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87-574: While the main chapel was built in 1215, the monastery complex was founded in the 4th century by Gregory the Illuminator at the site of a sacred spring inside a cave. The monastery had thus been originally named Ayrivank (Այրիվանք), meaning "the Monastery of the Cave". The name commonly used for the monastery today, Geghard, or more fully Geghardavank (Գեղարդավանք), meaning "the Monastery of

174-475: A "small cape" ( Latin : cappella ). The beggar, the stories claim, was Christ in disguise, and Martin experienced a conversion of heart, becoming first a monk, then abbot, then bishop. This cape came into the possession of the Frankish kings, and they kept the relic with them as they did battle. The tent which kept the cape was called the capella and the priests who said daily Mass in the tent were known as

261-553: A building. Most larger churches had one or more secondary altars which, if they occupied a distinct space, would often be called a chapel. In Russian Orthodox tradition, the chapels were built underneath city gates, where most people could visit them; a famous example is the Iberian Chapel . Although chapels frequently refer to Christian places of worship, they are also found in Jewish synagogues and do not necessarily denote

348-496: A diminutive of cappa , meaning "little cape") is a Christian place of prayer and worship that is usually relatively small. The term has several meanings. First, smaller spaces inside a church that have their own altar are often called chapels; the Lady chapel is a common type of these. Second, a chapel is a place of worship, sometimes interfaith , that is part of a building, complex, or vessel with some other main purpose, such as

435-409: A goat is found at the butt of the altar stair. Men's figures are found on a khachkar left of the altar apse. The man with a staff in his right hand and in the same attitude as that of the figures on the portal may be Prince Prosh, a founder of the church. Another figure, holding a spear in the left hand, point down, and blowing an uplifted horn, is depicted almost in profile. The "Upper Zhamatun" ,

522-588: A lamb in its claws. This is likely the coat-of-arms of the Proshian Princes. The reliefs of the eastern wall are no less picturesque. The entrances to a small chapel and to Astvatsatsin church have rectangular platbands connected by two relief crosses. Cut on the portals of the chapel are sirens (fantasy harpy-like birds with women's crowned heads) and on the church walls there appear human figures with their elbows bent, wearing long attires and having nimbuses around their heads. These are probably members of

609-515: A larger church are holy areas set aside for some specific use or purpose: for instance, many cathedrals and large churches have a " Lady chapel " in the apse, dedicated to the Virgin Mary ; parish churches may have such a Lady chapel in a side aisle or a "chapel of Reservation" or " Blessed Sacrament chapel" where the consecrated bread of the Eucharist is kept in reserve between services, for

696-424: A letter to Jesus seeking a cure for an illness afflicting him. With the letter he sent his envoy Hannan , the keeper of the archives, offering his own home city to Jesus as a safe dwelling place. The envoy painted a likeness of Jesus with choice paints (or alternatively, impressed with Abgar's faith, Jesus pressed his face into a cloth and gave it to Hannan ) to take to Abgar with his answer. Upon seeing Jesus' image,

783-410: A parish church. This may be a private chapel, for the use of one person or a select group (a bishop's private chapel, or the chapel of a convent, for instance); a semi-public oratory, which is partially available to the general public (a seminary chapel that welcomes visitors to services, for instance); or a public oratory (for instance, a hospital or university chapel). Chapels that are built as part of

870-647: A pilgrimage in the United States, making stops in 100 cities. According to another popular tradition, the remains of Jude were preserved in an Armenian monastery on an island in the northern part of Issyk-Kul Lake in Kyrgyzstan at least until the mid-15th century. A plain ossuary marked with the inscription "Judas Thaddaeus" ( Ιουδας Θαδδαιου ) was found in Kefar Barukh , Jezreel Valley , alongside fragments of four uninscribed ossuaries. The site

957-553: A popular place of pilgrimage for Armenian Christians over many centuries. Relics of the Apostles Andrew and John were donated in the 12th century, and pious visitors made numerous grants of land, money, manuscripts, etc., over the succeeding centuries. In one of the cave cells there lived, in the 13th century, Mkhitar Ayrivanetsi , the well-known Armenian historian. No works of applied art have survived in Geghard, except for

