was founded by Lieutenant-Governor Stamford Raffles on 16 February 1813. RAA. Adiwijaya, who governed from the 1813 until 1821, was the first Regent of the Garut Regency . He was well known as Dalem Cipeujueh. The town of Suci was originally the capital of the new Limbangan Regency. However it was thought that Suci did not meet the requirements of a capital because the area
945-645: The Imperial Conference , and subsequent issuing of the Balfour Declaration in 1926, the role and responsibilities of the governor-general began to shift, reflecting the increased independence of the Dominions (which were in 1952 renamed realms ; a term which includes the UK itself). As the sovereign came to be regarded as monarch of each territory independently, and, as such, advised only by
1008-654: The Spanish East Indies had a governor-general , which was under the Viceroy of New Spain based in Mexico . After the successful Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the governor-general reported directly to Spain . From 1899 to 1935 under initial military rule then Insular Government , the Philippines was administered by a series of governors-general , first military and then civilian, appointed by
1071-536: The federal government of the United States . The equivalent word in Portuguese is governador-geral . This title was only used for the governors of the major colonies, indicating that they had, under their authority, several subordinate governors. In most of the colonies, lower titles, mainly governador (governor) or formerly captain-major ( capitão-mor ), prevailed The Balkan Wars of 1912–13 led to
1134-585: The Commonwealth in the late 1920s, in 1929, the Australian prime minister James Scullin established the right of a Dominion prime minister to advise the monarch directly on the appointment of a governor-general, by insisting that his choice ( Isaac Isaacs , an Australian) prevail over the recommendation of the British government. The convention was gradually established throughout the Commonwealth that
1197-423: The Commonwealth. In Iran, the provincial authority is headed by a governor general ( Persian : استاندار ostāndār ), who is appointed by the minister of the interior . Until the 1920s, governors-general were British subjects, appointed on the advice of the British government, who acted as agents of the British government in each Dominion, as well as being representatives of the monarch. As such they notionally held
1260-519: The Dutch in 1949, no governor-general was appointed. While in the Caribbean, various other titles were used, Curaçao had three governors-general between 1816 and 1820: The Philippines from the 16th through the 20th century had a series of governors-general during the Spanish and American colonial periods, as well as the brief Japanese occupation during World War II . Beginning 21 November 1564,
1323-700: The Greek acquisition of the so-called "New Lands" ( Epirus , Macedonia , Crete and the islands of the eastern Aegean), almost doubling the country's territory. Instead of fully incorporating these new lands into Greece by dividing them into prefectures , the Ottoman administrative system continued in existence for a while, and Law ΔΡΛΔ΄ of 1913 established five governorates-general (Γενικαὶ Διοικήσεις, sing. Γενική Διοίκησις): Epirus, Macedonia, Crete, Aegean and Samos – Ikaria . The governors-general had wide-ranging authority in their territories, and were almost autonomous of
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#17327653772711386-473: The Ten Thousand Hills of Tasikmalaya attracted the attention of early-20th-century geologists . Houses were built on the hummocks since they provided good defence against hostile people, and being above the paddy fields were free of mosquitoes and rats . Originally, it was thought that either it had been formed by a lahar caused by the release of the waters of the crater lake , or that it
1449-541: The Viscount Byng of Vimy refused Prime Minister Mackenzie King's request for a dissolution of parliament; in 1953 and 1954 when the governor-general of Pakistan, Ghulam Mohammad , staged a constitutional coup against the prime minister and then the Constituent Assembly; and in 1975, when the governor-general of Australia, Sir John Kerr , dismissed the prime minister , Gough Whitlam (to name
1512-471: The capital. The committee then decided that a suitable place was about 5 km to west of Suci. In addition to fertile land, the place has a spring that flows to the River Cimanuk and is surrounded by mountains, like Mount Cikuray, Mount Papandayan , Mount Guntur , Mount Galunggung , Mount Talaga Bodas, Kandangwesi and Mount Karacak. When the site was first found, there was a spring nearby that
1575-717: The clergy, philanthropists, or figures from the news media to the office. Traditionally, the governor-general's official attire was a unique uniform, but this practice has been abandoned except on occasions when it is appropriate to be worn (and in some countries abandoned altogether). In South Africa, the governor-general of the Union of South Africa nominated by the Afrikaner Nationalist government chose not to wear uniform on any occasion. Most governors-general continue to wear appropriate medals on their clothing when required. The governor-general's official residence
1638-464: The colonial era plotted the beaches. Now, since 2006 Gunung Geder Beach is boosted by the Indonesian government to be a new tourist site. Gunung Geder Beach with 7 kilometers of beach has white sand near the sea and brownish sand far the sea. Alternative route besides through Garut is through Ciwidey and Rancabali . The urban area of Garut town ( Kota ) extends into three adjacent districts, with
