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119-690: The site was originally built during the early period of the Mataram Kingdom of Central Java. Similar to the Dieng temples on the Dieng Plateau , Gedong Songo was erected out of volcanic stone and the two complexes represent some of the oldest Hindu structures in Java. According to Vogler – a scholar of Indonesian architecture and history, the Gedong Songo were built in the 9th century, about

238-589: A deeper philosophical meanings. Several philosophical idioms sprung from Javanese classical literature, Javanese historical texts and oral traditions, and have spread into several media and promoted as popular mottos . For example, " Bhinneka Tunggal Ika " , used as the national motto of the Republic of Indonesia , "Gemah Ripah Loh Jinawi, Toto Tentrem Kerto Raharjo" , "Jer Basuki Mawa Bea" , "Rawe-Rawe rantas, Malang-Malang putung" and " Tut Wuri Handayani " . American anthropologist Clifford Geertz divided in

357-533: A design beyond those found in Dieng group, and others such as Sewu, Srikandi, Puntadewa, Sambisari, and Ngawen where a porch was added by building a larger base. Gedong Songo temples, nevertheless, use the square principle, including the vertical direction. The cella are cubes ( garbhagriya ). Further, the same principle is applied in the multi-storeyed superstructure ( vimana , shikhara ). The Aihole - and Pattadakal -like experiments with Hindu temple architecture that

476-485: A hermit named Sang Prabhu Jatiningrat. The event also marked with the consecrated ceremony of Shiva image in Prambanan main temple. Boechari suggests that the enemy that challenged Pikatan was Rakai Walaing pu Kumbhayoni, a powerful Shaivite landlord and also the branch of the ruling dynasty as he claimed as the descendant of a king that ruled Java. King Lokapala (r. 855–885) was a patron of Shaivite Hinduism, "after

595-403: A hill protected by bulk of stone walls, this fortress hill is identified with Ratu Boko archaeological site. The eldest children of Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani was Rakai Gurunwangi Dyah Saladu. Eventually the revolt was successfully defeated by Pikatan's youngest son—the valiant Dyah Lokapala also known by his title 'Lord of ( Rakai ) Kayuwangi'. As the reward for his heroic deed and bravery,

714-556: A hundred years after Phase III Javanese temples such as Candi Arjuna, Sewu, Semar, Lumbung and other temples. In contrast, Soekmono dates these to the 8th century and places the Dieng temples to the 7th century. Williams, Dumarcay and others place the Gedong Songo temples closer to 780–830 CE. The Dieng and Gedong Songo temples are among the earliest phases of Hindu temples built on the Java island, they predate Borobudur and Prambanan , and show considerable influence from Indian Hindu temple architecture . The temples of Gedong Songo reflect

833-526: A mistake, as Jayavarman later revolted, moved his capital further inland north from Tonle Sap to Mahendraparvata , severed the link and proclaimed Cambodian independence from Java in 802. Samaragrawira was mentioned as the king of Java that married Tārā, daughter of Dharmasetu . He was mentioned as his other name Rakai Warak in Mantyasih inscription . Earlier historians, such as N. J. Krom, and Coedes, tend to equate Samaragrawira and Samaratungga as

952-571: A pacifist and a benevolent ruler. His successor was Princess Pramodhawardhani that betrothed to Shaivite Rakai Pikatan , son of the influential Rakai Patapan, a landlord in Central Java. The political move that seems as an effort to secure peace and Shailendran rule on Java by reconciling the Mahayana Buddhist with Shaivite Hindus. The rule of Shaivite Rakai Pikatan (r. 838–850) and his Buddhist queen consort Pramodhawardhani marked

1071-608: A phrase which means "Maharaja's kingdom in Mataram", as a form of mother personification which symbolises life, nature and the environment. The name of the Mataram kingdom was known during the reign of Sanjaya ( narapati rāja śrī sañjaya ) which states in the Canggal inscription , dated from 654 Śaka or 732 AD, that he ruled in Java island ( āsīddvīpavaraṁ yavākhyam ). Then according to Mantyasih inscription in 829 Śaka or 907 AD he

1190-520: A prince who had lived at the Sailendra court in Java, brought Javanese art and culture, including the concept of the devaraja , to Cambodia, laying the foundations for Khmer civilization. The centre of Javanese culture and politics was moved towards the eastern part of the island when Mpu Sindok (r. 929–947) moved the capital of the kingdoms eastward to the valleys of the Brantas River in

1309-530: A significant genetic admixture of Austroasiatic and Austronesian ancestries. Hindu and Buddhist influences arrived through trade contacts with the Indian subcontinent . Hindu and Buddhist — traders and visitors, arrived in the 5th century. The Hindu, Buddhist and Javanese faiths blended into a unique local philosophy. The cradle of Javanese culture is commonly described as being in Kedu and Kewu Plain in

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1428-533: A similar architecture to those on the Dieng Plateau, though they have less variation in form than them. Gedong Songo displays more emphasis on plinth and cornice mouldings. At Gedong Songo 3, an entrance is outlined by a vestibule that is decorated by guardian figures. Gedong Songo III is also a Shiva temple, one paired with a facing Nandi shrine and a Parvati shrine next to the Shiva shrine. Gedong Songo I

1547-573: A small minority identifying as Christians and Hindus . With a large global population, the Javanese are considered significant as they are the largest Muslim ethnic group in the Far East and the fourth largest in the world after the Arabs , Bengalis , and Punjabis . Javanese civilisation has been influenced by more than a millennium of interactions between the native animism Kejawen and

1666-669: A solar system based on the Hindu calendar . Unlike many other calendars, the Javanese calendar uses a 5-day week known as the Pasaran cycle. This is still in use today and is superimposed with 7-day week of the Gregorian calendar and Islamic calendar to become what is known as the 35-day Wetonan cycle . Throughout their long history, the Javanese have produced many important buildings, ranging from Hindu monuments, Buddhist stupa , mortuary temples, palace complexes, and mosques. Before