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1044-473: A prince; or Thadee is said of Thadea, that is a vesture, and of Deus, that is God, for he was vesture royal of God by ornament of virtues, by which he took Christ the prince. He is said also in the History Ecclesiastic, Lebbæus, which is as much to say as heart, or worshipper of heart. Or he is said Lebbæus of lebes, that is a vessel of heart by great hardiness, or a worshipper of heart by purity,

1131-439: A school, college, hospital, palace or large aristocratic house, castle, barracks , prison , funeral home , hotel, airport, or a military or commercial ship. Third, chapels are small places of worship, built as satellite sites by a church or monastery, for example in remote areas; these are often called a chapel of ease . A feature of all these types is that often no clergy were permanently resident or specifically attached to

1218-607: A series of chapels hewn into the rock dates from the mid-13th century following the purchase of the monastery by Prince Prosh Khaghbakian , vassal of the Zakarians and founder of the Proshian principality . Over a short period the Proshyans built the cave structures which brought Geghard well-merited fame — the second cave church, the family sepulcher of zhamatun Papak and Ruzukan, a hall for gatherings and studies (collapsed in

1305-579: A small ecclesiastical presence, the site is still a major place of pilgrimage. The monastery was famous because of the relics that it housed. The most celebrated of these was the spear which had wounded Christ on the Cross, allegedly brought there by the Apostle Thaddeus , from which comes its present name, Geghard-avank ("the Monastery of the Spear"), first recorded in a document of 1250. This made it

1392-479: A specific denomination. In England—where the Church of England is established by law— interdenominational or interfaith chapels in such institutions may be consecrated by the local Anglican bishop. Chapels that are not affiliated with a particular denomination are commonly encountered as part of a non-religious institution such as a hospital, airport, university or prison. Many military installations have chapels for

1479-523: A vessel by plenitude of grace, for he deserved to be a vessel of virtues and a caldron of grace. In the same work, Simon Cananean and Judas Thaddeus are described as siblings of James the Less and sons of Mary of Clopas , who was married to Alpheus . The Epistle of Saint Jude is usually attributed to the Apostle Jude, and is a short piece. Some statues of Saint Jude include the letter (such as

1566-642: Is St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee , which has helped many children with terminal illnesses and their families since its founding in 1962. Many countries venerate the Apostle Jude and have constructed shrines or churches dedicated to his memory. Such sites include those in Australia, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Cuba, India, Iran, the Philippines, New Zealand, the United Kingdom,

1653-492: Is a table for ritual animal offerings (matagh), and a bridge over the stream. The one- and two-storey residential and service structures situated on the perimeter of the monastery's yard were repeatedly reconstructed, sometimes from their foundations, as happened in the 17th century and in 1968–1971. It is known that most of the monks lived in cells excavated into the rock-face outside the main enceinte, which have been preserved, along with some simple oratories. The rock-faces over

1740-431: Is decorated, with a circular opening in the centre. The walls have relief decoration depicting animals, warriors, crosses, and floral motifs. Apart from stalactites in the shape of trefoils and quatrefoils , the decoration of Astvatsatsin church features ornaments of rosettes and various geometrical figures. The front wall of the altar dais is decorated with a pattern of squares and diamonds. A realistic representation of

1827-640: Is divided on whether Jude the apostle was also Jude, brother of Jesus , the traditional author of the Epistle of Jude . Generally, Catholics believe the two Judes are the same person. According to the surviving fragments of the work Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord of the Apostolic Father Papias of Hierapolis , who lived c. 70–163 AD, Mary the wife of Cleophas or Alphaeus would be

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1914-490: Is sometimes used as an adjective in England and Wales to describe members of such churches: for example in the sentence, "I'm Chapel." While the word chapel is not exclusively limited to Christian terminology, it is most often found in that context. Nonetheless, the word's meaning can vary by denomination, and non-denominational chapels (sometimes called "meditation rooms") can be found in many hospitals, airports, and even