1701-525: The crew managed to restart the engines and land in Jakarta. Three weeks later, on 14 July, a Singapore Airlines airplane with approximately 230 passengers aboard also inadvertently entered the cloud at night, and three of its four engines stopped. The crew succeeded in restarting one of the engines after descending 2,400 m (7,874 ft). Both aircraft suffered serious damage to their engines and exterior surfaces. A hummocky deposit known as
1764-610: The enactment of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, and governmental relations with the United Kingdom were placed in the hands of a British High Commissioner in each country. In other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status
1827-541: The first realms established with a patriated constitution, India and Pakistan , were established, was always law, and no government of any realm can advise the Monarch on any matter pertaining to another realm, including the appointment of a governor-general. The monarch appoints a governor-general (in Canada: governor general ) as a personal representative only on the advice of the prime minister of each realm; for example,
1890-486: The first three of which were then grouped anew into a new Governorate-General of Macedonia, albeit still subject to the Governorate-General of Northern Greece. This awkward arrangement lasted until 1950, when the administration of Macedonia was streamlined, the junior governorates abolished and only the Governorate-General of Northern Greece retained. Finally, in 1955, the Governorate-General of Northern Greece
1953-480: The flag was replaced in 2008 with the shield of the coat of arms of New Zealand surmounted by a crown on a blue field. Governors-general are accorded the style of His/Her Excellency . This style is also extended to their spouses, whether male or female. Until the 1920s, governors general were British, and appointed on the advice of the British Government. Following the changes to the structure of
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2016-406: The following: To facilitate the tourists who want to explore Garut tourism destination, there are tour operator companies who can be contacted. Garut is in a valley surrounded by various volcanoes. The most well known is Mount Galunggung which experienced a major eruption in 1982. Following the eruption, over 60 people died and much damage was done to the agricultural sector and infrastructure in
2079-542: The government in Athens. Law 524 in 1914 abolished the governorates-general and divided the New Lands into regular prefectures, but in 1918 Law 1149 re-instated them as a superordinate administrative level above the prefectures, with Macedonia now divided in two governorates-general, those of Thessaloniki and Kozani – Florina . The governors-general of Thessaloniki, Crete and Epirus were also given ministerial rank. To these
2142-554: The governor-general has occasionally been referred to as the head of state in political and media discussion. To a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor-general, or both—can be considered the head of state. A governor-general is usually a person with a distinguished record of public service, often a retired politician, judge or military commander; however, some countries have also appointed prominent academics, members of
2205-442: The governor-general is constitutionally the representative of the monarch in his or her state and may exercise the reserve powers of the monarch according to their own constitutional authority. The governor-general, however, is still appointed by the monarch and takes an oath of allegiance to the monarch in right of his or her own country. Executive authority is also vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by
2268-636: The governor-general of New Zealand is appointed by the king of New Zealand on the advice of the New Zealand prime minister, the governor-general of Tuvalu is appointed by the king of Tuvalu on the advice of the Tuvaluan prime minister, and the governor-general of Jamaica is appointed by the king of Jamaica on the advice of the Jamaican prime minister. In Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands,
2331-425: The governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Letters of credence or letters of recall are in some realms received or issued in the name of the monarch, but in others (such as Canada and Australia) are issued in the name of the governor-general alone. At diplomatic functions where the governor-general is present, the visiting diplomat or head of state toasts "The King" or "The Queen" of
2394-702: The governor-general with the power to assent or to withhold assent to laws, while Papua New Guinea has no requirement for royal assent at all, with laws entering into force when certified as having been passed in Parliament by the Speaker. Different realms have different constitutional arrangements governing who acts in place of the governor-general in the event of his or her death, resignation, or incapacity. The title has been used in many former British colonies or other territories, which became independent realms and then later became republics. Each of these realms had
2457-403: The governor-general would be a citizen of the country concerned, and would be appointed on the advice of the government of that country, with no input from the British government; governor general of Canada since 1952 and governor-general of New Zealand since 1967. Since 1931 as each former Dominion has patriated its constitution from the UK, the convention has become law, or, since 1947, when