1785-533: A traditional Javanese name. Religion of Javanese Today, most Javanese officially follow Sunni Islam as their religion, first recorded instance of Islamic contact in Java is dated from 475 Hijri (1082 AD), as attested in the grave of Fatimah binti Maimun. However Islamic development only became more intensive during the Majapahit period, when they traded or made tributary relations with various states like Perlak and Samudra Pasai in modern-day Aceh . In

1904-465: A war challenging Pikatan's reign, the inscription, however, did not mention who was the enemy that challenged Pikatan's authority. The earlier historians suggest that it was Balaputra that rose against Pikatan, however, later historians suggest it was another enemy, argued by that time Balaputra already ruled in Srivijaya. The Shivagrha inscription only mentioned that the battle happened in a fortress on

2023-447: Is tempeh , a meat substitute made from soybean fermented with mould . It is a staple source of protein in Java and popular around the world as a meat substitute for vegetarians . Javanese do not usually have family names or surnames, with only a single name. Javanese names may come from traditional Javanese languages, many of which are derived from Sanskrit . Names with the prefix Su- , which means good , are very popular. After

2142-427: Is a rice served in the shape of a conical volcano , usually with rice coloured yellow using turmeric . It is an important part of many ceremonies in Java. Tumpeng is served at landmark events such as birthdays, moving house, or other ceremonies. Traditionally, Tumpeng is served alongside fried chicken, boiled egg, vegetables, and goat meat on a round plate made from bamboo called besek . A notable food in Java

2261-707: Is also reinforced through adherence to Javanese adat (traditional rules) in ceremonies, such as Slametan , Satu Suro , Javanese weddings and Naloni Mitoni . However, the culture of pesisiran of Javanese north coast and in Eastern Java demonstrates some slightly different traits. They tend to be more open to new and foreign ideas, more egalitarian, and less conscious of one's social stature. Some of these northern settlements — such as Demak , Kudus, Tuban, Gresik and Ampel in Surabaya — have become more overtly Islamic, traditionally because these port towns are among

2380-630: Is considered a traditional food in Surabaya in East Java . Gudeg is a traditional food from Yogyakarta and Central Java which is made from young Nangka ( jack fruit ) boiled for several hours with palm sugar , and coconut milk . Pecel , a type of peanut sauce with chili is a common ingredient in Javanese cuisine. It is used in various types of Rujak and Gado-gado . It can also be used as stand-alone sauce with rice, prawns, eggs and vegetables as Nasi Pecel (Pecel rice). Tumpeng ,

2499-504: Is described as Sanna's son, rather than his nephew. It also mentions that Sanna was defeated by Purbasora, King of Galuh , and retreated to Mount Merapi . So, to avenge the defeat of his father, Sanjaya attacked Galuh and killed Purbasora and his family. Afterwards, Sanjaya reclaimed Sanna's kingdom and ruled West Java , Central Java, East Java, and Bali . He also battled the Malayu and Keling (against their king, Sang Srivijaya). Although

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2618-658: Is due to the long history of Hindu and Buddhist influences in Java. Many Javanese in Indonesia are bilingual , being fluent in Indonesian (the standardized variant of the Malay language ) and Javanese. The Javanese language was formerly written with a script descended from the Brahmi script , natively known as Hanacaraka or Carakan . In addition, Javanese language can also written with right-to-left script descended from

2737-613: Is evident in the Dieng groups (Arjuna, Gatotkaca, Bima), became established in Gedong Songo as a Javanese style to inspire the numerous Hindu and Buddhist-Hindu temples that were thereafter built in central Java. The architecture and design follow the Indian sastras (Sanskrit texts on architecture), but no similar Indian prototype is as yet known to establish a direct connection between the Hindu temples in India and those in central Java, including

2856-556: Is highly possible her pedharmaan or mortuary temple dedicated by her son, King Lokapala or by her descendants. King Pikatan, Lokapala (Rakai Kayuwangi), and Watuhumalang ruled from their court in Mamrati or Amrati, they are known as "Amrati Kings". The exact location of Mamrati is unknown, suggested somewhere in Kedu Plain (modern day Magelang and Temanggung regencies ), located north from Mataram along Progo River valley. It

2975-511: Is seen as a symbol of development and prosperity, whereas tuber vegetables like cassava are associated with poverty. Javanese cuisine varies by region. Eastern Java has a preference for hot and salty foods, while the Central Javanese tend to prefer sweeter foods. A famous food in Javanese cuisine is Rujak Cingur , marinated cow lips and noses served with vegetable, shrimp prawn and peanut sauce with chili . Rujak Cingur

3094-477: Is the official calendar of Indonesia, while the Islamic calendar is used by Muslims and Indonesian government for religious worship and deciding relevant Islamic holidays . The Javanese calendar is presently used mostly for cultural events (such as Siji Suro ). The Javanese calendar system is currently a lunar calendar adopted by Sultan Agung in 1633, based on the Islamic calendar. Previously, Javanese people used

3213-550: Is the oldest surviving structure found in Central Java. The earlier kingdom linked as the predecessor of Mataram kingdom is Kalingga , located somewhere in Central Java northern coast. The story of Sanna and Sanjaya are also described in the Carita Parahyangan , a book from a later period composed around late 16th-century, which mainly describes the history of Pasundan (the Sunda kingdom ). However, in this book, Sanjaya

3332-466: Is the oldest, with a square plan – an architecture that is predominant in Hindu and Buddhist-Hindu sites of central Java. However, the Gedong Songo II through V temples are unusual and among the notable exceptions, as they have a square sanctum, but the plinth base has been extended for a porch, which gives it a rectangular shape. The architects of the later groups of Gedong Songo temples explored

3451-476: Is used instead of the more typically Muslim dome . These roofs are often multi-tiered and tiled. In addition to not using domes, traditional Javanese mosques also often lack minarets . The split gate from earlier Hindu-Buddhist period is still used in many mosques and public buildings in Java. Some notable examples of mosques using traditional Javanese architecture include the Agung Demak Mosque ,

