55-771: The Carrie Eliza Getty Tomb , located in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois , United States, was commissioned in 1890 by the lumber baron , Henry Harrison Getty, for his wife. It was designed by the noted American architect, Louis Sullivan of the firm Adler & Sullivan . Getty became familiar with Sullivan's work from the architect's various Loop projects as well as from the mausoleum (also in Graceland) Sullivan designed for Getty's late partner, Martin Ryerson. The Getty Tomb has been said to be
110-457: A Chicago Landmark by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks . Graceland Cemetery Graceland Cemetery is a large historic garden cemetery located in the north side community area of Uptown , in Chicago , Illinois , United States. Established in 1860, its main entrance is at the intersection of Clark Street and Irving Park Road. Among the cemetery's 121 acres (49 ha) are
165-655: A vault at City Cemetery , and were moved and reinterred on May 31, 1871, at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. A pamphlet biography of the pioneer lawyer was published in Chicago in 1880. In 1908, Garrett presented a portrait of her grandfather to the Chicago Historical Society . Butterfield's 1843 defense of Joseph Smith remained a key case in U.S. legal history as of 2013. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library announced plans in July 2013 to hold
220-567: A Chicago businessman, established Graceland Cemetery in 1860 with the original 80-acre (32 ha) layout designed by Swain Nelson. Bryan created it though a business partnership with William Butler Ogden , Sidney Sawyer, Edwin H. Sheldon, and George Peter Alexander Healy . Bryan was the inaugural president of the Graceland Cemetery Association, with Healy serving as treasurer. Bryan had been motivated to establish
275-404: A broad semi-circular archway . The voussoirs , emanating radially in long thin wedges, share alternating plain and intricately carved concentric bands. The twin gates as well as the door behind share a combination of geometric and floral details that incorporate the starburst seen in the upper patterned walls. The three other sides of the tomb house semi-circular, bronze-clad windows that mimick
330-558: A cemetery. In April 1860, the first burial at Graceland Cemetery occurred when Bryan's late son Daniel was reinterred. Graceland Cemetery was formally dedicated that August. Daniel Page Bryan's disinterment from City Cemetery was an early part of the a greater process of relocating the thousands of remains at the City Cemetery and transforming that site into a public park (today's Lincoln Park ). The remains of approximately 2,000 individuals were relocated in this process, which
385-540: A deal that would enable the fledgling venture to monetize the land grants and raise the necessary capital; the railroad's construction was swift, with rail-laying starting December 1851 and the work concluding in September 1856. The system presaged other land grants that would be integral to building later western railway projects and opening the American Frontier . At the height of his career, Butterfield
440-409: A new cemetery after being disappointed by the "neglected and actually repulsive condition" of Chicago's City Cemetery when his son Daniel was buried there. He sought to create a "rural burying ground, more remote from and worthy of the city [of Chicago]." However, he placed these ambitions on hold after Rosehill Cemetery was opened by a group independent of Bryan's efforts. However, after he was offered
495-522: A pleasure grounds declined in subsequent decades, however, as public attitude moved away from seeing cemeteries as appropriate sites for leisure. At the same time, the condition of the cemetery began to suffer from neglect. In the early 21st century, attention was turned to repair the cemetery and restore much of its 19th-century landscape. Graceland Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 18, 2001. In 2020,
550-434: A popularly visited site. Visitation became so large, that in the early 20th century its operators grew concerned that it had turned into too popular of a recreation grounds to the detriment of its character as a cemetery. For a period, it instituted a policy in which open admission to the grounds was only permitted on Sundays and holidays, with the remaining dates seeing access limited to ticket holders. Graceland's popularity as
605-478: A recreational area. A single mausoleum remains, the "Couch tomb", containing the remains of Ira Couch . The Couch Tomb is probably the oldest extant structure in the city, everything else having been destroyed by the Great Chicago Fire . The cemetery's walls are topped off with wrought iron spear point fencing. Many of the cemetery's tombs are of great architectural or artistic interest, including