2520-469: The ministers of each country in regard to that country's national affairs (as opposed to a single British monarch ruling all the Dominions as a conglomerate and advised only by an imperial parliament), so too did the governor-general become a direct representative of the national monarch only, who no longer answered to the British government. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated: "It
2583-537: The monarch does not normally reign in person (non-UK Commonwealth realm ). Governors-general have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, such as Japan in Korea and Taiwan and France in Indochina . In modern usage, in the context of governors-general and former British colonies, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies that became self-governing within
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2646-607: The monarch's commission, previously issued also under the Great Seal of Australia. The practice in Canada is to include in the governor general's proclamation of appointment, issued under the Great Seal of Canada , the monarch's commission naming the governor general as commander-in-chief of the Canadian Forces . Also dissimilar among the realms are the powers of governors-general. The Belizean constitution provides
2709-437: The nature of the office became an entirely independent constitutional representative of the monarch rather than a symbol of previous colonial rule. In these countries the governor-general acts as the monarch's representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state . The only other nation which currently uses the governor-general designation is Iran , which has no connection with any monarchy or
2772-495: The next decade, however, in a see-saw of legislative measures that in turn gave and took away authority, they gradually lost most of their powers in favour of the prefectures and the central government in Athens. Following liberation from the Axis occupation , in 1945 the Governorate-General of Northern Greece was established, initially with subordinate governorates for West Macedonia , Central Macedonia , East Macedonia, and Thrace ,
2835-567: The pond was named "Ci Garut" (the location of this pond now was occupied by SLTPI, SLTPII, and SLTP IV Garut buildings). The area around the pond was named "Garut". The name of "Garut" was approved by Regent Limbangan Adipati Adiwijaya to be made the Capital of the Limbangan Regency. On 15 September 1813 the development of capital facilities and infrastructure, such as residence, the hall, office assistant resident, mosques, and square
2898-518: The prerogative powers of the monarch, and also held the executive power of the country to which they were assigned. The governor-general could be instructed by the colonial secretary on the exercise of some of his functions and duties, such as the use or withholding of royal assent from legislation; history shows many examples of governors-general using their prerogative and executive powers. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, due to
2961-400: The prime minister's advice is based on the result of a vote in the national parliament. The formalities for appointing governors-general are not the same in all realms. For example: When appointed, a governor-general of Australia issues a proclamation in his own name, countersigned by the head of government and under the Great Seal of Australia, formally announcing that he has been appointed by
3024-581: The region. Other nearby volcanoes are Mount Talagabodas (around 2,200 meters), Mount Guntur (around 2,250 meters), and Mount Cikurai (over 2,900 meters). At the south of Garut there are more than 10 beaches. The most well known beaches are Santolo Beach at Cikelet district and Sayang Heulang Beach, the others are Cilauteureun, Rancabuaya, Taman Manalusu, Cijayana, Karang Paranje, Sancang, Gunung Geder, Pantai Cijeruk Indah, Karang Tepas or Sodong parat. They are located 94 kilometers from Garut and spread along 72 kilometers of south coast. Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn in
3087-469: The relevant realm, not the governor-general, with any reference to the governor-general being subsidiary in later toasts if featuring at all, and will involve a toast to the governor-general by name, not office. (e.g., "Mrs. Smith", not "Her Excellency, the Governor-General". Sometimes a toast might be made using name and office, e.g., "Governor-General Smith".) Except in rare cases (for example,
3150-489: The remoteness of the territories from London. The governor-general was also usually the commander-in-chief of the armed forces in his or her territory and, because of the governor-general's control of the military, the post was as much a military appointment as a civil one. The governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which is not generally worn today. If of the rank of major general, equivalent or above, they were entitled to wear that military uniform. Following
3213-566: The short story Paa Java from 1915 . The legendary film star Charlie Chaplin is said to have visited Garut twice. He is reported to have visited in 1927 and 1935, staying at the Grand Hotel Ngamplang in Cilawu region, a hilly resort around 3.4 kilometers from the city center. More recently, Garut is a centre of tourism in the region south of Bandung for hiking, hot spas, nearby lakes and villages, and so on. Nearby sites include