3570-775: The Arabic script called Pegon . Upon Indonesian independence it was replaced with a form of the Latin alphabet . While Javanese was not made an official language of Indonesia, it has the status of regional language for communication in the Javanese-majority regions. The language also can be viewed as an ethnic language because it is one of the defining characteristics of the Javanese ethnic identity. Javanese intellectuals, writers, poets and men of letters are known for their ability to formulate ideas and creating idioms for high cultural purpose, through stringing words to express

3689-571: The Kalasan inscription , dated 778 and written in the Pranagari script in Sanskrit, the Kalasan temple was erected by the will of Guru Sang Raja Sailendravamçatilaka (the teacher of the ornament of Sailendra family), who persuaded Panangkaran (Sanjaya's successor) to construct a holy building for the goddess ( boddhisattvadevi ) Tara and build a vihara ( monastery ) for Buddhist monks from

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3808-730: The Khmer in Cambodia . Later the dynasty divided into two kingdoms identified by religious patronage—the Buddhist and Shaivite dynasties. Civil war followed. The outcome was that the Mataram kingdom was divided into two powerful kingdoms; the Shaivite dynasty of Mataram kingdom in Java led by Rakai Pikatan and the Buddhist dynasty of Srivijaya kingdom in Sumatra led by Balaputra . Hostility between them did not end until 1016 when

3927-617: The Ligor inscription , Laguna copperplate inscription and Pucangan inscription , the influence and knowledge of the Medang kingdom reached as far as Bali , southern Thailand , the kingdoms in the Philippine islands , and the Khmer in Cambodia . In 851 an Arabic merchant named Sulaimaan recorded an event about Javanese Sailendras staging a surprise attack on the Khmers by approaching

4046-755: The Majapahit Kingdom (14th to 16th century AD) in Trowulan , East Java . The complex covers an area of 11 km x 9 km. It consists of various brick buildings, a canal ranging from 20 to 40 meters wide, purification pools, temples and iconic split gates. The capital complex is currently being considered as a candidate for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Traditional Javanese buildings can be identified by their trapezoid shaped roofs supported by wooden pillars. Another common feature in Javanese buildings are pendopo , pavilions with open-sides and four large pillars. The pillars and other parts of

4165-579: The Mataram city located on Lombok island, currently the capital of West Nusa Tenggara province. The latter was actually the royal capital of the Cakranegara, a branch of Balinese Karangasem nobles that colonised Lombok in the early 19th century. Indeed, Lombok's Mataram city was named after the historic region of Mataram in Java, as it is a common practice for Balinese to name their settlements after their Javanese heritage. The earliest account of

4284-626: The Menara Kudus Mosque and the Great Mosque of Banten . The Kudus Mosque is also of note because it incorporates Hindu-style stone architecture. Rice is the staple crop of Javanese cuisine; a meal in Java is not considered a meal without it. It is also an important part of the Javanese cultural identity, differentiating them from residents of other Indonesian islands who eat sago (for example Moluccans ) and expatriates from western countries who tend more towards bread . Rice

4403-476: The Netherlands . The Javanese ethnic group has many sub-groups (based on native Javanese community on the island of Java) that can be distinguished based on their characteristics, customs, traditions, dialects, or even their respective ways of life. These include Banyumasan , Cirebonese , Mataram , Osing , and Tenggerese . The majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Sunni Muslims , with

4522-648: The Yogyakarta Special Region . The Sri sultan became Governor of Yogyakarta, and the Prince of Pakualaman became vice-governor; both were responsible to the President of Indonesia. The Special Region of Yogyakarta was created after the war of independence ended and formalized on 3 August 1950. Surakarta was later absorbed as part of the Central Java province. The Javanese culture is one of

4641-504: The perwara (ancillary) temples and stupas in Plaosan complex bears some inscription of anumoda ("rejoicing" through donation) such as Anumoda śrī Kahulunan and Asthupa śrī mahārāja Rakai Pikatan . Balaputra however, opposed the rule of Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani. The relations between Balaputra and Pramodhawardhani is interpreted differently by some historians. Older theory according to Bosch and De Casparis holds that Balaputra

4760-511: The 10th century CE. The move was most likely caused by the volcanic eruption of Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya . At the end of the 13th century, The major spread of Javanese influence occurred under King Kertanegara of Singhasari . The expansionist king launched several major expeditions to Madura, Bali in 1284, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and most importantly to Sumatra in 1275. He also extended Javanese involvement in

4879-479: The 1960s the Javanese community into three aliran or "streams": santri , abangan and priyayi . According to him, the Santri followed an orthodox interpretation Islam , the abangan followed a syncretic form of Islam that mixed Hindu and animist elements (often termed Kejawen ), and the priyayi were the nobility. The Geertz opinion is often opposed today because he mixed the social groups with belief groups. It

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4998-513: The 7th and 8th-century, they saw the temples there and then created a version best suited to the materials and terrain in Java. It is unclear which of these, and other variant conjectures, may be true and the historic trajectory of the central Javanese temple architecture remains contested. The Gedong Songo temples and other regional Hindu-Buddhist temples near it were active in the 14th and 15th-century, as evidenced by an inscription dated 1382 CE discovered in this temples complex, as well as others in

5117-691: The Abhayagiri Vihara inscription. However, later it seems to be converted to become a fortified palace or a citadel, which evidence in the remnant of defensive structures. King Panangkaran probably also responsible to the conception and laid the foundation for the construction of grand Manjusrigrha temple, as mentioned in Manjusrigrha inscription dated 792. The king, however, never saw the completion of this grand temple complex, as it finished in 792, long after his death probably around 780. This massive temple complex with total of 249 structures

5236-503: The Dieng group and the Gedong Songo. This has led to two major competing conjectures as to who built the original sets of temples in Java, and how did the systematic knowledge, schools and skill set to build ever more complex mega-temples emerge in Java. One hypothesis, supported by Jordaan, states that Indian artisans and architects were invited to Java, who then inspired the traditions and schools here. The other hypothesis, supported by Bosch, states that Javanese pilgrims went to India between