SECTION 10
#1732790545930660-470: A rectangular pattern of octagons, each containing an eight-pointed starburst design. The cornice is banded with smooth limestone above intricate spiraling patterns below, and the top-edge of the roofline is straight and horizontal on the front and back and scalloped in a concave fashion on the sides. When approaching the tomb, the obvious focus is the ornate doorway. An intricately ornamented bronze gate and door, patinated green over time, are spanned by
715-570: A shallow canal could be dug out and completed from Chicago to La Salle, Illinois . Although Illinois taxpayers achieved a less-than-optimal resolution of the state's difficulties, the deal helped Butterfield establish enduring connections with New York bankers. Butterfield also practiced criminal law. In summer 1843, Joseph Smith , the head of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints , asked Butterfield to defend him in federal court. The Nauvoo leader had been arrested by Missouri peace officers on
770-440: A time when many viewed native plants as invasive . The Graceland Cemetery Association designated one section of the grounds to be devoid of monuments and instituted a review process led by Simonds for monuments and family plots. Simonds later became the superintendent at Graceland until 1897, and continued on as a consultant until his death in 1931. Graceland's attractive parklike appearance and elaborate burial monuments made it
825-534: A variety of charges related to the Mormons' time in that state some years earlier; in order to avoid extradition and possible lynching , Butterfield asked a federal court sitting in Illinois to grant habeas corpus to Smith. When Judge Nathaniel Pope granted this motion, Smith and his lawyer made a spectacular appearance in a Springfield, Illinois courtroom. Unrepentantly admitting to Judge Pope that his client
880-731: Is also the final resting place of 31 victims of the Iroquois Theatre fire , in which more than 600 people died. Six-year-old Inez Briggs , the "girl in glass" is rumored to be a haunted cite. Justin Butterfield Justin Butterfield (1790 – October 23, 1855) served in 1849–1852 as commissioner of the General Land Office of the United States . Appointed to this position in 1849 by the incoming Zachary Taylor administration, he
935-524: Is best known for having faced down, and defeated, another Whig candidate for the same job, Abraham Lincoln . In the General Land Office, he was one of the leading adopters of the railroad land grant system for financing the construction of long-distance railroad infrastructure throughout the United States. He was also one of the foremost Gentile defenders of the rights of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Illinois during
990-623: The Getty Tomb , the Martin Ryerson Mausoleum (both designed by architect Louis Sullivan , who is also buried in the cemetery), and the Schoenhofen Pyramid Mausoleum . The industrialist George Pullman was buried at night, in a lead-lined coffin within an elaborately reinforced steel-and-concrete vault, to prevent his body from being exhumed and desecrated by labor activists. William Hulbert ,
1045-482: The Democratic senator. Butterfield and Douglas, working together, adopted the "checkerboard" system , previously used for canal land grants, by which a strip of unsold United States public lands under the control of the General Land Office could be marked off in alternate squares. By re-conceptualizing this system for railroad development, strips of land could be drawn so as to lay over, along, and on both sides of
1100-410: The General Land Office temporarily retained fifty percent of the real property within each land grant strip; but these sections were retained subject to the understanding that the railroad construction would open these sections for settlement and frontier farmers would eagerly buy them up when the time came. The negative side of these transactions was that the public purse received minimal recompense for
1155-621: The Interior , and folding the Land Office into the newly created department. Taylor's choice for Interior Secretary, Ohio's Thomas Ewing , aggressively favored Butterfield for the position, and his wishes prevailed. Scholars have found pro-Butterfield letters of recommendation in federal files from prominent national Whigs such as Henry Clay and the Chicago lawyer's personal friend Daniel Webster , while similar letters written and signed by congressmen on Lincoln's behalf disappeared from
SECTION 20
#17327905459301210-531: The U.S. General Land Office, the agency responsible for accounting for and selling public lands on the American frontier . The General Land Office hired surveyors to map the lands for sale , and appointed local land agents to operate regional land sale offices. In addition, the position of the General Land Office at the fulcrum of what was then the American real estate business meant that its commissioner had