2001-770: Is the Saint Thaddeus Monastery (now in northern Iran) and Saint Bartholomew Monastery (now in southeastern Turkey) which were both constructed in what was then Armenia. On October 4, 2015, the Catholicos of All Armenians Karekin II , consecrated the Saint Thaddeus Church in Masis, Armenia . The construction site of the Church was chosen by Vazgen I , the Catholicos of All Armenians, in 1991 and

2088-552: The Douay-Rheims versions call him "Judas the brother of James", making him the same person as the writer of the Epistle of Jude , who identifies himself as "Jude, the servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James" (Jude 1:1). Most modern translations (including the New International Version , Revised Standard Version and New Revised Standard Version ), identify him as "Jude the son of James", and not

2175-561: The Eastern Orthodox Church . The Order of Preachers (better known as the Dominicans) began working in present-day Armenia soon after their founding in 1216. At that time, there was already a substantial devotion to Saint Jude by both Catholic and Orthodox Christians in the area. This lasted until Muslim persecution drove Christians from the area in the 18th century. Devotion to Saint Jude began again in earnest in

2262-650: The King James Version ) listed in his place. This has led many Christians since early times to harmonize the lists by positing a "Jude Thaddeus", known by either name. This is made plausible by the fact that a number of New Testament figures have multiple names (such as Simon Peter and Joseph Barnabas ). It has been argued that the name "Judas" was tarnished by Judas Iscariot and for this reason Mark and Matthew referred to him by an alternative name. Some Biblical scholars reject this theory, however, holding that Jude Iscariot and Jude Thaddeus did not represent

2349-566: The New Testament , which in turn is a Greek variant of Judah ( Y'hudah ), a name which was common among Jews at the time. In most Bibles in languages other than English and French, Jude and Judas are referred to by the same name. Aside from Judas Iscariot, the New Testament mentions Jude or Judas six times, in four different contexts: Protestants generally believe 1 and 2 to be one person, although theologian Raymond Brown saw

2436-492: The Seventy Apostles ) in the Eastern Orthodox Church . Among some Roman Catholics, Jude is venerated as the " patron saint of hopeless causes". This practice is said to stem from the belief that few Christians invoked him for misplaced fear of praying to Christ's betrayer, Judas Iscariot , because of their similar names. The ignored Jude thus supposedly became quite eager to assist anyone who sought his help, to

2523-584: The Seventy disciples . In some Latin manuscripts of Matthew 10:3, Thaddeus is called Judas the Zealot . According to the Golden Legend , which is a collection of hagiographies compiled by Jacobus de Voragine in the thirteenth century: This Judas was called by many names. He was said Judas of James, for he was brother to James the Less, and he was called Thaddeus, which is as much to say as taking

2610-749: The United Nations headquarters . Chapels can also be found for worship in Judaism . "Chapel" is in particularly common usage in the United Kingdom , and especially in Wales , for Nonconformist places of worship; and in Scotland and Ireland for Roman Catholic churches. In England and Wales, due to the rise in Nonconformist chapels during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, by

2697-683: The Virgin Mary . Although Saint Gregory the Illuminator is credited as the "Apostle to the Armenians", when he baptized King Tiridates III of Armenia in 301, converting the Armenians, the Apostles Jude and Bartholomew are traditionally believed to have been the first to bring Christianity to Armenia , and are therefore venerated as the patron saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church . Linked to this tradition

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2784-602: The Zakarid-Mkhargrzeli family), the generals of Queen Tamar of Georgia, who took back most of Armenia from the Turks. This is the main church of the complex, and traditional in most respects. This church is built against the mountain, which is not exposed even in the interior. The plan forms an equal-armed cross, inscribed in a square and covered with a dome on a square base. In the corners there are small barrel-vaulted two-storey chapels with steps protruding from

2871-534: The Zakarids , he transformed it in the Proshyans’ family monastery and mausoleum. The sepulchre and the second cave church of Astvatsatsin situated east of Avazan, were hewn in 1283, presumably by the same Galdzak, too. These are also accessed through the gavit. The " main zhamatun " is a roughly square chamber cut into the rock, with deeply cut reliefs in the walls. Of interest is a rather primitive high relief on