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#17327653772713276-523: The standard pattern of a blue field with the royal crest (a lion standing on a crown) above a scroll with the name of the jurisdiction. In Canada , however, this was replaced with a crowned lion clasping a maple leaf. In the Solomon Islands , the scroll was replaced with a two-headed frigate bird motif, while in Fiji , the former governor general's flag featured a whale 's tooth. In New Zealand,
3339-417: The year 1915, RAA Wiratanudatar replaced by his nephew of Adipati Suria Karta Legawa (1915–1929). On August 14, 1925, a decision based on the Governor General, Garut Regency government passed a stand-alone (autonomous). Gallery Garut was of importance even before World War II , being a hill station for the Dutch elite of the region. The Danish writer Johannes V. Jensen accounted his visit to Garut in
3402-720: Was added the Governorate-General of Thrace in 1920–22, comprising Western Thrace and Eastern Thrace (returned to Turkey in the Armistice of Mudanya in 1922). The extensive but hitherto legally rather undefined powers of the governors-general created friction and confusion with other government branches, until their remit was exactly delineated in 1925. The governorates-general, except for that of Thessaloniki, were abolished in 1928, but re-established in December 1929—for Crete, Epirus, Thrace, and Macedonia—and delegated practically all ministerial authorities for their respective areas. Over
3465-450: Was clearly displayed. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The monarch of these countries ( Charles III ) is in law King of Canada , King of Australia , and King of New Zealand and only acts on the advice of the ministers in each country and is ostensibly in no way influenced by the British government. Today, therefore, in former British colonies that are now independent Commonwealth realms ,
3528-536: Was crowded and quite narrow. Regarding this matter, Regent Limbangan Adipati Adiwijaya formed a committee to find a suitable place for the capital of the Regency. In the beginning, the committee found Cimurah, about 3 km to the East Suci (currently the village is known by the name of Pidayeuheun Village). However, in this place clean water was difficult to obtain so the place not regarded as suitable to become
3591-459: Was in 1982, which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4 and indirectly killed 18 people in traffic accidents and by starvation. This eruption also brought the dangers of volcanic ash to aviation to worldwide attention, after two Boeing 747 passenger jets flying downwind of the eruption suffered temporary engine failures and damage to exterior surfaces, both planes being forced to make emergency landings at Jakarta airport. One plane,
3654-590: Was man-made, composed of rocks and boulders dumped there after being cleared from paddy fields . However, in the light of the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980 and from examination of the Mount Shasta deposits, it has become clear that the hummocks are a debris-avalanche deposit. Like these mountains, Galunggung has a horseshoe-shaped crater indicating a massive landslide , and examination of shattered lava blocks revealed them to be similar to deposits on
3717-431: Was not until 28 June 1917 that Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool , was appointed the first governor-general of New Zealand . Since the 1950s, the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent non-UK Commonwealth realms . In these cases, the former office of colonial governor was altered (sometimes for the same incumbent) to become governor-general upon independence, as
3780-619: Was replaced to the Garut Regency and had a capital the Garut city on July 1, 1913. At that time, the Regent was RAA is Wiratanudatar (1871–1915). Garut city at that time covering the three villages, namely Kota Kulon (West City) village, the Kota Wetan (East City) Village, and Margawati Village. The Garut Regency covered Garut districts, Bayongbong, Cibatu, Tarogong, Leles, Balubur Limbangan, Cikajang, Pakenjeng, Bungbulang and Pameungpeuk. In
3843-480: Was said to have been surrounded by a small pond closed off by thorny scrub. According to local stories, one person in the group had his hands badly scratched by the thorns. A European in the team asked about the bleeding and was told that the problem was "kakarut!" The answer was misheard by the European visitor as "gagarut" rather than "kakarut". Team members of the committee thus named the thorny plant "Ki Garut" and
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#17327653772713906-499: Was started. In front of the hall, between the town square and the hall was gotten by "Babancong" where the Regent as well as the official of the other government gave the speech in front of the public. After the place was completed earlier, the Capital of the Limbangan Regency moved from Suci to Garut around 1821. Based on the Governor General Decree No: 60 dated May 7, 1913, the name of the Limbangan Regency
3969-800: Was transformed into the Ministry of Northern Greece , and all other governorates-general elsewhere in Greece were abolished. From 1636 to 1815, the king of Sweden typically appointed the governors-general of Sweden for the Swedish Dominions on the eastern side of the Baltic Sea and in northern Germany, but occasionally also for Scania . [REDACTED] Media related to Governors-General at Wikimedia Commons Galunggung Mount Galunggung (Indonesian: Gunung Galunggung , formerly spelled Galoen-gong , Sundanese : ᮌᮥᮔᮥᮀ ᮍᮜᮥᮀᮍᮥᮀ )
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