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25-525: Geel ( Dutch pronunciation: [ɣeːl] ) is a city and municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp , which acquired city status in the 1980s. It comprises Central-Geel which is constituted of 4 old parishes a/o towns: Sint-Amand, Sint-Dimpna, Holven and Elsum. Further on around the center are the parish-towns of Ten Aard (N), Bel (E), Winkelomheide (SE), Stelen, Oosterlo and Zammel (S), Punt (SW) and Larum (W). In 2021, Geel had

50-456: A hundred years earlier. This novel type of psychiatric care was evaluated by various other institutions around the world (see for instance Eastern State Hospital in Virginia), but often seen as too revolutionary to implement. It is only in the early 20th century that the idea of deinstitutionalization was adopted more widely elsewhere. Today, a modern psychiatric centre stands on the place of

75-537: A substantial population growth: 2,136 inhabitants in 1374. In the 12th century, the extended territory around Geel was given to the Grimbergen Abbey . It then became property of one noble family after another throughout medieval times. The noble lords or dames were masters of their community, but pledged feudal allegiance to the Dukes of Brabant . Some form of municipal government was granted to Geel as early as

100-484: A total population of 40,781. The total area is 109.85 km (42 sq mi). Geel’s patron saint , the Irish Saint Dymphna , inspired the town’s pioneering de-institutionalized method of care for the mentally ill. Archaeological finds in the area point to Iron Age settlements, but the name of Geel (until mid-20th century spelled as Gheel) hails from a Germanic root meaning "yellow" and dates from

125-575: Is also the home of the influential Brandweerinformatiecentrum voor gevaarlijke stoffen/Information Centre for Dangerous Goods (BIG) . Geel is twinned with: City status in Belgium City status in Belgium is granted to a select group of municipalities by a royal decree or by an act of law. During the Middle Ages , towns had defined privileges over surrounding villages. As

150-546: Is that people with mental illness are allowed to live their lives relatively freely, without being labeled as "broken" or " in recovery ". Geel is a regional educational centre with several basic schools and high schools. It hosts campuses from Thomas More University College and KU Leuven as institutes for higher education. The European School, Mol is in Mol, near Geel. Geel is a regional agricultural, industrial, and commercial center offering medical and educational services to

175-475: Is well known for the early adoption of de-institutionalization in psychiatric care. This practice is based on the positive effects that placement in a host family gives the patient, most importantly access to family life that would otherwise have been denied. The legendary 7th-century Saint Dymphna , who had fled to the Geel area from Ireland, is usually credited with this type of care. The earliest Geel infirmary and

200-464: The Catholic Church , they are now only established by papal decree. In the event of an episcopal vacancy, cathedral chapters are sometimes charged with election of the bishop's replacement and with the government of the diocese. They are made up of canon priests . "Numbered" chapters are made up of a fixed number of prebendaries , while "unnumbered" chapters vary in number according to

225-770: The Catholic University of Leuven . In 1795, the Duchy of Brabant was dissolved and Geel made part of the French department of Deux-Nèthes , the precursor of the present province of Antwerp. The nobles and clerics of the Ancien Régime gave way to a mayor, who was now answerable to the town’s people. Geel actively participated in the Belgian Revolution of 1830, resulting in the award of an honorary flag from King Leopold II . The 19th century also saw

250-459: The nobility strengthened their power over regions in feudal Europe, they bestowed on towns the rights to organize annual fairs, levy tolls or build walls and other defense works. Under the French occupation of Belgian provinces, these privileges were abolished and replaced by an honorific title of city (Dutch: stad , French: ville ). This was imposed upon the Belgian provinces by order of

275-630: The French Convention Nationale on 2 Brumaire Year II (23 October 1793). A number of towns lost their title of city. At the time of Dutch rule and incorporation into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830), some towns recovered their city title. On 30 May 1825, a royal decree was published and included the list of the towns that were granted the title. Even with Belgian independence (1831-) this list

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300-400: The body gathering for it. The place of such meetings similarly became known as the " chapter house " or "room". A cathedral chapter is the body (" college ") of advisors assisting the bishop of a diocese at the cathedral church . These were a development of the presbyteries ( presbyteria ) made up of the priests and other church officials of cathedral cities in the early church. In