2958-641: The capellani . From these words, via Old French , we get the names "chapel" and "chaplain". The word also appears in the Irish language (Gaelic) in the Middle Ages , as Welsh people came with the Norman and Old English invaders to the island of Ireland. While the traditional Irish word for church was eaglais (derived from ecclesia ), a new word, séipéal (from cappella ), came into usage. In British history, "chapel" or " meeting house " were formerly

3045-408: The disciple who betrayed Jesus prior to his crucifixion. Catholic writer Michal Hunt suggests that Judas Thaddaeus became known as Jude after early translators of the New Testament from Greek into English sought to distinguish him from Judas Iscariot and subsequently abbreviated his forename. Most versions of the New Testament in languages other than English and French refer to Judas and Jude by

3132-627: The 11th century in Armenia. They are very similar to the muqarnas of the Seljuk Sultan Han caravanserai in Aksaray (dated to 1229). The gavit was used for teaching and meetings, and for receiving pilgrims and visitors. The western portal differs from other portals of those times by van-shaped door bands, decorated with a fine floral pattern. The ornamentation of the tympanum consists of large flowers with petals of various shapes in

3219-643: The 13th century. At this time it was also known as the Monastery of the Seven Churches and the Monastery of the Forty Altars. All around the monastery are caves and khachkars . The monastery was defunct, the main church used to shelter the flocks of the Karapapakh nomads in winter, until resettled by a few monks from Ejmiatsin after the Russian conquest. Restored for tourist purposes but now with

3306-793: The 19th century, starting in Italy and Spain , spreading to South America and finally to the United States (starting in the vicinity of Chicago ) owing to the influence of the Claretians who established the National Shrine of St. Jude in 1929. Thaddeus of Edessa , an Apostle of the Seventy (sometimes identified as Jude Thaddaeus, one of the Twelve Apostles ) is commemorated on 21 August and 4 January ( Synaxis of

3393-522: The Illuminator (formerly the Chapel of the Mother of God – St Astvatzatzin), built before 1177, stands high above the road, a hundred meters away from the entrance to the monastery. It is partly hewed in massive solid rock; its composition was, in all probability, largely influenced by the shape of the cave which existed there. The chapel, rectangular in plan and having a horseshoe-shaped apse, is adjoined, from

3480-661: The Impossible'. Jude is remembered (with Simon the Zealot ) in the Church of England with a Festival on 28 October. His feast day is 28 October (in the Roman Catholic Church , Anglican Communion , and Lutheran Church ). Apostle Jude son of James (Lebbaeus, Thaddaeus) the Brother of the Lord is commemorated on 19 June and 30 June ( Synaxis of the Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Twelve Apostles ) in

3567-676: The Spear", originates from the spear which had wounded Jesus at the Crucifixion , allegedly brought to Armenia by Apostle Jude, called here Thaddeus , and stored amongst many other relics. Now it is displayed in the Echmiadzin treasury. The spectacular towering cliffs surrounding the monastery are part of the Azat River gorge , and are included together with the monastery in the World Heritage Site listing. Some of

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3654-695: The United States and Lebanon. The Nationwide Center of St. Jude Devotions in Baltimore was founded in 1917 by the Pallottines . The National Shrine of Saint Jude Thaddeus in the Philippines was erected by the Archdiocese of Manila in 1954 as Espíritu Santo Chinese Parish. The Shrine holds the saint's novena liturgy every Thursday and is now under the Society of the Divine Word that also runs

3741-767: The attached Saint Jude Catholic School . The National Shrine of Saint Jude at Faversham in England was founded in 1955. There is also a shrine of St. Jude built by the Dominicans (Order of Preachers) in Lagos, Nigeria. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix, Arizona is the Cathedral of Saints Simon and Jude . The Quranic account of the disciples of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis , however, more or less agrees with