5355-515: The Indian Hindu — Buddhist culture, and this influence is still visible in Javanese history, culture, traditions, and art forms. The ancient Javanese kingdoms of Singhasari and Majapahit were among the most powerful maritime empires in the region, whose boundaries included most of Maritime Southeast Asia and parts of Indochina . Javanese heritage has created magnificent religious monuments such as Borobudur and Prambanan which are among

5474-657: The Javanese cultural heartland; those of highly polished aristocratic culture of the keratons in Yogyakarta and Surakarta — demonstrates some specific traits, such as particular concern with elegance and refinement (Javanese: alus ), subtlety, politeness, courtesy, indirectness, emotional restraint and consciousness to one's social stature. Javanese culture values harmony and social order highly, and abhors direct conflicts and disagreements. These Javanese values are often promoted through Javanese cultural expressions, such as Javanese dance , gamelan , wayang and batik . It

5593-567: The Javanese diaspora live there. Like most Indonesian ethnic groups, including the Sundanese of West Java , the Javanese are of Austronesian origins whose ancestors are thought to have originated in Taiwan , and migrated through the Philippines to reach Java between 1,500 BC and 1,000 BC. However, according to recent genetic study, Javanese together with Sundanese and Balinese has

5712-469: The Javanese realm was marked by the establishment of the Mangkunegaran and Pakualaman princedom. Although the real political power in those days actually lay with the colonial Dutch, the Javanese kings, in their keratons , still held prestige as the supposed power centre of the Javanese realm, especially in and around Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Dutch rule was briefly interrupted by British rule in

5831-543: The Maharaja of Srivijaya . The nature of Shailendras' close relations with the neighbouring Srivijayan empire based on Sumatra is quite uncertain and complicated. It seems that in earlier times, Shailendra family belonged within Srivijayan mandala sphere of influence . And for a later period of time, Shailendras' monarch rose to become the head of Srivijayan mandala. The shift that rendered Shailendras in return to become

5950-686: The Mataram kingdom is in the Canggal inscription , dated 732, discovered within the compound of Gunung Wukir temple in Canggal village, southwest of the town of Magelang . This inscription, written in Sanskrit using the Pallava script, tells of the erection of a lingga (a symbol of Shiva ) on the hill in the Kunjarakunja area, located on a noble island called Yawadwipa (Java) which had an abundance of rice and gold. The establishment of lingga

6069-502: The Prambanan-Klaten area, such as Sambisari , Kedulan and Barong . Also Hindu temples on the slopes of Merapi volcano; Lumbung Sengi and Asu are possibly constructed during this era. Several Buddhist temples possibly also constructed during his reign, such as Banyunibo and Sajiwan temples. The Buddhist temple of Sajiwan is connected to Nini Haji Rakryan Sanjiwana which refer to Queen Mother Pramodhawardhani . The temple

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6188-582: The Shailendra clan based in Srivijaya incited a rebellion by Wurawari, a vassal of the Mataram kingdom, and sacked the capital of Watugaluh in East Java. Srivijaya rose to become the undisputed hegemonic empire in the region. The Shaivite dynasty survived, reclaimed east Java in 1019, and then established the Kahuripan kingdom led by Airlangga , son of Udayana of Bali. In the early 19th century,

6307-479: The Shailendra realm. Panangkaran also awarded Kalaça village to a sangha (Buddhist monastic community). The temple connected to this inscription is the Kalasan temple that housed the image of Tara, and the nearby Sari temple that was probably functioned as the monastery. Panangkaran was also responsible for the construction of Abhayagiri Vihara, connected to the present-day of Ratu Boko . This hilltop compound

6426-680: The Sumatran branch of Shailendra dynasty and enthroned in Srivijayan capital of Palembang . Historians argued that this was because Balaputra's mother—Tara, the queen consort of King Samaragrawira was the princess of Srivijaya, this rendered Balaputra as the heir of Srivijayan throne. Balaputra the Maharaja of Srivijaya later stated his claim as the rightful heir of Shailendra dynasty from Java, as proclaimed in Nalanda inscription dated 860. The Shivagrha inscription (dated 856) mentioned about

6545-791: The Telahap (dated 11 September 899), Tiga Ron (30 March 900), Watukura (27 July 902), Telang (11 January 904), Poh (17 July 905), Kubu-Kubu (17 October 905), Mantyasih (11 April 907), Rukam (907), Wanua Tengah III (908) and Watu Ridang (910) inscriptions. Javanese people The Javanese ( / dʒ ɑː v ə ˈ n iː z / , jah-və- NEEZ , / dʒ æ v -/ jav- , /- ˈ n iː s / -⁠ NEESS ; Indonesian : Orang Jawa ; Javanese : ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ , Wong Jawa (in Ngoko register ) ; ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ , Tiyang Jawi (in Krama register ) ) are an Austronesian ethnic group native to

6664-467: The advent of Islam, many Javanese began to use Arabic names, especially coast populations, where Islamic influences are stronger. Commoners usually only have one-word names, while nobilities use two-or-more-word names, but rarely a surname. Some people use a patronymic . Due to the influence of other cultures, many people started using names from other languages, mainly European languages . Christian Javanese usually use Latin baptism names followed by

6783-428: The allied forces of the Portuguese and the Sunda Kingdom , establishing in the process the Sultanate of Banten . Demak was succeeded by the Kingdom of Pajang and finally the Sultanate of Mataram . The centre of power moved from coastal Demak, to Pajang in Blora, and later further inland to Mataram lands in Kotagede , near present-day Yogyakarta . The Mataram Sultanate reached its peak of power and influence during

6902-444: The art of Wayang kulit shadow play. The migration of Javanese people westward has created a coastal Javanese culture in West Java distinct from the inland Sundanese culture . Javanese is a member of the Austronesian family of languages and is closely related to, but distinct from, other languages of Indonesia . It is notable for its great number of nearly ubiquitous Sanskrit loans, found especially in literary Javanese. This