325-516: The building of several new churches at the demand of the various parishes. A major occurrence in the history of Geel is the battle of Geel (also referred to as the "Gheel bridgehead") in September 1944, one of the heaviest and bloodiest fights during the liberation of Belgium. Eventually the territory of Geel, and the smaller villages around it, were finally liberated on September 23, but it had claimed numerous military and civilian casualties. Geel

350-399: The canons. The number of patients grew in proportion to the growing city’s reputation abroad and the economic benefits flowing to the city provided further motivation to the inhabitants. Attracted by the gentle care of patients, Vincent van Gogh 's father considered sending his famous son to Geel in 1880. The high point came in 1938, with a total of 3,736 placed patients, compared with only 700

375-654: The direction of the bishop. The chapters were originally led by the cathedral's archdeacon but, since the 11th century, have been directed by a dean or provost . In the Catholic Church , the chapter appoints its own treasurer, secretary, and sacristan and – since the Council of Trent – canon theologian and canon penitentiary . The same council approved of other local offices, which might include precentors , chamberlains ( camerarii ) , almoners ( eleemosynarii ) , hospitalarii , portarii , primicerii , or custodes . Canons are sometimes given

400-534: The early Middle Ages. A hamlet already existed in the mid-13th century, at which time a certain Petrus Cameracencis, canon of Cambrai , wrote the Vitae Dymphnae et S. Gereberni presbiteri (English: Life of Dymphna and St. Gerebern priest) about an Irish woman and her tutor set in Geel according to oral tradition . The cult of the saint attracted numerous pilgrims to the area, leading to

425-516: The first half of the 13th century. Throughout the Middle Ages to the end of the 18th century, the history of Geel follows that of the Duchy of Brabant . During all this time, the economy of the city depended on the breeding of sheep for the cloth industry, complemented by the cultivation of flax for the manufacture and trade of linen. A cloth hall was built at the beginning of the 15th century, which

450-529: The functions of punctator and hebdomadarius as well. In the Church of England , the chapter includes lay members, a chancellor who oversees its educational functions, and a precentor who oversees its musical services. Some Church of England cathedrals have "lesser" and "greater" chapters with separate functions. In the US Episcopal Church , the chapter is a meeting of those with

475-473: The habit of convening monks or canons for the reading of a chapter of the Bible or a heading of the order 's rule . The 6th-century St Benedict directed that his monks begin their daily assemblies with such readings, and over time expressions such as "coming together for the chapter" ( convenire ad capitulum ) found their meaning transferred from the text to the meeting itself and then to

500-403: The model where patients go into town, interact with the community during the day, and return to the hospital at night to sleep, date from the 13th century. Originally, this practice was religiously motivated and organized by a chapter of canons , attached to the church of Saint Dymphna. By the 18th century, however, the placement of patients was mostly done directly, without the intervention of

525-532: The neighboring communities. The city is the location of a Janssen Pharmaceutica chemical factory and a production site for the biotech company Genzyme . It also hosts the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements , which is one of the seven scientific institutes of the European Commission 's Joint Research Centre . Innotek a technology centre and CIPAL are located in Geel. The town

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550-486: The old infirmary, and close to 500 patients are still placed with inhabitants. The fact that people with mental illness are living with relatively non-judgmental (formerly) strangers and not with family members has been cited as a partial explanation of the success of this model, because it creates an environment that avoids emotional over-involvement, critical comments, and hostility (measured collectively in psychiatry as " expressed emotion "). Another aspect cited as helpful

575-404: The responsibilities of a vestry for a cathedral church. A collegiate chapter is a similar body of canons who oversee a collegiate church other than a cathedral. A general chapter is a general assembly of monks, typically composed of representatives from all the monasteries of an order or congregation . The equivalent meetings of provincial representatives of Franciscan orders is called

600-485: Was later transformed into the city hall. The Eighty Years' War greatly damaged the Geel economy as well as its buildings and churches. The textile industry recovered to last until the early 19th century, but the economy was now mostly supported by agriculture, specifically rye, oat, barley, and buckwheat. Geel was also known at that time for its Latin School, which attracted students from far away to prepare them for entry at

625-481: Was scarcely changed. After the merging of municipalities throughout Belgium in 1977, some towns had the opportunity to apply for the title of city . The request had to be based on historical facts such as having the title before the French occupation or during the Middle Ages or had to be based on the development of a high population in their urban centres. 44 towns were granted the title of city between 1982 and 1999. Chapter (religion) The name derives from

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