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44-592: Founded in 1925 and initially located in the historic district of Ipiranga , São Paulo , the company assembled cars using imported parts from the United States . Initially operating in a rented warehouse, GM do Brasil opened its first plant in 1930 in São Caetano do Sul , São Paulo. In 1958, a second factory was opened in São José dos Campos , officially inaugurated a year later by Juscelino Kubitschek ,

88-727: A collection of Brazilian colonial artifacts, and the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo , are also located in Ipiranga. The Ipiranga Brook is perhaps one of the most famous Brazilian brooks, because it is mentioned in the first line of the Brazilian National Anthem . The region near the Tamanduateí River had industrial characteristics, to the point where buses and trams heading there had

132-535: A distinct similarity with the voiced stop [ɡʷ] (possibly via [ɣʷ] , which would likewise be a fricative counterpart of the labiovelar semivowel), thus being sometimes written gu . As a consequence of that character, Tupi loanwords in Brazilian Portuguese often have j for Î and gu for Û. It would have been almost impossible to reconstruct the phonology of Tupi if it did not have a wide geographic distribution. The surviving Amazonian Nhengatu and

176-442: A few others use -s- instead. Some examples: To express something happening in the future, the clitic -ne is always added to the last word in the sentence, independent of its grammatical class. This clitic has other meanings and may then be used as a particle in different positions. Tupi verbs are divided into its verbal and its nominal forms. Each division contains its respective verb moods. All nouns in old Tupi end in

220-468: A spoken language (used by Europeans and Indian populations alike) only in isolated inland areas, far from the major urban centres. Its use by a few non-Indian speakers in those isolated areas would last for over a century still. When the Portuguese first arrived on the shores of modern-day Brazil, most of the tribes they encountered spoke very closely related dialects . The Portuguese (and particularly

264-517: A total of 365,259 vehicles, 21.3% of the Brazilian market. The percentage was 22.6% in the SUV and commercial segment. The company's total production reached 559,345 units when counting exports. In 2005, exports reached a value of US$ 1.6 billion, for the shipment of 114,994 complete knock-down (CKD) units and 125,678 vehicles exported to some 40 countries around the world. The main market for exports

308-399: A vowel. In the case of a verb or adjective substantivized, the suffix -a is added, if it does not already end in a vowel. The same occurs when a noun and an adjective are in composition. In this way: Unlike the Portuguese language, the tense of an action, in old Tupi, is expressed by the noun, not the verb. Such tenses are future , past and a time called "unreal", which is similar to

352-490: A well-known 19th century Brazilian poet and scholar, in 1858; and a chrestomathy published by Dr Ernesto Ferreira França in 1859. The most recent dictionary is the Old Tupi Dictionary (2013), by the Brazilian scholar Eduardo de Almeida Navarro . In Brazil, tupinology is the study of tupi language and literature. It began in 1901, with the work of Theodoro Sampaio . An individual who dedicates themselves to

396-427: Is pitanga ) (from ybytyra , mountain) In Old Tupi, there are only numerals from one to four, both cardinal and ordinal, as the need for mathematical precision was small in a primitive economy. Cardinal numerals can either come after or before the noun they refer to, while ordinals only come after. For example, in the case of cardinal numbers, mokõî pykasu code: tpw is deprecated and pykasu mokõî code: tpw

440-601: Is a common mistake to speak of the "Tupi–Guarani language": Tupi, Guarani and a number of other minor or major languages all belong to the Tupian language family , in the same sense that English , Romanian , and Sanskrit belong to the Indo-European language family . One of the main differences between the two languages was the replacement of Tupi /s/ by the glottal fricative /h/ in Guarani. The first accounts of

484-566: Is deprecated are equivalent terms, meaning "two pigeons". In the case of ordinals, ta'yr-ypy code: tpw is deprecated means "first son (of a man)" and 'ara mosapyra code: tpw is deprecated means "third day". They are the same as prepositions, but they come after the term they refer to. They are divided into unstressed postpositions, which are appended to the previous word, and stressed postpositions, which are written separately. Just like in Portuguese or English, some verbs require certain postpositions: There are many ways to negate

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528-479: Is done by adding the particle -ne to the end of the sentence, but this does not change the fact that the verb itself does not express time.) Verbs from the second class are not conjugated and are used only with pronouns of the second series. This is because they are actually adjectives generally indicating a state or characteristic. Objects of transitive verbs in Old Tupi may come in many positions relative to