3828-428: The bridegroom at the wedding at Cana . The legend reports that Jude was born into a Jewish family in Paneas , a town in Galilee later rebuilt during the Roman period and renamed Caesarea Philippi . In all probability, he spoke both Greek and Aramaic , like almost all of his contemporaries in that area, and was a farmer by trade. According to the legend, Jude was son of Clopas and Mary of Clopas , sister of

3915-451: The centre support a roof of stone with a hole in the centre to admit light. The peripheral spaces resulting from the location of the columns are variously roofed, whilst the central space is crowned by a dome with stalactites , the best example of this technique anywhere in Armenia. This style of "stalactite vault" with a central hole for natural light is thought to have been derived from the muqarnas of Islamic architecture , starting from

4002-425: The chapel. For historical reasons, chapel is also often the term used by independent or nonconformist denominations for their places of worship in England and especially in Wales, even where they are large and in practice they operate as a parish church . The earliest Christian places of worship are now often referred to as chapels, as they were not dedicated buildings but rather a dedicated chamber within

4089-451: The churches within the monastery complex are entirely dug out of the cliff rocks, others are little more than caves, while others are elaborate structures, with both architecturally complex walled sections and rooms deep inside the cliff. The combination, together with numerous engraved and free-standing khachkars is a unique sight, being one of the most frequented tourist destinations in Armenia. Most visitors to Geghard also choose to visit

4176-409: The construction of the architect for the caves. It is entirely dug out of the rock and has an equal-armed cruciform plan. The interior is lined by two crossed arches with a central stalactite dome. An inscription records that it was the work of the architect Galdzak, who also constructed the other rock-cut church and the jhamatuns within a period of some forty years. His name is inscribed at the base of

4263-427: The east and from the northeast, by passages and annexes hewed at various levels and even one on top of another. Traces of plaster with remnants of dark frescoes indicate there were murals inside the chapel. Khachkars with various ornaments are inserted into the exterior walls and hewn on the adjacent rock surfaces. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Chapel A chapel (from Latin : cappella ,

4350-422: The entrances ornamented with carvings. There are many often richly ornamented khachkars cut on rock surfaces and on the walls of the structures or put up on the grounds of Geghard in memory of a deceased or in commemoration of someone's donation to the monastery. Though there are inscriptions dating to the 1160s, the main church "Kathoghike" was built in 1215 under the auspices of the brothers Zakare and Ivane (of

4437-407: The graceful shape of stalactites which also decorate the capitals of the half-columns and the conch of the altar apse. The decoration of the southern wall is most interesting compositionally. Carved on it are small triple arches with conchs of various shapes, connected at the top and at the bottom by a complicated and finely carved floral ornament. After Prosh Khaghbakian acquired the monastery from

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4524-456: The ground blessing service was conducted in the same year. According to tradition, Jude suffered martyrdom about 65 AD in Beirut , in the Roman province of Syria during the 1st century in Lebanon together with the apostle Simon the Zealot , with whom he is usually connected. The axe that he is often shown holding in pictures symbolizes the way in which he was killed. Their acts and martyrdom were recorded in an Acts of Simon and Jude that

4611-412: The hillside. Right before the entrance are some shallow shelves in the cliff onto which people try to throw pebbles in order to make their wish come true. Just inside the entrance to the compound are the 12th–13th century ramparts protecting three sides of the complex, and the cliffs behind protect the fourth. Walking across the complex will take one to the secondary entrance on the east, outside of which

4698-452: The identification as uncertain. Translations into English from the original Greek of the New Testament vary in their rendering of Luke 6:16 and Acts 1:13. A literal translation of the references to Jude in these passages gives "Jude of James" ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἰούδας Ἰακώβου ), as in Young's Literal Translation of the Bible, but scholars differ on whether this means "Jude, brother of James" or "Jude, son of James". The King James and

4785-442: The interlaced branches and oblong leaves. The first cave chamber , Avazan (basin), situated north-west of the vestry, was hewn in the 1240s in an ancient cave with a spring. It was built during the reign of Avag (died in 1250), son of Ivane and nephew of the Amirspasalar (Commander in chief) of the Zakarid army, nicknamed "Long Arm" ( Zakare II Zakarian ). There is an inscription "Remember Archimandrite Galdzag" , recording