1265-632: The United States. Only the federal government could grant the Latter-Day Saints the space they needed to continue to develop their church. After Smith was killed in June 1844, Brigham Young led most of the surviving Mormons westward towards Utah. Although a Gentile, Butterfield's legal advocacy had played a role in the history of the Latter-Day Saints. By 1849 Justin Butterfield was a Chicago attorney with strong national connections throughout
1320-533: The arch and door details of the front. A plaster cast of the door was exhibited at the 1900 Paris Exhibition where it won Sullivan an award. Henry joined his wife in the tomb shortly after he died in Paris, France, on March 31, 1919 (date per his obituary in the Chicago Daily Tribune , published April 2, 1919). Their only child Alice was added in 1946. On March 10, 1971, the tomb was designated as
1375-531: The attractive job. The Springfield lawyer attacked Butterfield for being one of the least-partisan applicants, with among the weakest ties to the Whig Party. The Chicagoan's performance in office would confirm this judgment. On May 16, 1849, Lincoln wrote to Secretary of the Navy William B. Preston "When you and I were almost sweating blood to have Genl. Taylor nominated, this same man was ridiculing
1430-408: The burial sites of several well-known Chicagoans. Graceland includes a naturalistic reflecting lake, surrounded by winding pathways, and its pastoral plantings have led it to become a certified arboretum of more than 2,000 trees. The cemetery's wide variety of burial monuments include a number designed by famous architects, several of whom are also buried in the cemetery. Thomas Barbour Bryan ,
1485-510: The cemetery acquired an additional 35 acres (14 ha), and Ossian Cole Simonds was hired as its landscape architect to design the addition. Lathrop and Simonds wanted to incorporate naturalistic settings to create picturesque views that were the foundation of the Prairie style . Lathrop was open to new ideas and provided opportunities for experimentation which led to Simonds use of native plants including oak, ash, witch hazel, and dogwood at
1540-405: The cemetery was well outside the city limits of Chicago. After the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, Lincoln Park , which had been the city's cemetery, was deconsecrated and some of the bodies were reinterred to Graceland Cemetery. The edge of the pond around Daniel Burnham 's burial island was once lined with broken headstones and coping transported from Lincoln Park. Lincoln Park was redeveloped as
1595-425: The cemetery's landscape was damaged in a derecho (severe windstorm ) that uprooted 50 mature trees. The cemetery was closed for several weeks thereafter to clean up the damage. Young trees were planted to replace the mature trees that were lost. Graceland Cemetery is an example of a rural cemetery , which is a style of cemetery characterized by landscaped natural areas. The concept of the rural cemetery emerged in
1650-528: The checkerboard land-grant system invented by his two political adversaries, Butterfield and Douglas, to construct the First transcontinental railroad . Butterfield reinvested much of his legal fees in Chicago real estate, and left wealth to his family. His daughter, Elizabeth Butterfield Sawyer, and his granddaughter Ada Sawyer Garrett subdivided a family estate to develop what became Chicago's Logan Square neighborhood. His remains were originally interred in
1705-512: The city of Chicago, but across the state." He was one of the trustees of Rush Medical College at its incorporation in 1837. In 1841 he was named United States Attorney for the District of Illinois Butterfield practiced with Collins in 1835–1843, and then with Erastus S. Williams in 1843–1849. He played a key role in helping Illinois businesses, and the State as a whole, work out from under
Carrie Eliza Getty Tomb - Misplaced Pages Continue
1760-406: The construction of a trunk railroad line to span the state from Chicago to Cairo, Illinois . Butterfield's fellow Illinoisan Stephen A. Douglas , a Democrat elected to Congress in 1842, became the leader in this effort. Although Butterfield was a Whig officeholder nominally opposed to Douglas, his cross-party ties made it possible for the political appointee to develop a subterranean alliance with
1815-484: The early 19th century as a response to overcrowding and poor maintenance in existing cemeteries in Europe. In the 19th century, a train to the north suburbs occupied the eastern edge of the cemetery, where the Chicago "L" train now runs. The line was also used to carry mourners to funerals, in specially rented funeral cars. As a result, there was an entry through the east wall, which has since been closed. When founded,