572-509: Is quite different from Indo-European languages in phonology , morphology , and grammar , but it was adopted by many Luso-Brazilians born in Brazil as a lingua franca . It belonged to the Tupi–Guarani language family, which stood out among other South American languages for the vast territory it covered. Until the 16th century, these languages were found throughout nearly the entirety of

616-602: Is still the basis for most modern scholars. It is easily typed with regular Portuguese or French typewriters and computer keyboards (but not with character sets such as ISO-8859-1, which cannot produce ẽ , ĩ , ũ , ŷ and ỹ ). Its key features are: Tupi features clusivity , i.e., a distiction between inclusive (including the adressee) and exclusive (excluding the adressee) first-person pronouns. Personal pronouns in Tupi come in two series, each with its own uses. First series pronouns are generally used alone or along with verbs of

660-470: Is the best available record of how Tupi was actually spoken. In the first two or three centuries of Brazilian history, nearly all colonists coming to Brazil would learn the tupinambá variant of Tupi, as a means of communication with both the Indigenous people and with other early colonists who had adopted the language. The Jesuits, however, not only learned to speak tupinambá , but also encouraged

704-488: Is the classical indigenous language of Brazil, and the one which had the utmost importance to the cultural and spiritual formation of the country". Old Tupi belongs to the Tupi–Guarani language family, and has a written history spanning the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. In the early colonial period , Tupi was used as a lingua franca throughout Brazil by Europeans and Amerindians, and had literary usage, but it

748-482: The Jesuit priests who accompanied them) set out to proselytise the natives. To do so most effectively, doing so in the natives' own languages was convenient, so the first Europeans to study Tupi were those priests. The priests modeled their analysis of the new language after the one with which they had already experienced: Latin , which they had studied in the seminary . In fact, the first grammar of Tupi —written by

792-563: The Portuguese Prime Minister Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits from Brazil in 1759, the language started to wane quickly, as few Brazilians were literate in it. A new rush of Portuguese immigration had been taking place since the early 18th century, due to the discovery of gold , diamonds , and gems in the interior of Brazil, and these new colonists spoke only their mother tongue. Old Tupi survived as

836-782: The President of Brasil at the time, for die casting and other cars assemblies. GM introduced its first car in the country, the Chevrolet Opala , in 1968. In 1973, GM launched the Chevrolet Chevette , which has accumulated sales exceeding 1.2 million units. It was replaced by the Chevrolet Corsa in 1994, the first economy car with electronic fuel injection in Brazil, after tests were conducted near Indaiatuba . From 1968 until 2005, GM used Opel -developed cars badged as "Chevrolet". In July 2000 launched

880-487: The future perfect , of Portuguese. They are indicated, respectively, by the adjectives -ram, -pûer and -rambûer . These, when in composition with the noun, receive the suffix -a , as explained above. The degrees of the noun (augmentative and diminutive) are made by the suffixes "-'ĩ' or '-'i'", for the diminutive, and "-ûasu' or '-usu'" for the augmentative (these suffixes may suffer several phonetic transformations. Here are some examples with their explanations: (Child

924-410: The stop consonants shifted easily to nasal stops , which is attested by the fitful spelling of words like umbu ( umu , ubu , umbu , upu , umpu ) in the works of the early missionaries and by the surviving dialects. According to most sources, Tupi semivowels were more consonantal than their IPA counterparts. The Î, for instance, was rather fricative, thus resembling a very slight [ʑ] , and Û had

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968-548: The subprefecture of the same name of São Paulo , Brazil . The name Ipiranga comes from the river (which now is a brook) of the same name located in the region, which means "red river" in a Tupí–Guaraní language . The Independence Park (Parque da Independência), where supposedly the Emperor Pedro I of Brazil proclaimed the independence of Brazil, the Paulista Museum , which exhibits classic architecture and

1012-554: The Brazilian coast, from Pará to Santa Catarina , and the Río de la Plata basin . Today, Tupi languages are still heard in Brazil (states of Maranhão , Pará , Amapá , Amazonas , Mato Grosso , Mato Grosso do Sul , Goiás , São Paulo , Paraná , Santa Catarina , Rio Grande do Sul , Rio de Janeiro , and Espírito Santo ), as well as in French Guiana , Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Bolivia , Paraguay , and Argentina . It