4872-407: The king placed it with great honor in one of his palatial houses. After Christ's execution, Thomas the Apostle sent Addai , one of the 70 or 72 in Luke 10:1–12 , to King Abgar and the king was cured. Astonished, he converted to Christianity , along with many of the people under his rule. Additionally, Jude is often depicted with a flame above his head, representing his presence at Pentecost, when he

4959-407: The left transept of St. Peter's Basilica under the main altar of St. Joseph , in one tomb with the remains of the apostle Simon the Zealot. These were moved here on 27 December 1665. An arm was removed from St. Jude's remains centuries ago and placed in a wooden reliquary carved in the shape of an upright arm imparting a blessing. From September 2023 to May 2024, the arm of Saint Jude Thaddeus went on

5046-410: The legendary spear ( geghard ). The shaft has a diamond-shaped plate attached to its end; a Greek cross with flared ends is cut through the plate. A special case was made for it in 1687, now kept in the museum of Echmiadzin monastery. The gilded silver case is an ordinary handicraft article of 17th-century Armenia. Today the monastery complex is located at the end of the paved road, and the walk up from

5133-414: The magnificent structures of the monastery. Earthquakes also did it no small damage. Though there are inscriptions dating to the 1160s, the main church was built in 1215 under the auspices of the brothers Zakare and Ivane , the Zakarid generals of Queen Tamar of Georgia, who took back most of Armenia from the Turks. The gavit, partly free-standing, partly carved in the cliff, dates to before 1225, and

5220-467: The middle of the 20th century) and numerous cells. The chamber reached from the North East of the gavit became Prince Prosh Khaghbakian ’s tomb in 1283. The adjacent chamber has carved in the rock the arms of the Proshian family , including an eagle with a lamb in its claws. A stairway W of the gavit leads up to a funerary chamber carved out in 1288 for Papak Proshian and his wife Ruzukan. The Proshyan princes provided Geghard with an irrigation system in

5307-422: The mother of Judas the brother of Jesus that Papias identifies with Thaddeus: Mary the wife of Cleophas or Alphaeus, who was the mother of James the bishop and apostle, and of Simon and Thaddeus, and of one Joseph... (Fragment X) In the apostolic lists at Matthew 10:3 and Mark 3:18 , Jude is omitted, but there is a Thaddeus (or in some manuscripts of Matthew 10:3, "Lebbaeus who was surnamed Thaddaeus", as in

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5394-407: The nearby pagan Temple of Garni , located further down the Azat River. Visiting both sites in one trip is so common that they are often referred to in unison as Garni-Geghard. The monastery was founded in the 4th century, according to tradition by Gregory the Illuminator . The site is that of a spring arising in a cave which had been sacred in pre-Christian times, hence one of the names by which it

5481-400: The northern wall, above the archways. In the center, there is a ram's head with a chain in its jaws; the chain is wound around the necks of two lions with their heads turned to the onlooker. Instead of the tail tufts there are heads of upward looking dragons — symbolic images gong all the way back to heathen times. Between the lions and below the chain there is an eagle with half-spread wings and

5568-426: The other apostles. Another common attribute is Jude holding an image of Jesus , known as the Image of Edessa . In some instances, he may be shown with a scroll or a book (the Epistle of Jude ) or holding a carpenter's rule. Jude is clearly distinguished from Judas Iscariot , another apostle and later the betrayer of Jesus. Both Jude and Judas are translations of the name Ὶούδας in the Koine Greek original text of

5655-407: The parking lot is lined with women selling sweet bread, sheets of dried fruit (fruit lavash), sweet sujukh (grape molasses covered strings of walnuts) and various souvenirs. A group of musicians usually plays for a few seconds as visitors approach, perhaps willing to play longer for money. At the approach to the main entrance on the west there are small caves, chapels, carvings and constructions on