1870-541: The effects of the Panic of 1837 . Specializing in debt restructuring , he and close associates developed legal language in 1843 to refinance the Illinois and Michigan Canal , a work of such magnitude that it had helped to drive the state of Illinois into default . By pledging to Eastern capital the half-excavated canal and much public land owned by the state, Butterfield obtained an emergency loan of $ 1.6 million, with which
1925-517: The enemy in Canada. He served the writ on the commanding general who was holding his client. The general evaded compliance, and Butterfield was branded as disloyal by the public. During the Mexican–American War he was asked if he opposed that war, replying "No, Sir! I oppose no war; I opposed one once and it ruined me. Henceforth I'm for war, pestilence, and famine!" Butterfield became one of
1980-461: The final period of Joseph Smith's leadership at Nauvoo . Justin Butterfield was born in Keene, New Hampshire in 1790. He entered Williams College at age seventeen; a work-study student, he simultaneously studied college-level courses and served as a schoolteacher, as was allowed by the laws of that day. Upon completion of his studies he removed to Watertown, New York , where he read law in
2035-525: The first president of the National League, has a monument in the shape of a baseball with the names of the original National League cities on it. Along with its other famous burials, the cemetery is notable for two statues by the renowned Chicago sculptor Lorado Taft , Eternal Silence for the Graves family plot and The Crusader that marks Victor Lawson 's final resting place. The cemetery
2090-626: The forces that blocked construction of the railroad. The Whig executive Butterfield, the Democratic senator Douglas, and the Whig president Millard Fillmore found themselves working together. The 31st Congress enacted the Douglas bill to grant alternate sections of land to the new Illinois Central railroad, and the new railroad was chartered by the state of Illinois in February 1851. Butterfield's banking connections had helped make it possible to craft
2145-406: The idea…If (Butterfield) went out of the city of Chicago to aid in (Taylor's) election, it is more than I ever heard, or believe." While Lincoln's friends at first believed that he had the inside track for the appointment, the result was a disappointment. At the same time as Illinois Whigs were competing for the commissionership, the 30th Congress was creating the new United States Department of
2200-532: The most significant piece of architecture in Graceland cemetery and the beginning of Sullivan's involvement in the architectural style known as the Chicago School . The tomb , which stands on its own triangular plot of land, is composed of limestone masonry construction. Roughly a cube in shape, the bottom half of the tomb is composed of large, smooth limestone blocks. The upper half is composed of
2255-524: The office of Egbert Ten Eyck . At age 22 he was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Adams, New York ; New Orleans ; and Watertown. He also married Elizabeth Butterfield née Pearce (1795–1863) of Schoharie, New York , and the couple had eight children. As a New York State attorney, Butterfield was a strong defender of civil liberties, acting for two defendants sued in separate cases of libel . Butterfield argued both cases before juries with separate defenses of
Carrie Eliza Getty Tomb - Misplaced Pages Continue
2310-403: The opportunity of developing many ties with East Coast banking interests that could serve each public servant well when the time came for him to retire to private life. Furthermore, the commissioner was paid the then-substantial salary of $ 3,000 per year. The Whig Party inner circles doled out key administration positions to political applicants by state, and it became known in early 1849 that
2365-472: The pioneer attorneys of Chicago at a time when the village at the foot of Lake Michigan was beginning to establish its supremacy over all of the other settlements of the American Midwest . A legal history of Illinois describes Butterfield as "one of the greatest lawyers of his time" and refers to the partnership of Butterfield & Collins, formed in 1835, as a firm of "very high rank, not only in
2420-407: The post of General Land Office commissioner would be awarded to a Whig from Illinois to be named later . At least four candidates, including Butterfield, Cyrus Edwards, Lincoln, and J.L.D. "Don" Morrison mounted substantial campaigns for the position. In addition, Lincoln claimed in his correspondence that he estimated that at least 300 Illinois Whigs had taken at least preliminary steps to apply for