7021-423: The builder tradition of his predecessor. He continued the construction of Manjusrigrha temple ( Sewu complex), and according to the Karangtengah inscription (dated 824) responsible for the construction of Venuvana temple, connected to Mendut or probably Ngawen temple. He was also probably responsible for the conception and initiation of the construction of Borobudur and Pawon temple. Dharanindra ascends as

7140-412: The buildings can be richly carved . This architecture style can be found at kraton , or palaces, of the Sultanates of Yogyakarta (palaces of Hamengkubuwono and Pakualaman ) and Surakarta (palaces of Pakubuwono and Mangkunegaran ). Traditional mosques in Java maintain a distinctive Javanese style. The pendopo model is used as the main feature of mosques as prayer halls. A trapezoidal roof

7259-480: The capital city of Mataram has moved in Watugaluh ( śrī mahārāja makaḍatwan i bhūmi mātaram i watugaluḥ ) and Wwahan inscription 907 Śaka or 995 AD also reveals about the location of the new capital city of Mataram, namely in Watugaluh, this kingdom is still called Mataram ( mātaram riŋ watugaluḥ ), even though the center of his kingdom had moved to East Java. From that long period of time, until now it can be known again from various inscriptions that give an overview of

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7378-436: The capital from the river, after a sea crossing from Java . The young Khmer king was later punished by the Maharaja, and subsequently, the kingdom became a vassal of the Sailendra dynasty . In 916 CE, Abu Zaid Hasan mentioned that a polity called Zabag invaded the Khmer kingdom, using 1000 "medium-sized" vessels, which resulted in a Zabag victory. The head of the Khmer king was then brought to Zabag. Regardless of whether

7497-407: The capital in Mataram for a certain period. After defeating the usurper, Pikatan found that this bloodshed has made the capital in Mataram inauspicious, thus he moved the karaton (court) to Mamrati or Amrati located somewhere in Kedu Plain (Progo river valley), northwest from Mataram. According to the Shivagrha inscription, a public water project to change the course of a river near Shivagrha temple

7616-514: The capital of the Central Javanese Mataram kingdom is also part of the historical Yavadvipa or Bhumijava (the land of Java ), and the classical Javanese civilisation. The Indians collectively called them Yawadvipa , the Khmer referred to them as Chvea , the Chinese called them Shepo , Chopo or Chao-wa , the Arabs called them Jawi , Jawah or Zabag , and Srivijayan refer to them as Bhumijava . The native Javanese most often refer to their lands and country simply as Jawi (Java), while

7735-411: The central and eastern part of the Indonesian island of Java . With more than 100 million people, Javanese people are the largest ethnic group in both Indonesia and in Southeast Asia as a whole. Their native language is Javanese , it is the largest of the Austronesian languages in number of native speakers and also the largest regional language in Southeast Asia. As the largest ethnic group in

7854-433: The decline of the power of the Buddhist Shailendras in central Java." His reign seems to enjoyed a relative peace. The grand Shivagrha temple compound was continuously expanded and completed with hundreds of perwara (complementary) temples surrounding the main three prasada (tower) associated with the Trimurti Hindu Gods. It was probably during Lokapala's reign that several important Hindu temples were constructed in

7973-413: The discovery of numerous ruins of great monuments —such as Borobudur , Sewu and Prambanan —which dominated the landscape of the Kedu and Kewu plains in Yogyakarta and Central Java , caught the attention of some historians and scholars in the colonial Dutch East Indies . This spurred archaeological studies to uncover the history of this ancient civilisation. The history of the Mataram area as

8092-548: The earliest places that Islamic teachings gained foothold in Java. Javanese culture is traditionally centered in the Central Java , Yogyakarta and East Java . Due to various migrations, it can also be found in other parts of the world, such as Suriname (where 15% of the population are of Javanese descent), the broader Indonesian archipelago region, Cape Malay , Malaysia , Singapore , Netherlands and other countries. The migrants bring with them various aspect of Javanese cultures such as Gamelan music, traditional dances and

8211-423: The early 19th century. While short, the British administration led by Stamford Raffles was significant, and included the re-discovery of Borobudur . Conflict with foreign rule was exemplified by the Java War between 1825 and 1830, and the leadership of Prince Diponegoro . Like the rest of the Dutch East Indies , Java was captured by the Empire of Japan during World War II . With Japan's defeat, independence

8330-515: The exact location of this capital is unknown, probably also located within Kedu Plain. However, it is highly possible that Poh Pitu was located around the Poh inscription (905), in Dumpoh hamlet, Potrobangsan village , North Magelang district within Magelang city. After king Lokapāla 's death in 885, the kingdom underwent a period of political turbulence: the period 885–887 saw three different kings in succession: king Tagwas, king Devendra (lord of Panumwanan), and king Bhadra (lord of Gurunwangi). For

8449-400: The existence of an ancient kingdom called "Medang". Current knowledge of historical Javanese civilisation is thus primarily derived from: Mataram is the name in Sanskrit : मातरम्।, mātaram . Taken from the word मातृ mātṛ meaning "mother", has the same meaning as मातृभूमि mātṛbhūmi meaning "motherland". In the inscription it is referred to as kaḍatwan śrī mahārāja i bhūmi i mātaram ,

8568-513: The expansive warlike Dharanindra, Samaragrawira seems to be a pacifist, enjoying a peaceful prosperity of interior Java in Kedu Plain , and more interested on completing the Borobudur project. It was in these years, at the beginning of the ninth century, that the Khmer prince Jayavarman was appointed governor of Indrapura in the Mekong delta under Shailendran rule. This decision was proven as

8687-452: The fertile slopes of Mount Merapi as the heart of the Mataram Kingdom . The earliest Sanjaya and Sailendra dynasties had their power base there. Between the late 8th century and the mid-9th century, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture reflected in the rapid growth of temple construction . The most notable of the temples constructed are Kalasan , Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan . The Java valley