1056-904: The Industrial Complex of Gravataí in Rio Grande do Sul , one of the world's most modern factories. After globalisation and selling of Opel to PSA and after Stellantis , vehicles like the Onix were made from project designed and imported from Saic-GM in Shanghai, China. Most designs came ready from Warren, mainly pickup trucks. Other brazilian own projects cars were the Chevrolet Agile , still based on Corsa Platform, Chevrolet Meriva , Chevrolet Kadett , Chevrolet Monza and Chevrolet Zafira , those from Opel projects, among others brazilian own studies. In 2005, GM do Brasil sold

1100-509: The Jesuit priest José de Anchieta and published in 1595—is structured much like a contemporary Latin grammar. While this structure is not optimal, it certainly served its purpose of allowing its intended readership (Catholic priests familiar with Latin grammars) to get enough of a basic grasp of the language to be able to communicate with and evangelise the natives. Also, the grammar sometimes regularised or glossed over some regional differences in

1144-447: The Old Tupi language date back from the early 16th century, but the first written documents containing actual information about it were produced from 1575 onwards – when Jesuits André Thévet and José de Anchieta began to translate Catholic prayers and biblical stories into the language. Another foreigner, Jean de Lery , wrote the first (and possibly only) Tupi "phrasebook", in which he transcribed entire dialogues. Lery's work

1188-473: The areas of the São Caetano do Sul Technological Centre, such as bodywork and structure, exterior, interior, chassis, engine, transmission, electronics, controllers, software and virtual simulation. At 2023 1100 Employees were dismissed. From 2024 to 2028, an investment plan of R$ 7 billion or US$ 1.4 billion is ongoing, US$ 350 million per year, with subside of Brazilian President, in order to review and update

1232-415: The close Guarani correlates ( Mbyá , Nhandéva , Kaiowá and Paraguayan Guarani ) provide material that linguistic research can still use for an approximate reconstruction of the language. Scientific reconstruction of Tupi suggests that Anchieta either simplified or overlooked the phonetics of the actual language when he was devising his grammar and his dictionary. The writing system employed by Anchieta

1276-414: The destination labeled "Factory". The area next to Nazaré Avenue, in contrast, is filled with mansions of wealthy families and a number of colleges, like Unesp and São Camilo, and workers of the factory's houses. The commercial center of Ipiranga concentrates on Silva Bueno Street. There are banks, clothes stores and grocery stores like the famous Chocolândia . In 2007, this neighborhood was served with

1320-469: The expectation that the student, once "in the field", would learn these finer points of the particular dialect through use with his flock. Significant works were a Jesuit catechism of 1618, with a second edition of 1686; another grammar written in 1687 by another Jesuit priest, Luís Figueira; an anonymous dictionary of 1795 (again published by the Jesuits); a dictionary published by Antônio Gonçalves Dias ,

1364-470: The field of tupinology is a tupinologist. The phonology of tupinambá has some interesting and unusual features. For instance, it does not have the lateral approximant /l/ or the multiple vibrant rhotic consonant /r/ . It also has a rather small inventory of consonants and a large number of pure vowels (12). This led to a Brazilian pun about this language, that native Brazilians não têm fé, nem lei, nem rei (have neither faith, nor law, nor king) as

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1408-483: The first class (those that are conjugated). For example: ixé a-karukatu : I ate well. Abápe morubixaba? – Ixé : who's the cacique ? - I (am). Second series pronouns are used in many different cases: Old Tupi verbs are divided in two classes. First class are conjugated, with person markers coming at the beginning of the word. In addition, verbs can represent a present, past, or future action because, unlike Portuguese, they do not express time. (The future, in particular,

1452-621: The installation of a new metro whose station is named Alto do Ipiranga . It is located at Gentil de Moura Street and connects passengers with the green line of São Paulo Metro . Paulista Avenue - one of the most important avenues in São Paulo - is about 5 or 6 stations distant from Alto do Ipiranga depending on the precise destination. Within Ipiranga, the neighborhoods of Alto do Ipiranga, Dom Pedro I, Ipiranga, Vila Carioca, Vila Eulália, Vila Independência, Vila Monumento and Vila São José are found. This geographical article relating to