2475-410: The presidency of the company that operated Rosehill Cemetery, Bryan became motivated to pursue his shelved plans to establish his own cemetery. Bryan purchased land for his cemetery from the heirs of Justin Butterfield , collaborated with a number of landscape architects to design the cemetery, and fought challenges from the owners of adjacent properties who opposed his plans to transform the site into
2530-517: The principle of freedom of speech . In 1835 the now middle-aged lawyer visited and established a practice with James H. Collins in the fast-growing frontier village of Chicago , and by 1837 he completed his casework in upstate New York. Butterfield had a colorful practice in New York. During the War of 1812 , he obtained a writ of habeas corpus for his client, who was suspected of communicating with
2585-490: The proposed right-of-way of a politically favored railroad. Alternate sections of public land were then granted to the railroad planners as a construction subsidy. The system was self-incentivizing; the land grants were almost worthless to the railroad and its builders unless they actually built the railway that was to serve the real properties contained within the grants. Under the Butterfield-Douglas system,
2640-486: The railroad he helped to organize, the Illinois Central, played a key role in the mobilization of Union forces against Southern Confederate armies stationed in western Kentucky and Tennessee. These Union forces operated under the commander-in-chief powers wielded by Abraham Lincoln, the Illinois lawyer Butterfield had once defeated. Mr. Lincoln also signed a series of bills, starting in July 1862, that utilized
2695-537: The same files, never to be seen again. Butterfield, appointed in July 1849, would head the Land Office for three years. Butterfield's connections played a role in 1849–1852 as the General Land Office made one of the key policy moves in the history of U.S. public lands. During the 1840s planning had commenced for the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad . The state of Illinois, which had little capital of its own, needed to raise funds for
2750-581: The then-dominant Whig Party. In November 1848, the Whigs elected Zachary Taylor to the White House, and now had the pleasant task of selecting loyal party political figures to the high-ranking positions of the incoming Taylor administration. Next to seats in Taylor's cabinet, one of the highest-ranking patronage plums available to the triumphant Whigs was that of Commissioner (chief operating officer) of
2805-421: The transfer of real estate that could soon see sharp increases in value. Concluded critic George Draffan: "The unfortunate checkerboard pattern of the land grants had begun during the canal land grant era, and continued with the railroad grants as a concession to opponents both of land subsidies and of interstate railroads." The adoption of the Butterfield-Douglas system made it possible, in late 1850, to unsnarl
SECTION 50
#17327905459302860-610: Was "May it please your Honor, I appear before the Pope, in the presence of angels, to defend the Prophet of the Lord!" Although Judge Pope issued a decision on the lines suggested by counsel Butterfield and released Smith upon these terms, the Mormon leader and his close associates began to realize that they could not practice their faith within the boundaries of any of the existing states of
2915-474: Was a fugitive , Butterfield proclaimed the supremacy of federal law over state law (a contested legal doctrine in 1843) and stated that he and his client had appeared in federal court to "plead for liberty, personal freedom, secured to every citizen in this broad land by the Constitution of the United States." During the trial, the gallery had a large number of women. Butterfield's witty opening statement
2970-480: Was completed in the 1870s. Graceland and Rosehill were the reburial sites of many of these remains. Graceland quickly established itself as a popular choice of burial site for prominent Chicagoans, with many opting to pre-erect burial monuments at the cemetery in for their future burials. In 1870, Horace Cleveland designed curving paths, open vistas, and a small lake to create a park-like setting. In 1878, Bryan hired his nephew Bryan Lathrop as president. In 1879,
3025-466: Was permanently disabled by a stroke . With the Whigs soon to leave power, he laid down his commissionership in 1852 and was replaced, in September of that year, by the nonpartisan John Wilson . Butterfield, the last Whig to serve as Land Office commissioner, returned enfeebled to Chicago. He did not resume the practice of law, and never again enjoyed good health, dying in Chicago on October 23, 1855. Ironically, only six years after Butterfield's death
#929070