8806-510: The genus Phoebe . Until the reign of East Java the name Mataram was still found in inscriptions, including Turyan inscription 851 Śaka or 929 AD ( kaḍatwan śrī mahārāja bhūmi mātaram kita pinakahurip niŋ rāt kabaiḥ ) the capital city of Mataram is located in Tamwlang ( śrī mahārāja makaḍatwan i tāmwlaŋ ), later mentioned in Paradah inscription in 865 Śaka or 943 AD that the location of

8925-527: The greatest extent of Majapahit, making it one of the most influential empires in Indonesian and Southeast Asian history. Various kingdoms of Java were actively involved in the spice trade in the sea route of the Silk Road . Although not major spice producers, these kingdoms were able to stockpile spice by trading for it with rice , of which Java was a major producer. Majapahit is usually regarded as

9044-649: The greatest of these kingdoms. It was both an agrarian and a maritime power, combining wet-rice cultivation and foreign trade. The ruin of their capital can be found in Trowulan . Islam gained its foothold in port towns on Java's northern coast such as Gresik , Ampel Denta ( Surabaya ), Tuban, Demak and Kudus . The spread and proselytising of Islam among the Javanese was traditionally credited to Wali Songo . Java underwent major changes as Islam spread. Following succession disputes and civil wars, Majapahit power collapsed. After this collapse, its various dependencies and vassals broke free. The Sultanate of Demak became

9163-587: The help of invading Mongol troops in March 1293. Raden Wijaya would later establish Majapahit near the delta of the Brantas River in modern-day Mojokerto , East Java . Kertanegara policies were later continued by the Majapahits under King Hayam Wuruk and his minister Gajah Mada , whose reign from 1350 to 1389 was marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia. This expansion marked

9282-511: The historical event. Native Javanese mythology and beliefs composed in the Mataram Sultanate era (circa 17th century), but probably originating from an earlier period, mentioned a semi-mythological kingdom named Medang Kamulan , which in Javanese translates to "Medang the origin" kingdom. The kingdom is mentioned in the myth of Dewi Sri and also Aji Saka . This is probably the remnant of vague native Javanese collective memory of

9401-420: The kingdom seems to have been well populated and quite prosperous. The kingdom developed a complex society, had a well developed culture, and achieved a degree of sophistication and refined civilisation. In the period between the late 8th century and the mid-9th century, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture reflected in the rapid growth of temple construction . Temples dotted

9520-402: The landscape of its heartland in Mataram. The most notable of the temples constructed in Mataram are Kalasan , Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan , all quite close to the present-day city of Yogyakarta . At its peak, the kingdom had become a dominant empire that exercised its power—not only in Java, but also in Sumatra , Bali , southern Thailand , Indianized kingdoms of the Philippines , and

9639-588: The lucrative spice trade with the Maluku Islands . Following the defeat of the Melayu Kingdom in eastern Sumatra, Singhasari controlled trade in the Strait of Malacca . Singhasari dominance was cut short in 1292 by Kediri's rebellion under Jayakatwang , killing Kertanegara. However, Jayakatwang's reign as king of Java soon ended as he was defeated by Kertanegara's son-in-law, Raden Wijaya with

9758-479: The manuscript seems to be romanticised, vague and not providing certain details on the period, nevertheless the almost exact name and theme of the story with historical Canggal inscription seems to confirm that the manuscript was based or inspired from the historical event. Other than Gunung Wukir temple, it was probably during Sanjaya reign, that several Hindu temples were constructed in Muntilan and Mataram area on

9877-456: The massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD. Two important religious monuments are the Hindu temple of Prambanan and the Buddhist temple of Borobudur . Both of them are 9th century temples and UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Both are located near Yogyakarta in the slope of Mount Merapi. Meanwhile, examples of secular buildings can be seen in the ruins of the former capital city of

9996-406: The name of their nagara (country) is often based on their capital. The only foreign source mentioning Mdaη was found in the Philippines inscription , dated 822 saka (900). There are no comprehensive written records that have survived in Java except numbers of prasasti (inscriptions) written on stones or copper plates. These inscriptions most often recorded the political and religious deeds of

10115-399: The names of places and their hierarchy, namely Mamratipura and Poh Pitu. The name Medang then emerged from various inscriptions not only in Central Java but even in East Java. The name identifies that the Medang palace is located in the territory of the Mataram kingdom. The etymology of the name "Medang" might be derived from a local name of the hardwood "medang" tree which refer to trees of

10234-529: The new strongest power, gaining supremacy among city-states on the northern coast of Java. Aside from its power over Javanese city-states, it also gained overlordship of the ports of Jambi and Palembang in eastern Sumatra. Demak played a major role in opposing the newly arrived colonial power, the Portuguese . Demak twice attacked the Portuguese following their capture of Malacca . They also attacked

10353-487: The next seven years (887–894), the kingdom had no single ruler. Rival claims to the throne in this period are illustrated in Bhadra's stele of Munggu Antan (887) and Devendra's Poh Dulur inscription (890). After the short reign of Jebang, lord of Watu Humalang (r. 894–898), Balitung emerged as the leading contender for the throne of Java, and reunited the kingdom for the first time since Lokapāla's death. Balitung came to

10472-819: The northwest, through the Banjarnegara and Bagawanta valley region, the full length of the Progo valley—from Kedu to the south coast, the Yogyakarta-Prambanan-Klaten core region, the upper Solo valley and Gunung Kidul region, to the upper Madiun river valley and the slopes of Mount Wilis, to the Blitar and Pare regions of the upper Brantas valley, the Malang highlands and the Brantas delta in the east. Balitung prolifically issued inscriptions, among others

10591-402: The oldest civilizations and has flourished in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It has gradually absorbed various elements and influences from other cultures, including native reverence for ancestral and natural spirits, Buddhist and Hindu dharmic values, Islamic civilization, and to a lesser extent, Christianity, Western philosophy and modern ideas. Nevertheless, Javanese culture — especially in