1496-686: The language in English and by modern scholars (it is referred to as tupi antigo in Portuguese ). It has previously been known, in Portuguese, as língua brasílica "Brazilian language". The following is a summary of the main characteristics of Classical Tupi, its typology and other distinguishing features. Old Tupi was first spoken by the Tupinambá people , who lived under cultural and social conditions very unlike those found in Europe . It

1540-505: The models tooling products. All of them under the Chevrolet brand: Ipiranga (district of S%C3%A3o Paulo) 23°35′29″S 46°36′28″W  /  23.59139°S 46.60778°W  / -23.59139; -46.60778 Ipiranga ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ipiˈɾɐ̃ɡɐ] , from the Tupi ( y , river; pirang , red) for "red river") is a historical district located in

1584-431: The natives to keep it. As a part of their missionary work, they translated some literature into it and also produced some original work written directly in Tupi. José de Anchieta reportedly wrote more than 4,000 lines of poetry in tupinambá (which he called lingua Brasilica ) and the first Tupi grammar . Luís Figueira was another important figure of this time, who wrote the second Tupi grammar, published circa 1628. In

1628-608: The nostrils. These approximations, however, must be taken with caution, as no actual recording exists, and Tupi had at least seven known dialects. According to Nataniel Santos Gomes, however, the phonetic inventory of Tupi was simpler: This scheme does not regard Ŷ as a separate semivowel, does not consider the existence of G ( /ɣ/ ), and does not differentiate between the two types of NG ( /ŋ/ and /ⁿɡ/ ), probably because it does not regard MB ( /ⁿb/ ), ND ( /ⁿd/ ) and NG ( /ⁿɡ/ ) as independent phonemes, but mere combinations of P, T, and K with nasalization. Santos Gomes also remarks that

1672-534: The previous calendar year, surpassing China in sales. The last time sales exceed the Asian country was 2013, when GM sold 643,100 units in Brazil. In 2021, a huge investment of R$ 10 billion ( US$ 1.86 billion) was made to improve manufacturing in São Paulo. The investment was first announced in 2019. Despite this, sales dropped 28.5% to 242,108 vehicles. In December 2021, GM South America announced to hire around 250 engineers from various specialties to work mainly in

1716-471: The second half of the 18th century, the works of Anchieta and Figueira were republished and Father João Filipe Bettendorff wrote a new and more complete catechism . By that time, the language had made its way into the clergy and was the de facto national language of Brazil – though it was probably seldom written, as the Roman Catholic Church held a near monopoly of literacy. When

1760-496: The state of São Paulo is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Old Tupi language Old Tupi , Ancient Tupi or Classical Tupi ( Portuguese pronunciation: [tuˈpi] ) is a classical Tupian language which was spoken by the indigenous Tupi people of Brazil , mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil . In the words of Brazilian tupinologist Eduardo Navarro , "it

1804-459: The verb: either before, after or incorporated into it. In the las case, it comes after the person markers ( a -, ere -, o -, etc.) in first class verbs, but before the root. For an example of incorporation: When the object is not incorporated, then in it is replaced by a pleonastic third-person pronoun -i- , even if the object is present elsewhere in the phrase. Monosyllabic verbs use -îo- (or also -nho- close to nasals) instead of -i- , and

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1848-426: The words fé (faith), lei (law) and rei (king) could not be pronounced by a native Tupi speaker (they would say pé , re'i and re'i ). It is also a double pun because Brazil has not had a king for more than two centuries. The nasal vowels are fully vocalic, without any trace of a trailing [m] or [n] . They are pronounced with the mouth open and the palate relaxed, not blocking the air from resounding through

1892-622: Was Mexico , followed by Argentina , Venezuela , South Africa and other Latin American countries. In the social area, GM do Brasil focused activities through the General Motors Institute , created in 1993, its mission is to rescue the citizenship of children, youths and adults from poor communities, which are located especially close to industrial plants of the company. Its shares are primarily in education. In 2019, GM do Brasil sold 475,684 vehicles, an increase of 10% over

1936-571: Was later suppressed almost to extinction. Today, its sole living descendant is the Nheengatu language . As the most important native language of Brazil, it is the origin of most city names of indigenous origin ( Pindamonhangaba , Ubatuba , Botucatu , Jacareí ). It also names several plants and animals, and many proper names are tupi names, such as Moacir, Iara, Iracema and Jandaia. It has a rich literature, which includes cathechisms, poems and plays. The names Old Tupi or Classical Tupi are used for

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