5742-442: The point of interceding in the most dire of circumstances. Jude is the patron saint of the Chicago Police Department , of Customs Officers, of Clube de Regatas do Flamengo (a soccer team in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and of two St Jude's GAA teams, the first in Templeogue Dublin 6W and also St Jude's GAA club in Southampton & Bournemouth (UK). His other patronages include desperate situations and hospitals. One of his namesakes

5829-434: The portal. Above the portal is carved a lion attacking an ox, symbolizing the prince's power. The arched top of the arcature of the cupola's drum has detailed reliefs showing birds, human masks, animals heads, various rosettes and jars. West of the main temple there is a rock-attached vestry, in Armenian gavit (Latin narthex ) built between 1215 and 1225, linked to the main church. Four massive free-standing columns in

5916-414: The princely family who had these structures built. In its floor there are burial vaults. The rock-cut tomb gives access to the second rock-cut church, the "Chapel of the Proshians" . This church is known from an inscription to have been built in 1283, the donation of Prince Prosh. It is cruciform in plan. The corners are curved and the drum is lined with semi-columns alternating with blind windows. The dome

6003-502: The purpose of taking Holy Communion to the sick and housebound and, in some Christian traditions, for devotional purposes. Common uses of the word chapel today include: The first airport chapel was created in 1951 in Boston for airport workers but grew to include travelers. It was originally Catholic, but chapels today are often multifaith. Apostle Thaddeus Jude ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἰούδας Ἰακώβου translit. Ioúdas Iakóbou ; Syriac/Aramaic : ܝܗܘܕܐ translit. Yahwada)

6090-400: The same name. The Armenian Apostolic Church honors Thaddeus along with Saint Bartholomew as its patron saints . In the Catholic Church , he is the patron saint of desperate cases and lost causes. Jude is commonly depicted with a club . He is also often shown in icons with a flame around his head. This represents his presence at Pentecost , when he received the Holy Spirit with

6177-458: The same person as the author of the Epistle of Jude . Protestant scholar Darrell L. Bock writes that it must mean "son" not "brother", because when "brother" is intended, the Greek word for "brother" (adelphos) is present. Bock also says that means he was not the brother of Jesus. Additionally the use of the genitive case of "James" (Iakovou) in Greek, usually signifies or implies the person's father to be distinguished from his homonyms. Opinion

6264-481: The same person. They have proposed alternative theories to explain the discrepancy: an unrecorded replacement of one for the other during the ministry of Jesus because of apostasy or death; the possibility that "twelve" was a symbolic number and an estimation; or simply that the names were not recorded perfectly by the early church. Thaddeus, one of the twelve apostles, is often indistinguishable from Thaddeus of Edessa , whom Eastern Christianity considers as one of

6351-464: The southern side of the corridor leading to this jhamatun, numerous crosses are cut. The columns hewn in solid rock support rather low semicircular arches fitted into trapeziform frames which, forming a square in the plan, serve as a foundation for the spherical cupola above them with a light opening in its zenith. A hole in the back right corner gives a view of the tomb downstairs. The acoustics in this chamber are extraordinary. The chapel of S. Gregory

6438-465: The standard designations for church buildings belonging to independent or Nonconformist religious societies and their members. They were particularly associated with the pre-eminence of independent religious practice in rural parts of England and Wales, the northern industrial towns of the late 18th and 19th centuries, and centres of population close to but outside the City of London . As a result, "chapel"

6525-572: The statue of Saint Jude by Adam Kossowski in Faversham, Kent). Tradition holds that Jude preached the Gospel in Judea , Samaria , Idumaea , Syria , Mesopotamia and Libya . He is also said to have visited Beirut and Edessa , though the emissary of the latter mission is also identified as Thaddeus of Edessa , Addai, one of the Seventy. The 14th-century writer Nicephorus Callistus makes Jude

6612-425: The stress of life, without other people moving around them. The word chapel , like the associated word chaplain , is ultimately derived from Latin . More specifically, the word is derived from a relic of Saint Martin of Tours : traditional stories about Martin relate that while he was still a soldier, he cut his military cloak in half to give part to a beggar in need. The other half he wore over his shoulders as