10710-455: The people and many of Pikatan's state advisors urged that Lokapala should be named as crown prince instead of Gurunwangi. Gurunwangi's loss of favour in succession—despite being the eldest sibling, has raised a question among scholars. It was previously thought that the name Rakai Gurunwangi Dyah Saladu refer to a female character (princess), although it is more likely that Gurunwangi was a prince. This revolt seems to have succeeded in taking over

10829-519: The political landscapes in Central Java, that each are patrons of either Shaivite Hinduism or Mahayana Buddhism. Or more recently suggested theory, that there were only one dynasty—the Shailendras —and there was only the shift or split of royal patronage in favour to Hinduism or Buddhism. Panangkaran (r. 760–780) was an enthusiastic developer, he was credited for at least five major temple projects conducted and started during his reign. According to

10948-601: The region that date to 1449 and 1452 CE. However, it is unclear whether they were active continuously, or periodically re-occupied between the 8th and 15th-centuries. The site was rediscovered by colonial era Dutch archaeologists during the 19th century. All temples then were badly damaged and ruins scattered around the hill. The Gedong Songo complex has been considerably restored in recent decades. Mataram Kingdom The Mataram kingdom ( / m ɑː t ɑː r ɑː m / , Javanese : ꦩꦠꦫꦩ꧀ , Javanese pronunciation: [mətaram] ); also known as Medang kingdom

11067-425: The region, the Javanese have historically dominated the social, political, and cultural landscape of both Indonesia and Southeast Asia. There are significant numbers of Javanese diaspora outside of central and eastern Java regions, including the other provinces of Indonesia , as well as other countries such as Suriname , Singapore , Malaysia , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Sri Lanka , Yemen and

11186-693: The reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo between 1613 and 1645. In 1619 the Dutch established their trading headquarter in Batavia . Java slowly fell to the Dutch East India Company , which would also eventually control most of Maritime Southeast Asia . The internal intrigue and war of succession, in addition to Dutch interference, caused the Mataram Sultanate to break up into Surakarta and Yogyakarta . The further separation of

11305-471: The return of the Mataram Mataram court favour to Shaivite Hindus, instead of Mahayana Buddhism favoured by previous king Samaratungga. This is evident in the construction of grand Shivagrha temple compound in the Mataram capital, located only few hundred metres south from Manjusrigrha temple compound. Nevertheless, the inter-religious relations during Pikatan's reign seems to promote tolerance in

11424-427: The rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th centuries, Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in the Indonesian archipelago , especially in Java . As a result, numerous Hindu temples, locally known as Candi , were constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. According to local beliefs, the Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in

11543-531: The ruler of Srivijaya was unclear. Was it led by military campaign by Dharanindra against Srivijaya in Sumatra, or more likely formed by close alliance and kinship between the house of Shailendra and the Maharaja of Srivijaya. Arabic sources mentioned that Zabag (Java) ruled over Sribuza (Srivijaya), Kalah (a place in the Malay peninsula, probably Kedah), and Ramni (a place in Sumatra, probably Lambri ). Based on

11662-475: The rulers. The most common theme mentioned in inscriptions is the establishment of Sima (taxed rice cultivation land recognised through royal edict), and sometimes some portion or the whole of tax collected from this Sima land is appointed to fund the construction and maintenance of religious building . Nevertheless, some local legends and historical records, written on lontar —most often dated from later period—might also provides data and source to reconstruct

11781-571: The same person. However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, mentioned in Mantyasih inscription as the fifth monarch of Mataram kingdom. Which means Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira. Samaratungga (r. 819–838) was credited for the completion of massive stone mandala , the grand monument of Borobudur (completed in 825). Samaratungga just like Samaragrawira, seems to be deeply influenced by peaceful Mahayana Buddhist beliefs and strive to become

11900-445: The skyline of Kedu and Kewu Plain . Most notable of these temples are Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan temple. The Shailendras are known as ardent temple builders. King Sanjaya was a Shaivite, and yet his successor Panangkaran was a Mahayana Buddhist. This shift of faith, from Shaivite Sanjaya to Buddhist Panangkaran has raised problematic questions among scholars; whether there were two competing royal families that dominated

12019-512: The slopes of Mount Merapi, such as Banon, Gunungsari, Kadisoka and Gebang temples. Those Hindu temples are estimated was built during early Mataram kingdom era circa 8th century. The period between the reign of King Panangkaran to King Balitung (span between 760 and 910) that roughly lasted for 150 years, marked the apogee of Javanese classic civilisation. This period witnessed the blossoming of Javanese art and architecture, as numbers of majestic temples and monuments were erected and dominated

12138-475: The spirit of reconciliation. Their reign is credited to the construction and expansion of at least two of perwara temple and stupa in Plaosan complex, located east from Sewu (Manjusrigrha) temple. Plaosan temple with twin main temples is probably built and dated from an earlier period, probably started by Panangkaran, Samaragrawira or Samaratungga, but completed during Pikatan-Pramodhawardhani's reign. Several of

12257-556: The story was true or not or just a legend, it may have a connection with the independence of Cambodia from Javanese suzerainty in 802 CE. Zabag might corresponds to Jawaka/Javaka, which may refer to Java or South Sumatra. Dharanindra's successor was Samaragrawira (r. 800–819), mentioned in Nalanda inscription (dated 860) as the father of Balaputra , and the son of Śailendravamsatilaka (the ornament of Śailendra family) with stylised name Śrīviravairimathana (the slayer of enemy hero), which refer to Dharanindra. Unlike his predecessor

12376-451: The structure of the Mataram kingdom as already mentioned. The name "Mataram" was originally known in the 8th century as a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom then the name reappeared in the 16th century as one of the Islamic kingdom or known as Mataram Sultanate . As a result, the historiography of this kingdom is referred to as Ancient Mataram to distinguish it from Islamic Mataram. This historic Javanese kingdom of Mataram should not be confused with

12495-467: The throne on 10 May 898 and ruled for approximately 12 years. He centralised royal authority and restricted the autonomy of aristocrats, supported both Hindu and Buddhist foundations, and for the first time, incorporated parts of east Java into the Mataram kingdom. The historian Wisseman Christie described the extent of Balitung's influence: from the Cilacap region in the far southwest and Pekalongan in