6699-408: The tent decorated with reliefs showing pomegranates. The main rectangular space of the church is crowned with a tent and complicated with an altar apse and two deep niches, which gave the interior an incomplete cross-cupola shape. Two pairs of intersecting pointed arches, forming the base of the tent, rest on the half-columns of the walls. Just as in the vestry, the inner surface of the tent is hewn in

6786-508: The time of the 1851 census , more people attended the independent chapels than attended the state religion's Anglican churches. (The Anglican Church does not function as the established church in Scotland.) In Roman Catholic Church canon law, a chapel, technically called an " oratory ", is a building or part thereof dedicated to the celebration of services, particularly the Mass, which is not

6873-418: The use of military personnel, normally under the leadership of a military chaplain . The earliest Christian places of worship were not dedicated buildings but rather a dedicated chamber within a building, such as a room in an individual's home. Here, one or two people could pray without being part of a communion or congregation. People who like to use chapels may find it peaceful and relaxing to be away from

6960-463: The wall. The internal walls have many inscriptions recording donations. The southern facade of the Katoghike has a portal with fine carvings. The tympanum is decorated with a representation of trees with pomegranates hanging from their branches, and of leaves intertwining with grapes. The pictures of doves are placed between the arch and the outside frame; the doves’ heads are turned to the axis of

7047-424: The whole area bear elaborate crosses (khatchkar) carved in relief. More than twenty spaces, varying in shape and size, were carved, at different levels, in solid rock massifs surrounding the main cave structures. Those in the western part of the complex were for service purposes, and the rest are small rectangular chapels with a semicircular apse and an altar. There are twin and triple chapels with one entrance, some of

7134-540: Was among the collection of passions and legends traditionally associated with the legendary Abdias, bishop of Babylon , and said to have been translated into Latin by his disciple Tropaeus Africanus, according to the Golden Legend account of the saints. According to one account, Jude's body was brought from Beirut to Rome and placed in a crypt in St. Peter's Basilica which is visited by many devotees. His bones are in

7221-555: Was dated by lamps and other pottery to no later than the early second century. Jude is traditionally depicted carrying the image of Jesus in his hand or close to his chest, betokening the legend of the Image of Edessa , recorded in apocryphal correspondence between Jesus and Abgar which is reproduced in Eusebius ' History Ecclesiastica, I, xiii . Eusebius relates that King Abgar of Edessa (now Şanlıurfa in southeast Turkey ) sent

7308-569: Was known, Ayrivank (the Monastery of the Cave). The first monastery was destroyed by Arabs in the 9th century. Nothing has remained of the structures of Ayrivank. According to Armenian historians of the 4th, 8th and 10th centuries the monastery comprised, apart from religious buildings, well-appointed residential and service installations. Ayrivank suffered greatly in 923 from Nasr, a vice-regent of an Arabian caliph in Armenia, who plundered its valuable property, including unique manuscripts, and burned down

7395-412: Was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament . He is generally identified as Thaddeus ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Θαδδαῖος ; Armenian : Թադեոս ; Coptic : ⲑⲁⲇⲇⲉⲟⲥ ) and is also variously called Judas Thaddaeus , Jude Thaddaeus , Jude of James , or Lebbaeus . He is sometimes identified with Jude, the brother of Jesus , but is clearly distinguished from Judas Iscariot ,

7482-572: Was said to have received the Holy Spirit with the other apostles. According to tradition, after his martyrdom, pilgrims came to his grave to pray and many of them experienced the powerful intercessions of St. Jude. Thus the title, 'The Saint for the Hopeless and the Despaired'. St. Bridget of Sweden and St. Bernard had visions from God asking each to accept St. Jude as 'The Patron Saint of

7569-566: Was the tomb of Papak Proshyan and his wife Ruzukana, as known from an inscription, but their tombstones have disappeared. It was hewn in 1288 on a second level, north of the Proshians’ burial-vault, by way of an external staircase (near the door to the gavit). Also carved into the rock, its form reproduces that of a gavit. It contains the tombs of the princes Merik and Grigor, and others are known to have been there but have now disappeared. An inscription shows it to have been completed in 1288. On

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