12614-765: The world's largest temples. Javanese culture has a strong influence in most of the Southeast Asian countries. In Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore, the influence of Javanese culture can be seen in many aspects of modern Malay culture . Javanese culture has greatly influenced their traditional cuisine with many dishes such as satay , sambal , ketupat , nasi kuning ( pulut kuning ), and rojak . Kris weaponry, batik and ronggeng dance art, gamelan musical instruments, and wayang kulit puppetry were introduced to them through Javanese contact . Javanese culture has also spread widely beyond Southeast Asia such as Sri Lanka , South Africa , and Suriname , where many of

12733-541: Was a Javanese Hindu - Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries. It was based in Central Java , and later in East Java . Established by King Sanjaya , the kingdom was ruled by the Shailendra dynasty and Ishana dynasty . During most of its history the kingdom seems to have relied heavily on agriculture, especially extensive rice farming , and later also benefited from maritime trade. According to foreign sources and archaeological findings,

12852-437: Was actually not a religious structure; consist of series of gates, ramparts, fortified walls, dry moats, walled enclosure, terraces and building bases. This site displays attributes of an occupation or settlement site, although its precise functions is unknown. This led to a suggestion that this compound probably was served as the palace . Initially it was likely intended as a secluded hilltop Buddhist monastery, as mentioned in

12971-474: Was also difficult to apply this social categorization in classing outsiders, for example other non- indigenous Indonesians such as persons of Arab , Chinese and Indian descent. Social stratification is much less rigid in northern coast area. The Javanese calendar is used by the Javanese people concurrently with two other calendars, the Gregorian calendar and the Islamic calendar . The Gregorian calendar

13090-532: Was called by a different title ( saŋ ratu sañjaya ). The name of the Mataram kingdom was first discovered by epigraphy in Wuatan Tija inscription 802 Śaka or 880 AD ( dewatā prasiddha maṅrakṣa kaḍatwan śrī mahārāja i bhūmi i mātaram kita ). The inscription data mentions a number of place names as the center of government located in Central Java , including Shivagrha inscription 778 Śaka or 856 AD and Mantyasih inscription 829 Śaka or 907 AD. The inscription shows

13209-549: Was hailed as Wairiwarawiramardana or "the slayer of courageous enemies". The similar title also found in Ligor B inscription discovered in Southern Thailand Malay Peninsula; Sarwwarimadawimathana , which suggest it referred to the same person. Dharanindra seems to be a valiant and warlike character, as he embarked on military naval expedition overseas and has brought Shailendras' control on Ligor in Malay Peninsula. King Indra seems to continue

13328-414: Was home to thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in the massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD. At its peak, the Javanese kingdom had become a dominant empire that exercised its power—not only in Java island, but also in Sumatra , Bali , southern Thailand , Indianized kingdoms of the Philippines , and the Khmer in Cambodia . Jayavarman II ,

13447-575: Was proclaimed in the new Republic of Indonesia . When the Indonesian independence was proclaimed on 17 August 1945, the last sovereign Javanese monarchies, represented by the Sri Sultan of Yogyakarta , the Sunanate of Surakarta , Prince of Mangkunegara and Prince of Pakualaman declared that they would become part of the Republic of Indonesia. Yogyakarta and Pakualaman were later united to form

13566-557: Was suggested that Amrati might be located near the location of Wanua Tengah III inscription, in Kedunglo hamlet, Kaloran village, within Temanggung Regency . After being absent for several generations, the name "Mataram" reappears in Javanese inscription during the reign of Balitung, which probably signify the transfer of capital. King Balitung moved his capital from Amrati to Poh Pitu, and renamed Poh Pitu as Yawapura. Again

13685-535: Was the grandest of its time, and probably served as the official state's temple that conducted important stately religious ceremonies. There are some reports that naval Javanese raiders invaded Tran-nam in 767, Champa in 774, and Champa again in 787. The successor of Panangkaran was Dharanindra (r. 780–800) or commonly known as King Indra. He was mentioned in Kelurak inscription (dated 782) in his formal reign name Sri Sanggrama Dhananjaya. In this inscription, he

13804-561: Was the son of Samaratungga, which means he was the younger brother of Pramodhawardhani. Later historians such as Muljana on the other hand, argued that Balaputra was the son of Samaragrawira and the younger brother of Samaratungga, which means he was the uncle of Pramodhawardhani. It is not known whether Balaputra was expelled from Central Java because of succession dispute with Pikatan, or was he already ruled in Suvarnadvipa (Sumatra). Either ways, it seems that Balaputra eventually ruled

13923-560: Was the starting year of Sanjaya chronicle used in King Daksa's inscription far later in early 10th-century. According to Canggal inscription, Sanjaya established a new kingdom in Southern Central Java. And yet it seems to be the continuation of earlier polity ruled by King Sanna, Sanjaya's uncle. This earlier polity is linked to the earlier temple structures in Dieng Plateau , in the northern part of Central Java, which

14042-507: Was under the order of Rakai Mataram Sang Ratu Sanjaya (King Sanjaya Rakai (lord) of Mataram). This inscription tells that Yawadwipa was ruled by King Sanna , whose long reign was marked by wisdom and virtue. After Sanna died, the kingdom fell into disunity. Sanjaya , the son of Sannaha (Sanna's sister) ascended to the throne. He conquered the areas around his kingdom, and his wise reign led to peace and prosperity for all of his subjects. It seemed that Sanjaya came to power c. 717 CE; that

14161-729: Was undertaken during the construction of the temple. The river, identified as the Opak River , now runs north to south on the western side of the Prambanan temple compound. Historians suggest that originally the river was curved further to east and was deemed too near to the main temple. Experts suggest that the shift of the river was meant to secure the temple complex from the overflowing of lahar volcanic materials from Merapi volcano. Later Pikatan decided to abdicate his throne in favour of his youngest son Dyah Lokapala (r. 855–885). Rakai Pikatan retired, renounce worldly affairs and become

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